Chapter 8 The Sun Our Star
|
|
- Cordelia Patrick
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Note that the following lectures include animations and PowerPoint effects such as fly ins and transitions that require you to be in PowerPoint's Slide Show mode (presentation mode). Chapter 8 The Sun Our Star Outline I. The Solar Atmosphere A. Heat Flow in the Sun B. The Photosphere C. The Chromosphere D. The Solar Corona E. Helioseismology II. Solar Activity A. Sunspots and Active Regions B. The Sunspot Cycle C. The Sun's Magnetic Cycle D. Magnetic Cycles on Other Stars E. Chromospheric and Coronal Activity F. The Solar Constant 1
2 Outline (continued) III. Nuclear Fusion in the Sun A. Nuclear Binding Energy B. Hydrogen Fusion C. The Solar Neutrino Problem General Properties Average star Spectral type G2 Only appears so bright because it is so close. Absolute visual magnitude = 4.83 (magnitude if it were at a distance of 32.6 light years) 109 times Earth s diameter 333,000 times Earth s mass Consists entirely of gas (av. density = 1.4 g/cm 3 ) Central temperature = 15 million 0 K Surface temperature = K SOHO Source: SOHO 2
3 Very Important Warning: Never look directly at the sun through a telescope or binoculars!!! This can cause permanent eye damage even blindness. Use a projection technique or a special sun viewing filter. Sun s Energy Energy produced in the Sun 600,000,000 tons of hydrogen every second 100 million nuclear bombs every heartbeat The Solar Atmosphere Only visible during solar eclipses Apparent surface of the sun Heat Flow Solar interior Temp. incr. inward 3
4 The Photosphere Apparent surface layer of the sun Depth 500 km Temperature 5800 o K Highly opaque (H - ions) Absorbs and re-emits radiation produced in the solar interior The solar corona Density and Temperature Energy Transport in the Photosphere Energy generated in the sun s center must be transported outward. In the photosphere, this happens through Cool gas sinking down Convection: Bubbles of hot gas rising up 1000 km Bubbles last for min. 4
5 Granulation is the visible consequence of convection The Chromosphere Region of sun s atmosphere just above the photosphere. Visible, UV, and X-ray lines from highly ionized gases Temperature increases gradually from 4500 o K to 10,000 o K, then jumps to 1 million o K Filaments Transition region Chromospheric structures visible in Hα emission (filtergram) The Chromosphere (2) Spicules: Filaments of cooler gas from the photosphere, rising up into the chromosphere. Visible in Hα emission. Each one lasting about 5 15 min. 5
6 The Layers of the Solar Atmosphere Visible Photosphere Sun Spot Regions Ultraviolet Corona Chromosphere Coronal activity, seen in visible light The Magnetic Carpet of the Corona Corona contains very low-density, very hot (1 million o K) gas Coronal gas is heated through motions of magnetic fields anchored in the photosphere below ( magnetic carpet ) Computer model of the magnetic carpet Solar Magnetic Field Source:SOHO 6
7 The Solar Wind Constant flow of particles from the sun. Velocity km/s Sun is constantly losing mass: 10 7 tons/year ( of its mass per year) Helioseismology The solar interior is opaque (i.e. it absorbs light) out to the photosphere. Only way to investigate solar interior is through Helioseismology = analysis of vibration patterns visible on the solar surface: Approx. 10 million wave patterns! Sun Spots Cooler regions of the photosphere (T 4240 K). Only appear dark against the bright sun. Would still be brighter than the full moon when placed on the night sky! 7
8 Sun Spots (2) Active Regions Visible Ultraviolet Face of the Sun Solar Activity, seen in soft X-rays Magnetic Fields in Sun Spots Magnetic fields on the photosphere can be measured through the Zeeman effect Sun Spots are related to magnetic activity on the photosphere 8
9 Sun Spots (3) Magnetic field in sun spots is about 1000 times stronger than average. Magnetic North Poles Magnetic South Poles In sun spots, magnetic field lines emerge out of the photosphere. Magnetic Field Lines Magnetic North Pole Magnetic South Pole Magnetic Field Lines Star Spots? Image constructed from changing Doppler shift measurements Other stars might also have sun spot activity: 9
10 The Solar Cycle After 11 years, North/South order of leading/trailing sun spots is reversed 11-year cycle Reversal of magnetic polarity => Total solar cycle = 22 years The Solar Cycle (2) Maunder Butterfly Diagram Sun spot cycle starts out with spots at higher latitudes on the sun Evolve to lower latitudes (towards the equator) throughout the cycle. The Sun s Magnetic Dynamo The sun rotates faster at the equator than near the poles. This differential rotation might be responsible for magnetic activity of the sun. 10
