SO2 observation at the summit of Mt. Fuji
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1 SO observation at the summit of Mt. Fuji Yasuhito Igarashi 1, Yosuke Sawa 1, Katsuhiro Yoshioka, Hiroshi Takahashi 3, Hidekazu Matsueda 1, Yukiko Dokiya 1 Geochemical Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environment Science, Shimane, Japan 3 Atmospheric Environment and Applied Meteorology Research Department, Meteorological Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan Edogawa University, Chiba, Japan Photo from
2 Advantage of Mt. Fuji Comparison with other mountain platform for atmospheric chemistry (EW cross section) Original drawing was depicted by Kashmir, a PC software
3 Introduction SO is a precursor of sulfate which has impacts on the acidification and climate change. Concerned is the Asian outflow of the pollution over the Pacific region. e.g. aircraft observation such as ACE-Asia, PEM-West, TRACE-P, etc. Little SO observation at mountain sites situated in the free tropospheric condition especially in the far East SO observation using a UV fluorescence monitor was carried out during Sep. to Jul. at the summit of Mt. Fuji. Today s talk highlights high SO episodes and its seasonal change.
4 Global emission inventory of gaseous S (average of 11 models referred in IPCC 1) 98.±1.7 TgS/y SO emission inventory from Asia 17. TgS/y D.G. Streets et al., JGR, 3. Mt. Usuzan Mt. Tokachidake Grid 3min 3min Unit Mg/y SO emission from active volcano (quiescent condition) in Japan :.55 TgS/y (Fujita et al., 199) Anthropogenic emission in Japan :. TgS/y Mt. Asama-yama Mt. Fuji Kuju Group Mt. Oyama, Mt. Aso Miyake-jima Mt. Kirishima-yama Mt. Sakura-jima island Mt. Satsuma-Iojima Mt. Suwanose-jima
5 SO emission from the Miyake-jima island ton/day ton/day average: kt/day = 7.7 TgS/year Below 1 kt/day = Below 1.8 TgS/year Aug Dec Apr Aug Dec Apr Aug Dec Apr Aug Dec Apr Aug Dec Apr Aug From JMA Reports on Volcanic Activity in Japan
6 Temporal variation of SO concentration during winter months (Oct. - Feb. 3) Y. Igarashi et al., J. Geophys. Res., 19, D173,doi:1.19/3JD8. Concentration of SO (ppbv) 1 8 Basically no diurnal change Low a) BG contrasted with high SO episodes Significant during winter months Hourly median 5 NNW Wind speed (m/s) W SSW SE ENE Wind direction Oct// Oct// Nov/15/ Dec/5/ Dec/5/ Jan/1/3 Feb/3/3 Feb/3/3 N
7 Temporal variation of SO concentration during summer months (Jun. 3 - Oct. 3) Y. Igarashi et al., J. Geophys. Res., 19, D173,doi:1.19/3JD8. Concentration of SO (ppbv) 1 8 Almost no high SO b) episodes during summer months Max 1ppbv Only one case of apparent direct signal of the Miyake-jima plume Hourly median 5 NNW Wind speed(m/s) W SSW SE ENE Wind direction N May/8/3 Jun/17/3 Jul/7/3 Jul/7/3 Aug/1/3 Sep/5/3 Sep/5/3 Oct/15/3 Nov//3
8 SO concentration (ppbv) Temporal variation of SO concentration during winter to summer: shift seasonal What is the cause of the change? No apparent effect of the Miyake-jima plume Seasonal change in source Hourly median max..5ppbv Seasonal change of air mass Whatever scavenging including oxidation during the transport SO episodes were significant during winter and intensity decrease in late April to early May -1 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Date in
9 Comparison of temporal change in SO concentration with those of Rn and CO (Feb. May ) Rn concn. (Bq/m 3 ) SO concn. (ppbv) Good correlations in general among these gases Concentration decrease in SO and radon after spring Basically little change in CO Transport episode exists even in May Feb Mar Apr May Seasonal change in SO emission? 5 CO rather than SO should have shown seasonal change. Rn concn. SO BG concn CO concn. From Streets et al., JGR, CO concn. (ppbv)
10 Date in 5 Temporal variation in wind and RH on site (Jan. - Jul. ) Wind speed Wind dir. Shift in prevailing wind NNW Wind speed (m/s) 3 1 WNW WSW NW W SSW SE ENE Wind direction 1 8 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul RH(%) N
11 Backward trajectory Apr/1-Apr/1 Change in backward trajectories from the summit of Mt. Fuji during Apr. to May Backward trajectory May/1-May/31 Backward trajectories from the SW sector increased in May Calculated by HYSPLIT model, NOAA
12 Seasonal change of RH in the air mass reaching to the summit of Mt. Fuji February RH 5: 17.9% March April RH 5: 19.5% RH 5: 9.9% May RH 5: 35.% Seasonal change of maximal RH in the air mass reaching to the summit of Mt. Fuji 1 8 February RH 9: 1% 1 8 March RH 9: 3% 1 8 April RH 9: 1% 1 8 May RH 9: 3% ()
13 Case studies of transport episodes appeared in SO, CO and Rn time series during Apr. to May Rn concn. (Bq/m 3 ) SO concn. (ppbv) Rn concn. SO concn. CO concn CO concn. (ppbv) 1 8 Mar/31 Apr/ Apr/1 Apr/18 Apr/ Apr/3 May/ May/1 May/18 May/ May/3 Date in Apr. 1/17 SO CO and Rn increased together RH(%) May 5, no increase found for SO while Rn and CO increased
14 Comparison of two episodes by the backward trajectory analysis Possibly cloud processes RH(%) RH(%) Apr/17 Apr/15 Apr/13 Apr/11 Date Apr/9 Apr/7 RH was at the moderate level. Apr/5 M ay/ May/ May/ Apr/3 Date RH was high. Apr/8 Apr/ Apr/
15 Summary and Future tasks SO climatology was revealed at first time. The high SO concentration episode in winter was noteworthy and quite sporadic. SO was transported coincidently with CO and Rn, confirming Asian continental pollution transport. Backward trajectory analysis also indicated the continental origin of such episodes. The SO episode reduced its frequency and intensity around April to early May. Most likely causes are air mass change and related change of RH (encounter possibility with clouds) Impacts of the Miyake-jima SO were in general small as the plume height was not so elevated as entering into the free troposphere since late of. SO undergoes into sulfate. What is the fate of sulfate during the transport? Is there seasonal change? Simultaneous measurements of SO and sulfate with similar time resolution should be done in the future.
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JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 109,, doi:10.1029/2003jd004428, 2004 Monitoring the SO 2 concentration at the summit of Mt. Fuji and a comparison with other trace gases during winter Yasuhito Igarashi,
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