Midterm Exam: March 19 Review Sheet handed out & on class website: Lecture notes & HW solutions also! Office Hours: Monday 11-2 and 3-4 PM

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1 Today: Chapter. 12-Stars Midterm Exam: March 19 Review Sheet handed out & on class website: Lecture notes & HW solutions also! Office Hours: Monday 11-2 and 3-4 PM

2 Voting Question What happens every 11 years on the Sun? A.) The energy production increases B.) There is an eclipse C.) The number of sunspots increases D.) The light output decreases significantly

3 Voting Question The source of energy in the Sun is A.) The chemical burning of Hydrogen B.) The nuclear fusion of Hydrogen into Helium C.) Nuclear fission of Helium into Hydrogen D.) Nuclear fission of Uranium

4 Nuclear Power can be generated two ways: Fission Fusion! Breaking up a big nucleus, (like Uranium) to produce smaller nuclei (like Lead)! Combining small nuclei (like Hydrogen) to form larger (like Helium) Both types have been used by people here on Earth.

Nuclear Weapons First nuclear weapons were build by the U.S.

Plutonium, destroyed the cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki at

Since then, more powerful fusion bombs have been built

5 Nuclear Weapons First nuclear weapons were build by the U.S. during World War II Fission bombs, using Uranium & Plutonium, destroyed the cities of Hiroshima & Nagasaki at the end of the war. Since then, more powerful fusion bombs have been built (Hydrogen bombs) Trinity Test, New Mexico, 1945 First Nuclear Bomb Hydrogen (fusion) bomb, Pacific Ocean, 1962

6 Nuclear weapons testing contaminated Earth s atmosphere with radiation. So, in 1963, nations agreed not to explode them above ground. Nine countries have nuclear weapons, but US and Russia have the most (7,000 each)

7 America s nuclear weapons are managed by the Department of Energy. Dr. Stephen Chu, Fmr. US Energy Sec. Rick Perry, US Energy Secretary

melting down. Nuclear fusion reactors are still experimental...but may one day provide copious clean energy, with little waste.

8 Nuclear Energy Generation The energy of the Nucleus can also be used to generate electricity. Current, nuclear reactors use controlled fission, to do this, generating considerable nuclear waste, and (on rare occasions) melting down. Nuclear fusion reactors are still experimental...but may one day provide copious clean energy, with little waste. If we can figure out how to make controlled fusion, we will have a reliable, and clean source of energy. San Onofre Fission Plant, CA Tokamak, an experimental nuclear fusion reactor

10 Fusion powers every star

11 The Sun: Summary! Size & Mass! Interior: Core, Convection Zone! Atmosphere: Photosphere, Corona, Chromosphere! Sunspots: 11 year cycle.! Energy source: nuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium

12 Chapter 11: Stars Optional: 11:12-11:13

13 We already know how to determine a star s: surface temperature chemical composition motion Next, we will learn how we can determine its: distance brightness mass

14 Measuring the Distance to Stars! Measuring distances is difficult! However, several reliable methods can be used. The best method for measuring distances of nearby stars is called parallax. It relies on observing a star from two different places.

15 Field of background stars: Parallax test

16 Parallax Background Stars! We obtain a different perspective on a star by observing it at different times of the year. Nearby Star! The star is compared to distant background stars! In 6 months the Earth has moved 2 AU! The parallax method lets us measure the distance to stars that are closer than about 1000 light years away.

17 Measuring Distances: Parallax! The larger the star s distance, d, the smaller its parallax p.! So distance and parallax are inversely related.! d = 1 / p

18 Measuring Angles & Distances! Most stars have a parallax angle, p, which is very small!. much smaller than 1 degree.! So parallax angles are measured in units of arc seconds! 1/60 of one degree = 1 arc minute! 1 /60 of one arc minute = 1 arc second.! Distances to stars are measured in either: light years, or parsecs.! 1 parsec = 3.2 light years (parsec = PARallax of one arcsec)

19 Parallax Example! If a star has a parallax 1 arcsecond, then its distance is 1 parsec.! Suppose a star has a parallax 0.1 arc seconds! Question: what is its distance in parsecs?! Answer: d = 1 / p! d = 1 / 0.1! d = 10 parsecs = 32 light years.! (note: p = parallax angle, not parsecs)

20 Background Stars Parallax Measures Distance Parallax (p) is the angle a star appears to move by when Earth orbits the Sun. (p measured in arc seconds ) Nearby Star It tells us the distance (d) to the star: (d measured in parsecs ) p = 1/d

21 Discussion Question Three stars have different parallaxes: -Proxima s parallax is: 0.8 arc sec -Sirius parallax is: 0.4 arc sec -Polaris parallax is: arc sec Q1: Which Star is closest, which is farthest? Q2: Can you tell which star is brightest?

22 How Powerful Are the Stars?! Power is energy output per second.! Power is measured in Joules per second, or Watts! eg. a 100 Watt light bulb uses 100 Joules of energy per sec.! We measure the power, or brightness, of stars in 2 ways: luminosity and magnitude. The Luminosity (L) of a star is just its wattage. The Sun s luminosity is: L Sun = 380,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 = 3.8 x Watts! =380 Yottawatts! Other stars can be measured against the Sun.

23 Instead of Watts, we ll use the Sun s Luminosity (L SUN = ) to measure other stars. Luminosities of Different Stars! Our Sun: L = 1.0 L sun! Sirius: L = 25 Lsun! Polaris (North star): L = 1,300 Lsun! Proxima: L = L sun

24 The Most Luminous Star End S. 2 Star Eta Carinae and surrounding nebula! Eta Carinae is the most luminous star known.! L = 4 Million L sun!!!!! In ~5 seconds, it emits as much light as the Sun in 1 year!

25 Measuring Stars: Magnitudes Another way to measure the brightness of a star is its Magnitude Ancient people put stars into 5 classes, from First Magnitude (brightest) to Fifth Magnitude (dimmest) This system is still in use today

26 Magnitudes of stars in Orion

27 Magnitudes Lower magnitudes = brighter stars So a 1st magnitude star is brighter than a 2nd mag. star We use the symbol: m to mean magnitude. Originally there were only magnitudes 1-5 However a very bright object can even have a negative magnitude.

28 Magnitude Examples The planet Venus magnitude is m = -4.0 A very faint object can have a magnitude above 5. E.g.: A distant galaxy has a magnitude: m =20. Q: What object in the sky has the lowest magnitude?

How does the Sun shine? What is the Sun s structure? Lifetime of the Sun. Luminosity of the Sun. Radiation Zone. Core 3/30/17

How does the Sun shine? What is the Sun s structure? Lifetime of the Sun. Luminosity of the Sun. Radiation Zone. Core 3/30/17 What is the Sun s structure? From inside out, the layers are: Core Radiation Zone Convection Zone Photosphere Chromosphere Corona How does the Sun shine? The Sun has its own energy source Main difference