11 Magnetic Loops Magnetic field lines The Sun s Magnetic Cycle After 11 years, the magnetic field pattern becomes so complex that the field structure is re-arranged. New magnetic field structure is similar to the original one, but reversed! New 11-year cycle starts with reversed magnetic-field orientation The Maunder Minimum The sun spot number also fluctuates on much longer time scales: Historical data indicate a very quiet phase of the sun, ~ : The Maunder Minimum 11
12 Magnetic Cycles on Other Stars H and K line emission of ionized Calcium indicate magnetic activity also on other stars. Prominences Relatively cool gas (60,000 80,000 o K) May be seen as dark filaments against the bright background of the photosphere Looped Prominences: gas ejected from the sun s photosphere, flowing along magnetic loops Eruptive Prominences (Ultraviolet images) Extreme events (solar flares) can significantly influence Earth s magnetic field structure and cause northern lights (aurora borealis). 12
13 Space Weather ~ 5 minutes Solar Aurora Sound waves produced by a solar flare Coronal mass ejections Coronal Holes X-ray images of the sun reveal coronal holes. These arise at the foot points of open field lines and are the origin of the solar wind. Temperature Scales o F = 9/5( o K) o F = 9/5( o C) o K o C o F o K = o C
14 Energy produced in the Sun 600,000,000 tons of hydrogen every second 100 million nuclear bombs every heartbeat Density and Temperature of the Sun Energy flow in the Sun Radiative zone Convective zone 14
15 Gravity of Sun attracts the matter, What keeps the sun from collapsing onto itself? Gravity and Sun Gas Pressure and Temperature Pressure = density x temperature x constant Hydrostatic Equilibrium The tug War Who is the winner? 15
16 What kind of fuel can give such high temperatures? Nuclear Fusion The Proton- Proton (p-p) Chain E = mc 2 Converting Mass into Energy E = mc 2 4 H atoms = x kg -1 He atom = x kg Mass Lost = x kg 0.7% of mass converted to energy E = mc 2 = (0.048 x 10-27kg ) (3 x 10 8 m/s) 2 = 4.3 x joule Lights up a 10-watt bulb for a one-half of a trillionth of a second 10 7 times larger than burning in a chemical reaction 16
17 Comparing fusion with burning Converting 1 kg of Hydrogen into Helium E = mc 2 = (0.007kg) (3 x 10 8 m/s) 2 = 6.3 x joule 20,000 metric tons of coal (2 x 10 7 kg) is needed to produce this much energy Lifetime of the Sun Luminosity of the Sun 3.9 x joules per second 3.9 x joules per second 6.3 x joules per kilogram = 6 x kilograms per second 600 billion metric tons every second Mass of the Sun = x kg x kg 6 x kg per second = 3.3 x second 3.3 x seconds or 3.15 x 10 7 seconds per year = 1.05 x years So How Long will the Sun Live? T Life = /M sun 2 If M sun = 1, then T Life = years 17
18 Energy Production Energy generation in the sun (and all other stars): Nuclear Fusion = fusing together 2 or more lighter nuclei to produce heavier ones. Nuclear fusion can produce energy up to the production of iron; Binding energy due to strong force = on short range, strongest of the 4 known forces: electromagnetic, weak, strong, gravitational For elements heavier than iron, energy is gained by nuclear fission. Energy Generation in the Sun: The Proton-Proton Chain Basic reaction: 4 1 H 4 He + energy 4 protons have 0.048*10-27 kg (= 0.7 %) more mass than 4 He. Need large proton speed ( high temperature) to overcome Coulomb barrier (electromagnetic repulsion between protons). T K = 10 million 0 K Energy gain = m*c 2 = 0.43*10-11 J per reaction. Sun needs reactions, transforming 5 million tons of mass into energy every second, to resist its own gravity. The Solar Neutrino Problem The solar interior can not be observed directly because it is highly opaque to radiation. But neutrinos can penetrate huge amounts of material without being absorbed. Early solar neutrino experiments detected a much lower flux of neutrinos than expected ( the solar neutrino problem ). Recent results have proven that neutrinos change ( oscillate ) between different types ( flavors ), thus solving the solar neutrino problem. Davis solar neutrino experiment 18
19 New Terms sunspot granulation convection supergranule limb limb darkening transition region filtergram filament spicule coronagraph magnetic carpet solar wind helioseismology active region Zeeman effect Maunder butterfly diagram differential rotation dynamo effect Babcock model prominence flare reconnection aurora coronal hole coronal mass ejection (CME) solar constant Maunder minimum weak force strong force nuclear fission nuclear fusion Coulomb barrier proton proton chain deuterium neutrino 19
Guidepost. Chapter 08 The Sun 10/12/2015. General Properties. The Photosphere. Granulation. Energy Transport in the Photosphere.
Guidepost The Sun is the source of light an warmth in our solar system, so it is a natural object to human curiosity. It is also the star most easily visible from Earth, and therefore the most studied.
