10/17/ A Closer Look at the Sun. Chapter 11: Our Star. Why does the Sun shine? Lecture Outline
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1 Lecture Outline 11.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Chapter 11: Our Star Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is it on FIRE? Is it on FIRE? Chemical Energy Content ~ 10,000 years Luminosity Is it on FIRE? NO! Chemical Energy Content ~ 10,000 years Luminosity 1
2 Is it CONTRACTING? Is it CONTRACTING? Gravitational Potential Energy ~ 25 million years Luminosity E = mc 2 Einstein, 1905 Is it CONTRACTING? NO! Gravitational Potential Energy ~ 25 million years Luminosity It is powered by NUCLEAR ENERGY! Nuclear Potential Energy (core) ~ 10 billion years Luminosity Gravitational equilibrium: Gravity pulling in balances pressure pushing out. Weight of upper layers compresses lower layers. 2
3 Energy balance: Thermal energy released by fusion in core balances radiative energy lost from surface. Gravitational contraction provided energy that heated the core as the Sun was forming. Contraction stopped when fusion started replacing the energy radiated into space. What is the Sun's structure? Radius: m (109 times Earth) Mass: kg (300,000 Earths) Luminosity: watts Solar wind: A flow of charged particles from the surface of the Sun Corona: Outermost layer of solar atmosphere~ 1 million K 3
4 Chromosphere: Middle layer of solar atmosphere ~ K Photosphere: Visible surface of the Sun ~ 6000 K Convection zone: Energy transported upward by rising hot gas Radiation zone: Energy transported upward by photons 11.2 Nuclear Fusion in the Sun Core: Energy generated by nuclear fusion ~ 15 million K Our goals for learning: How does nuclear fusion occur in the Sun? How does the energy from fusion get out of the Sun? How do we know what is happening inside the Sun? 4
5 How does nuclear fusion occur in the Sun? Fission Big nucleus splits into smaller pieces. (Nuclear power plants) Fusion Small nuclei stick together to make a bigger one. (Sun, stars) High temperatures enable nuclear fusion to happen in the core. The Sun releases energy by fusing four hydrogen nuclei into one helium nucleus. IN 4 protons OUT 4 He nucleus 2 gamma rays 2 positrons 2 neutrinos The Proton proton chain is how hydrogen fuses into helium in the Sun. Total mass is 0.7% lower. 5
6 Thought Question Thought Question What would happen inside the Sun if a slight rise in core temperature led to a rapid rise in fusion energy? A. The core would expand and heat up slightly. B. The core would expand and cool. C. The Sun would blow up like a hydrogen bomb. What would happen inside the Sun if a slight rise in core temperature led to a rapid rise in fusion energy? A. The core would expand and heat up slightly. B. The core would expand and cool. C. The Sun would blow up like a hydrogen bomb. Solar thermostat keeps the rate of fusion steady. Solar Thermostat How does the energy from fusion get out of the Sun? Decline in core temperature causes fusion rate to drop, so core contracts and heats up. Rise in core temperature causes fusion rate to rise, so core expands and cools down. Convection (rising hot gas) takes energy to the surface. Energy gradually leaks out of the radiation zone in the form of randomly bouncing photons. 6
7 Bright blobs on photosphere where hot gas reaches the surface How do we know what is happening inside the Sun? We learn about the inside of the Sun by making mathematical models observing solar vibrations observing solar neutrinos Patterns of vibration on the surface tell us about what the Sun is like inside. Data on solar vibrations agree with mathematical models of solar interior. Neutrinos created during fusion fly directly through the Sun. Observations of these solar neutrinos can tell us what's happening in the core. 7
8 Solar neutrino problem: Early searches for solar neutrinos failed to find the predicted number. Solar neutrino problem: Early searches for solar neutrinos failed to find the predicted number. These careful measurements were awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in Solar neutrino problem: More recent observations find the right number of neutrinos, but some have changed form The Sun Earth Connection Our goals for learning: What causes solar activity? How does solar activity vary with time? The solar neutrino problem led to the understanding that neutrinos have mass. What causes solar activity? Solar activity is like "weather" on Earth. Sunspots Solar flares Solar prominences All these phenomena are related to magnetic fields. 8
9 10/17/16 Sunspots Zeeman Effect Are cooler than other parts of the Sun's surface (4000 K). We can measure magnetic fields in sunspots by observing the splitting of spectral lines. Are regions with strong magnetic fields. Charged particles spiral along magnetic field lines. Loops of bright gas often connect sunspot pairs. Magnetic activity also causes solar prominences that erupt high above the Sun's surface. Magnetic activity causes solar flares that send bursts of X rays and charged particles into space. 9
10 Coronal mass ejections send bursts of energetic charged particles out through the solar system. The corona appears bright in X-ray photos in places where magnetic fields trap hot gas. How does solar activity vary with time? Charged particles streaming from the Sun can disrupt electrical power grids and disable communications satellites. The number of sunspots rises and falls in 11-year cycles. The sunspot cycle has something to do with the winding and twisting of the Sun's magnetic field. 10
11 How does solar activity vary with time? Does solar activity and/or the sunspot cycle affect the Earth s climate? The Maunder minimum ( ) corresponds to a time of very low temperatures recorded in Europe and North American known as the Little Ice Ages. However, clear connections have not been established and the study of solar activity s possible effects on climate remains an active field of research. 11
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