More informationThe Sun Our Star. Properties Interior Atmosphere Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Magnetism Sunspots Solar Cycles Active Sun
The Sun Our Star Properties Interior Atmosphere Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Magnetism Sunspots Solar Cycles Active Sun General Properties Not a large star, but larger than most Spectral type G2 It
More informationThe Sun. The Sun Is Just a Normal Star 11/5/2018. Phys1411 Introductory Astronomy. Topics. Star Party
Foundations of Astronomy 13e Seeds Phys1411 Introductory Astronomy Instructor: Dr. Goderya Chapter 8 The Sun Star Party This Friday November 9 weather permitting. See the flyer for updates in case of cancellations
More informationThe General Properties of the Sun
Notes: The General Properties of the Sun The sun is an average star with average brightness. It only looks bright because it s so close. It contains 99% of the mass of the solar system. It is made of entirely
More informationNext quiz: Monday, October 24
No homework for Wednesday Read Chapter 8! Next quiz: Monday, October 24 1 Chapter 7 Atoms and Starlight Types of Spectra: Pictorial Some light sources are comprised of all colors (white light). Other light
More informationHelios in Greek and Sol in Roman
Helios in Greek and Sol in Roman Drove his chariot across the sky to provide daylight Returned each night in a huge golden cup on the river Oceanus His son Phaeton drove the chariot one day but lost control
More information9-1 The Sun s energy is generated by thermonuclear reactions in its core The Sun s luminosity is the amount of energy emitted each second and is
1 9-1 The Sun s energy is generated by thermonuclear reactions in its core The Sun s luminosity is the amount of energy emitted each second and is produced by the proton-proton chain in which four hydrogen
More information1. Solar Atmosphere Surface Features and Magnetic Fields
1. Solar Atmosphere Surface Features and Magnetic Fields Sunspots, Granulation, Filaments and Prominences, Coronal Loops 2. Solar Cycle: Observations The Sun: applying black-body radiation laws Radius
More informationChapter 9 The Sun. Nuclear fusion: Combining of light nuclei into heavier ones Example: In the Sun is conversion of H into He
Our sole source of light and heat in the solar system A common star: a glowing ball of plasma held together by its own gravity and powered by nuclear fusion at its center. Nuclear fusion: Combining of
More informationThe Sun. The Sun is a star: a shining ball of gas powered by nuclear fusion. Mass of Sun = 2 x g = 330,000 M Earth = 1 M Sun
The Sun The Sun is a star: a shining ball of gas powered by nuclear fusion. Mass of Sun = 2 x 10 33 g = 330,000 M Earth = 1 M Sun Radius of Sun = 7 x 10 5 km = 109 R Earth = 1 R Sun Luminosity of Sun =
More informationThe Sun 11/6/2018. Phys1411 Introductory Astronomy. Topics we have covered. Topics for Today class. Sun Spots
Foundations of Astronomy 13e Seeds Phys1411 Introductory Astronomy Instructor: Dr. Goderya Chapter 8 The Sun Topics we have covered I. Introduction A. Viewing the Sun B. General Definition C. General Properties
More informationCorrection to Homework
Today: Chapter 10 Reading Next Week: Homework Due March 12 Midterm Exam: March 19 Correction to Homework #1: Diameter of eye: 2.5 cm #10: See Ch. 11 Office Hours Monday. 11AM -2 PM Help Sessions Available:
More informationOur sole source of light and heat in the solar system. A very common star: a glowing g ball of gas held together by its own gravity and powered
The Sun Visible Image of the Sun Our sole source of light and heat in the solar system A very common star: a glowing g ball of gas held together by its own gravity and powered by nuclear fusion at its
More informationAnnouncements. - Homework #5 due today - Review on Monday 3:30 4:15pm in RH103 - Test #2 next Tuesday, Oct 11
Announcements - Homework #5 due today - Review on Monday 3:30 4:15pm in RH103 - Test #2 next Tuesday, Oct 11 Review for Test #2 Oct 11 Topics: The Solar System and its Formation The Earth and our Moon
More informationThe Sun. the main show in the solar system. 99.8% of the mass % of the energy. Homework due next time - will count best 5 of 6
The Sun the main show in the solar system 99.8% of the mass 99.9999...% of the energy 2007 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Homework due next time - will count best 5 of 6 The
More informationThe Sun 11/27/2017. Phys1411 Introductory Astronomy. Exam 3. Topics we have covered. Sun Spots. Topics for Today class
Foundations of Astronomy 13e Seeds Phys1411 Introductory Astronomy Instructor: Dr. Goderya Chapter 8 The Sun Exam 3 Wednesday November 29 th Homework for Chapter 7 and 8 are online on MindTap: Due Wednesday
More information10/17/ A Closer Look at the Sun. Chapter 11: Our Star. Why does the Sun shine? Lecture Outline
Lecture Outline 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Chapter 11: Our Star Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is it on FIRE? Is it on FIRE? Chemical
More informationSun s Properties. Overview: The Sun. Composition of the Sun. Sun s Properties. The outer layers. Photosphere: Surface. Nearest.
Overview: The Sun Properties of the Sun Sun s outer layers Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Solar Activity Sunspots & the sunspot cycle Flares, prominences, CMEs, aurora Sun s Interior The Sun as an energy
More informationChapter 14 Lecture. Chapter 14: Our Star Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14 Lecture Chapter 14: Our Star 14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is it on FIRE? Is it on FIRE?
More informationOur Star: The Sun. Layers that make up the Sun. Understand the Solar cycle. Understand the process by which energy is generated by the Sun.
Goals: Our Star: The Sun Layers that make up the Sun. Understand the Solar cycle. Understand the process by which energy is generated by the Sun. Components of the Sun Solar Interior: Core: where energy
More informationThe Sun Our Extraordinary Ordinary Star
The Sun Our Extraordinary Ordinary Star 1 Guiding Questions 1. What is the source of the Sun s energy? 2. What is the internal structure of the Sun? 3. How can astronomers measure the properties of the
More informationAn Overview of the Details
The Sun Our Extraordinary Ordinary Star 1 Guiding Questions 1. What is the source of the Sun s energy? 2. What is the internal structure of the Sun? 3. How can astronomers measure the properties of the
More informationThe Sun. 1a. The Photosphere. A. The Solar Atmosphere. 1b. Limb Darkening. A. Solar Atmosphere. B. Phenomena (Sunspots) C.
The Sun 1 The Sun A. Solar Atmosphere 2 B. Phenomena (Sunspots) Dr. Bill Pezzaglia C. Interior Updated 2006Sep18 A. The Solar Atmosphere 1. Photosphere 2. Chromosphere 3. Corona 4. Solar Wind 3 1a. The
More informationThe Sun. 1a. The Photosphere. A. The Solar Atmosphere. 1b. Limb Darkening. A. Solar Atmosphere. B. Phenomena (Sunspots) C.
The Sun 1 The Sun A. Solar Atmosphere 2 B. Phenomena (Sunspots) Dr. Bill Pezzaglia C. Interior Updated 2014Feb08 A. The Solar Atmosphere 1. Photosphere 2. Chromosphere 3. Corona 4. Solar Wind & earthly
More informationAn Overview of the Details
Guiding Questions The Sun Our Extraordinary Ordinary Star 1. What is the source of the Sun s energy? 2. What is the internal structure of the Sun? 3. How can astronomers measure the properties of the Sun
More information10/18/ A Closer Look at the Sun. Chapter 11: Our Star. Why does the Sun shine? Lecture Outline
10/18/17 Lecture Outline 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Chapter 11: Our Star Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is it on FIRE? Is it on
More informationThe Sun. Basic Properties. Radius: Mass: Luminosity: Effective Temperature:
The Sun Basic Properties Radius: Mass: 5 R Sun = 6.96 km 9 R M Sun 5 30 = 1.99 kg 3.33 M ρ Sun = 1.41g cm 3 Luminosity: L Sun = 3.86 26 W Effective Temperature: L Sun 2 4 = 4πRSunσTe Te 5770 K The Sun
More informationSome Good News. Announcements. Lecture 10 The Sun. How does the Sun shine? The Sun s Energy Source
Announcements Homework due today. Put your homework in the box NOW. Please STAPLE them if you have not done yet. Quiz#3 on Tuesday (Oct 5) Announcement at the end of this lecture. If you could not pick
More informationThe Sun sends the Earth:
The Sun sends the Earth: Solar Radiation - peak wavelength.visible light - Travels at the speed of light..takes 8 minutes to reach Earth Solar Wind, Solar flares, and Coronal Mass Ejections of Plasma (ionized
More informationThe Sun as Our Star. Properties of the Sun. Solar Composition. Last class we talked about how the Sun compares to other stars in the sky
The Sun as Our Star Last class we talked about how the Sun compares to other stars in the sky Today's lecture will concentrate on the different layers of the Sun's interior and its atmosphere We will also
More informationChapter 14 Lecture. The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition. Our Star Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14 Lecture The Cosmic Perspective Seventh Edition Our Star 14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is
More informationPTYS/ASTR 206. The Sun 3/1/07
The Announcements Reading Assignment Review and finish reading Chapter 18 Optional reading March 2006 Scientific American: article by Gene Parker titled Shielding Space Travelers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/solar_variability
More informationToday The Sun. Events
Today The Sun Events Last class! Homework due now - will count best 5 of 6 Final exam Dec. 20 @ 12:00 noon here Review this Course! www.case.edu/utech/course-evaluations/ The Sun the main show in the solar
More informationChapter 14 Our Star A Closer Look at the Sun. Why was the Sun s energy source a major mystery?
Chapter 14 Our Star 14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Our goals for learning Why was the Sun s energy source a major mystery? Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun s structure? Why was the Sun s energy source
More informationAstronomy Ch 16 The Sun. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Period: Date: Astronomy Ch 16 The Sun MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The light we see from the Sun comes from which layer?
More informationThe Sun. How are these quantities measured? Properties of the Sun. Chapter 14
The Sun Chapter 14 The Role of the Sun in the Solar System > 99.9% of the mass Its mass is responsible for the orderly orbits of the planets Its heat is responsible for warming the planets It is the source
More informationConvection causes granules. Photosphere isn t actually smooth! Granules Up-Close: like boiling water. Corona or of the Sun. Chromosphere: sphere of
Overview Properties of the Sun Sun s outer layers Photosphere Chromosphere Corona Solar Activity Sunspots & the sunspot cycle Flares, prominences, CMEs, aurora Sun s Interior The Sun as an energy source
More informationHydrogen Lines. What can we learn from light? Spectral Classification. Visible Hydrogen Spectrum Lines: Series. Actual Spectrum from SDSS
What can we learn from light? Hydrogen Lines Temperature Energy Chemical Composition Speed towards or away from us All from the! Lower E, Lower f, λ Visible! Higher E, Higher f, λ Visible Hydrogen Spectrum
More informationPhys 100 Astronomy (Dr. Ilias Fernini) Review Questions for Chapter 8
Phys 100 Astronomy (Dr. Ilias Fernini) Review Questions for Chapter 8 MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Granulation is caused by a. sunspots. * b. rising gas below the photosphere. c. shock waves in the corona. d. the
More informationThe Sun. Chapter 12. Properties of the Sun. Properties of the Sun. The Structure of the Sun. Properties of the Sun.
Chapter 12 The Sun, Our Star 1 With a radius 100 and a mass of 300,000 that of Earth, the Sun must expend a large amount of energy to withstand its own gravitational desire to collapse To understand this
More informationOutline. Astronomy: The Big Picture. Earth Sun comparison. Nighttime observing is over, but a makeup observing session may be scheduled. Stay tuned.
Nighttime observing is over, but a makeup observing session may be scheduled. Stay tuned. Next homework due Oct 24 th. I will not be here on Wednesday, but Paul Ricker will present the lecture! My Tuesday
More informationRadiation Zone. AST 100 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies. 5. What s inside the Sun? From the Center Outwards. Meanderings of outbound photons
AST 100 General Astronomy: Stars & Galaxies 5. What s inside the Sun? From the Center Outwards Core: Hydrogen ANNOUNCEMENTS Midterm I on Tue, Sept. 29 it will cover class material up to today (included)
More informationAstr 1050 Mon. March 30, 2015 This week s Topics
Astr 1050 Mon. March 30, 2015 This week s Topics Chapter 14: The Sun, Our Star Structure of the Sun Physical Properties & Stability Photosphere Opacity Spectral Line Formation Temperature Profile The Chromosphere
More informationThe Sun: Our Star. A glowing ball of gas held together by its own gravity and powered by nuclear fusion
Our Star, the Sun The Sun: Our Star A glowing ball of gas held together by its own gravity and powered by nuclear fusion Radius: 700,000 km (435,000 miles) Diameter: 1.392 million km (865,000 miles) Circumference:
More informationThe Quiet Sun The sun is currently being studied by several spacecraft Ulysses, SOHO, STEREO, and ACE.
The Quiet Sun The sun is currently being studied by several spacecraft Ulysses, SOHO, STEREO, and ACE. Messenger also contains instruments that can do some solar studies. http://www.stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov
More informationAstronomy 1 Fall Reminder: When/where does your observing session meet? [See from your TA.]
Astronomy 1 Fall 2016 Reminder: When/where does your observing session meet? [See email from your TA.] Lecture 9, October 25, 2016 Previously on Astro-1 What is the Moon made of? How did the Moon form?
More informationThe Sun ASTR /17/2014
The Sun ASTR 101 11/17/2014 1 Radius: 700,000 km (110 R ) Mass: 2.0 10 30 kg (330,000 M ) Density: 1400 kg/m 3 Rotation: Differential, about 25 days at equator, 30 days at poles. Surface temperature: 5800
More informationChapter 14 Our Star Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 14 Our Star Basic Types of Energy Kinetic (motion) Radiative (light) Potential (stored) Energy can change type, but cannot be created or destroyed. Thermal Energy: the collective kinetic energy
More informationOur sun is the star in our solar system, which lies within a galaxy (Milky Way) within the universe. A star is a large glowing ball of gas that
Our sun is the star in our solar system, which lies within a galaxy (Milky Way) within the universe. A star is a large glowing ball of gas that generates energy through nuclear fusion in its core. The
More informationThe Sun: Our Star. The Sun is an ordinary star and shines the same way other stars do.
The Sun: Our Star The Sun is an ordinary star and shines the same way other stars do. Announcements q Homework # 4 is due today! q Units 49 and 51 Assigned Reading Today s Goals q Today we start section
More information1 A= one Angstrom = 1 10 cm
Our Star : The Sun )Chapter 10) The sun is hot fireball of gas. We observe its outer surface called the photosphere: We determine the temperature of the photosphere by measuring its spectrum: The peak
More informationChapter 10 Our Star. X-ray. visible
Chapter 10 Our Star X-ray visible Radius: 6.9 10 8 m (109 times Earth) Mass: 2 10 30 kg (300,000 Earths) Luminosity: 3.8 10 26 watts (more than our entire world uses in 1 year!) Why does the Sun shine?
More informationA Closer Look at the Sun
Our Star A Closer Look at the Sun Our goals for learning Why was the Sun s energy source a major mystery? Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun s structure? Why was the Sun s energy source a major mystery?
More informationWeight of upper layers compresses lower layers
Weight of upper layers compresses lower layers Gravitational equilibrium: Energy provided by fusion maintains the pressure Gravitational contraction: Provided energy that heated core as Sun was forming
More informationThe Sun. Nearest Star Contains most of the mass of the solar system Source of heat and illumination
The Sun Nearest Star Contains most of the mass of the solar system Source of heat and illumination Outline Properties Structure Solar Cycle Energetics Equation of Stellar Structure TBC Properties of Sun
More informationAstronomy. Our Star, The Sun
Astronomy A. Dayle Hancock adhancock@wm.edu Small 239 Office hours: MTWR 10-11am Our Star, The Sun The source of the Sun's heat and light Models of the Sun's interior The Sun's vibrations Probing the energy
More informationThe Interior Structure of the Sun
The Interior Structure of the Sun Data for one of many model calculations of the Sun center Temperature 1.57 10 7 K Pressure 2.34 10 16 N m -2 Density 1.53 10 5 kg m -3 Hydrogen 0.3397 Helium 0.6405 The
More informationAstronomy 1 Winter 2011
Astronomy 1 Winter 2011 Lecture 19; February 23 2011 Asteroids Comets Meteors Previously on Astro-1 Homework Due 03/02/11 On your own: answer all the review questions in chapters 16 17 and 18 To TAs: answer
More informationLearning Objectives. wavelengths of light do we use to see each of them? mass ejections? Which are the most violent?
Our Beacon: The Sun Learning Objectives! What are the outer layers of the Sun, in order? What wavelengths of light do we use to see each of them?! Why does limb darkening tell us the inner Sun is hotter?!
More informationThe Sun. October 21, ) H-R diagram 2) Solar Structure 3) Nuclear Fusion 4) Solar Neutrinos 5) Solar Wind/Sunspots
The Sun October 21, 2002 1) H-R diagram 2) Solar Structure 3) Nuclear Fusion 4) Solar Neutrinos 5) Solar Wind/Sunspots Review Blackbody radiation Measuring stars distance luminosity brightness and distance
More informationAstronomy Exam 3 - Sun and Stars
Astronomy Exam 3 - Sun and Stars Study online at quizlet.com/_4zgp6 1. `what are the smallest group of stars in the H-R diagram 2. A star has a parallax of 0.05". what is the distance from the earth? white
More informationThe Sun is the nearest star to Earth, and provides the energy that makes life possible.
1 Chapter 8: The Sun The Sun is the nearest star to Earth, and provides the energy that makes life possible. PRIMARY SOURCE OF INFORMATION about the nature of the Universe NEVER look at the Sun directly!!
More informationLec 7: Classification of Stars, the Sun. What prevents stars from collapsing under the weight of their own gravity? Text
1 Astr 102 Lec 7: Classification of Stars, the Sun What prevents stars from collapsing under the weight of their own gravity? Text Why is the center of the Sun hot? What is the source of the Sun s energy?
More informationStars. The size of the Sun
Stars Huge spheres of gas floating in space Composed primarily of H, He. Produce their own energy. Our Galaxy: 10 11 (100 billion) stars. The Sun: a typical star Stars range from ~ 0.1 to ~ 20 M M = solar
More informationThe Sun. The Chromosphere of the Sun. The Surface of the Sun
Key Concepts: Lecture 22: The Sun Basic properties of the Sun The outer layers of the Sun: Chromosphere, Corona Sun spots and solar activity: impact on the Earth Nuclear Fusion: the source of the Sun s
More informationThe Structure of the Sun. CESAR s Booklet
How stars work In order to have a stable star, the energy it emits must be the same as it can produce. There must be an equilibrium. The main source of energy of a star it is nuclear fusion, especially
More information3/26/2018. The Sun. Phys1403 Introductory Astronomy. Topics in Chapter 8 that we will cover. Topics in Chapter 8 that we will cover.
Foundations of Astronomy 13e Seeds Phys1403 Introductory Astronomy Instructor: Dr. Goderya Chapter 8 The Sun Topics in Chapter 8 that we will cover General Properties Solar Atmosphere and Surface Temperature
More informationCHAPTER 29: STARS BELL RINGER:
CHAPTER 29: STARS BELL RINGER: Where does the energy of the Sun come from? Compare the size of the Sun to the size of Earth. 1 CHAPTER 29.1: THE SUN What are the properties of the Sun? What are the layers
More informationTypes of Stars 1/31/14 O B A F G K M. 8-6 Luminosity. 8-7 Stellar Temperatures
Astronomy 113 Dr. Joseph E. Pesce, Ph.D. The Nature of Stars For nearby stars - measure distances with parallax 1 AU d p 8-2 Parallax A January ³ d = 1/p (arcsec) [pc] ³ 1pc when p=1arcsec; 1pc=206,265AU=3
More informationExplain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core. Describe the three layers of the sun s atmosphere.
Chapter 29 and 30 Explain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core. Describe the three layers of the sun s atmosphere. Explain how sunspots are related to powerful magnetic fields on the sun.
More informationAstronomy Chapter 12 Review
Astronomy Chapter 12 Review Approximately how massive is the Sun as compared to the Earth? A. 100 times B. 300 times C. 3000 times D. 300,000 times E. One million times Approximately how massive is the
More informationB B E D B E D A C A D D C
B B A C E E E E C E D E B B A D B E E A E E B C C A B B E D B E D A C A D D C E D Assigned Reading Read Chapters 8.1 and 8.2 Colonel Cady Coleman, Astronaut: Lessons from Space Lead Straight Back to Earth,
More informationHow the Sun Works. Presented by the
How the Sun Works Presented by the The Sun warms our planet every day, provides the light by which we see and is absolutely necessary for life on Earth. In this presentation, we will examine the fascinating
More information1-4-1A. Sun Structure
Sun Structure A cross section of the Sun reveals its various layers. The Core is the hottest part of the internal sun and is the location of nuclear fusion. The heat and energy produced in the core is
More informationLecture 17 The Sun October 31, 2018
Lecture 17 The Sun October 31, 2018 1 2 Exam 2 Information Bring a #2 pencil! Bring a calculator. No cell phones or tablets allowed! Contents: Free response problems (2 questions, 10 points) True/False
More informationASTR Midterm 1 Phil Armitage, Bruce Ferguson
ASTR 1120-001 Midterm 1 Phil Armitage, Bruce Ferguson FIRST MID-TERM EXAM FEBRUARY 16 th 2006: Closed books and notes, 1 hour. Please PRINT your name and student ID on the places provided on the scan sheet.
More informationThe Sun Closest star to Earth - only star that we can see details on surface - easily studied Assumption: The Sun is a typical star
The Sun Closest star to Earth - only star that we can see details on surface - easily studied Assumption: The Sun is a typical star Why is the Sun hot and bright? Surface Temperature of the Sun: T =
More informationAstronomy 210. Outline. Nuclear Reactions in the Sun. Neutrinos. Solar Observing due April 15 th HW 8 due on Friday.
Astronomy 210 Outline This Class (Lecture 30): Solar Neutrinos Next Class: Stars: Physical Properties Solar Observing due April 15 th HW 8 due on Friday. The Sun Our closest star The Outer Layers of the
More informationAy 1 Lecture 8. Stellar Structure and the Sun
Ay 1 Lecture 8 Stellar Structure and the Sun 8.1 Stellar Structure Basics How Stars Work Hydrostatic Equilibrium: gas and radiation pressure balance the gravity Thermal Equilibrium: Energy generated =
More information8.2 The Sun pg Stars emit electromagnetic radiation, which travels at the speed of light.
8.2 The Sun pg. 309 Key Concepts: 1. Careful observation of the night sky can offer clues about the motion of celestial objects. 2. Celestial objects in the Solar System have unique properties. 3. Some
More informationAstronomy 1504 Section 002 Astronomy 1514 Section 10 Midterm 2, Version 1 October 19, 2012
Astronomy 1504 Section 002 Astronomy 1514 Section 10 Midterm 2, Version 1 October 19, 2012 Choose the answer that best completes the question. Read each problem carefully and read through all the answers.
More informationOur Sun Our Star. Image credit: JAXA. OU-L P SC 100 Spring, /81
Our Sun Our Star Image credit: JAXA OU-L P SC 100 Spring, 2009 1/81 1 Diameter: 1,400,000 km = 864,000 miles = 4.5 light-seconds 1,300,000 Earths could fit inside! 109 Earths would fit across the diameter
More informationStudent Instruction Sheet: Unit 4 Lesson 3. Sun
Student Instruction Sheet: Unit 4 Lesson 3 Suggested time: 1.25 Hours What s important in this lesson: Sun demonstrate an understanding of the structure, and nature of our solar system investigate the
More informationSolar Activity The Solar Wind
Solar Activity The Solar Wind The solar wind is a flow of particles away from the Sun. They pass Earth at speeds from 400 to 500 km/s. This wind sometimes gusts up to 1000 km/s. Leaves Sun at highest speeds
More informationExam #2 Review Sheet. Part #1 Clicker Questions
Exam #2 Review Sheet Part #1 Clicker Questions 1) The energy of a photon emitted by thermonuclear processes in the core of the Sun takes thousands or even millions of years to emerge from the surface because
More informationLogistics 2/14/17. Topics for Today and Thur. Helioseismology: Millions of sound waves available to probe solar interior. ASTR 1040: Stars & Galaxies
ASTR 1040: Stars & Galaxies Pleiades Star Cluster Prof. Juri Toomre TAs: Piyush Agrawal, Connor Bice Lecture 9 Tues 14 Feb 2017 zeus.colorado.edu/astr1040-toomre Topics for Today and Thur Helioseismology:
More information14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is it on FIRE? Is it on FIRE? NO! Chemical energy content Luminosity ~
More informationChapter 24: Studying the Sun. 24.3: The Sun Textbook pages
Chapter 24: Studying the Sun 24.3: The Sun Textbook pages 684-690 The sun is one of the 100 billion stars of the Milky Way galaxy. The sun has no characteristics to make it unique to the universe. It is
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 24 Studying the Sun 24.1 The Study of Light Electromagnetic Radiation Electromagnetic radiation includes gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet light, visible
More informationModule 4: Astronomy - The Solar System Topic 2 Content: Solar Activity Presentation Notes
The Sun, the largest body in the Solar System, is a giant ball of gas held together by gravity. The Sun is constantly undergoing the nuclear process of fusion and creating a tremendous amount of light
More information4 Layers of the Sun. CORE : center, where fusion occurs
4 Layers of the Sun CORE : center, where fusion occurs RADIATION LAYER: energy transfer by radiation (like energy coming from a light bulb or heat lamp which you can feel across the room) CONVECTION LAYER:
More informationNext quiz: Monday, October 24 Chp. 6 (nothing on telescopes) Chp. 7 a few problems from previous material cough, cough, gravity, cough, cough...
Next quiz: Monday, October 24 Chp. 6 (nothing on telescopes) Chp. 7 a few problems from previous material cough, cough, gravity, cough, cough... 1 Chapter 7 Atoms and Starlight Kirchhoff s Laws of Radiation
More information2/6/18. Topics for Today and Thur. ASTR 1040: Stars & Galaxies. EUV and Visible Images
2/6/18 ASTR 1040: Stars & Galaxies Topics for Today and Thur Consider Sun s energy source (fusion H--He) Solar granulation Prof. Juri Toomre TAs: Peri Johnson, Ryan Horton Lecture 7 Tues 6 Feb 2018 What
More informationSunspots and Solar Spectrum
Sunspots and Solar Spectrum Alexandre Costa, Beatriz García, Ricardo Moreno International Astronomical Union Comm 46, Escola Secundária de Loulé, Portugal Universida Tecnológica Nacional, Argentina Colegio
More informationSunspots and Solar Spectrum
Sunspots and Solar Spectrum Alexandre Costa, Beatriz García, Ricardo Moreno International Astronomical Union Comm 46, Escola Secundária de Loulé, Portugal Universida Tecnológica Nacional, Argentina Colegio
More informationName: Date: 2. The temperature of the Sun's photosphere is A) close to 1 million K. B) about 10,000 K. C) 5800 K. D) 4300 K.
Name: Date: 1. What is the Sun's photosphere? A) envelope of convective mass motion in the outer interior of the Sun B) lowest layer of the Sun's atmosphere C) middle layer of the Sun's atmosphere D) upper
More informationProperties of Stars. Characteristics of Stars
Properties of Stars Characteristics of Stars A constellation is an apparent group of stars originally named for mythical characters. The sky contains 88 constellations. Star Color and Temperature Color
More informationA100 Exploring the Universe: How Stars Work. Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy
A100 Exploring the Universe: How Stars Work Martin D. Weinberg UMass Astronomy weinberg@astro.umass.edu October 11, 2012 Read: Chaps 14, 15 10/11/12 slide 1 Exam scores posted in Mastering Exam keys posted
More informationThe interior of the Sun. Space Physics - Project by Christopher Keil. October 17, Supervisor: Prof. Kjell Rnnemark
The interior of the Sun Space Physics - Project by Christopher Keil October 17, 2006 Supervisor: Prof. Kjell Rnnemark Umeå University Institute of Physics Contents 1 Introduction 2 2 The Structure of the
More informationStellar Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 3
Stellar Astronomy Sample Questions for Exam 3 Chapter 7 1. A protostar is formed by a) the rapid expansion of gas from an exploding star. b) the gravitational collapse of a rotating interstellar cloud.
More information