27.1: Characteristics of Stars

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1 27.1: Characteristics of Stars STAR NOTES: Part 1 What is a Star? A body of gases that gives off energy in the form of light and heat.

2 27.1: Characteristics of Stars Are all stars the same? No 1. Stars range in diameter from about 20 km to about 1.4 billion km. 2. The sun is a medium-sized star with a diameter of about 1,392,000 km. 1. Stars differ in mass. 2. Stars differ in color. 3. Stars differ in composition. 4. Stars differ in temperature. 5. Stars differ in distance from the earth. 6. Stars differ in brightness. 7. Stars differ in motion

3 How Do Astronomers Determine Composition and Surface Temperature of a Star? The surface temperature of a star tells us what color it will be.

4 Surface Temperature of a Star Red stars are the coolest stars with surface temperatures less than 3,500 K

5 Surface Temperature of a Star Yellow stars, such as our Sun, have surface temperatures ranging from 5,000-7,500 K

6 Surface Temperature of a Star White stars have a surface temperatures ranging from 7,500 10,000 K White stars are NOT the same thing as white dwarfs! White dwarfs happen at the end of a star s life, and they can be as hot as 100,000 K!

7 Surface Temperature of a Star Blue stars are the hottest stars with surface temperatures ranging from 10,000-60,000 K.

8 Size of a Star The size of a star is based on its diameter and its mass. For this class the most important thing to remember about a star s size is that the mass of the star determines how that star will evolve and eventually die. The greater the mass of the star, the shorter its lifetime Low mass stars with an original mass of less than 8 times the sun (8 solar masses) will become Planetary Nebula. The remnant state of these stars is a white dwarf. High mass stars containing more than 8 solar masses will explode violently as a supernova. The remnant state of these stars is a neutron star or black hole.

9 How Do Astronomers Determine Composition and Surface Temperature of a Star? Composition is determined by the bright-line spectra emitted by the star. A spectrometer is an instrument used to analyze the bright-line spectra. The colors and lines of the spectrum determine what the star is made of. There are 3 types of spectra.

10 How Do Astronomers Determine Composition and Surface Temperature of a Star? Continuous Emission Absorption A. Continuous spectra are made by. energy at all wavelengths B. Emission spectra are produced by heated. elements Each element has its own bright-line spectra which acts as its. fingerprint C. Absorption spectra are produced by The absence of bright-line spectra

11 How Do Astronomers Determine Composition and Surface Temperature of a Star? How do we determine the elements that are in a star? We compare the known bright-line spectra of elements to the emission spectra of stars. Hydrogen is the most common element in most stars, and helium is the second most common.

12 Why Do Stars Appear to Move to an Observer on the Earth? Actual Motion how stars really move! This can be measured only with highpowered telescopes and other instruments. Apparent Motion how stars look like they are moving to us on Earth! (Visible to the unaided eye in a dark sky)

13 Actual Motion 1. Stars Rotate (spin) (just like Earth). 2. Stars revolve around other stars (binary star system). 3. Stars move toward or away from the Earth (blue or red shifting).

14 Apparent Motion ALL THE TIME 1. The Earth moves. A. The Earth. rotates B. The Earth. revolves around the Sun This makes the stars in the sky look like they are moving, BUT THEY ARE NOT REALLY MOVING!

15 The Motion of Stars The rotation of the Earth makes the stars look like they are moving. westward The North Star, Polaris, does not appear to move in the night sky. Other stars seem to circle Polaris, moving in a westward direction. But, this movement is due to the Earth s rotation, not actual motion

16 The Motion of Stars The revolution of the Earth around the Sun makes different stars visible during. different seasons This is because the position of the Earth changes relative to the Sun during different times of the year.

17 27.1: Characteristics of Stars STAR NOTES: Part 2 Distance to Stars 1. Light Years ( ): LY A. Units used to measure. Distance to stars B. Planets are closer so we use. Astronomical Units 2. Astronomical Units ( ): AU A. Method used to measure distances that are closer than. one light year

18 27.1: Characteristics of Stars Distance to Stars STAR NOTES: Part 2 Light Years 1. Units used because of great distances. 2. Light travels km/s 300,000 OR 9.5 trillion km/yr. 3. Closet star: our Sun, then Proxima Centauri (4.2 LY)

19 Name and Describe the Way Astronomers Measure the Distance From the Earth to the Stars Parallax This method is used to measure the distance of a star from the Earth. How does Parallax work? Take a photograph of certain star Wait 6 months and re-photograph the same star. Measure the shift between the two locations. The closer a nearby star the greater the shift. This only works for stars that are closer than 1000 light-years.

20 The Difference Between Absolute Magnitude and Apparent Magnitude Approximately 6000 stars are visible to the unaided eye from earth About 3 billion can be seen through ground-based telescopes Over 1 trillion can be observed from the Hubble Space Telescope The visibility of a star depends on its brightness and its distance from the Earth. Astronomers use two scales to describe the brightness of a star: apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude.

21 Apparent Magnitude How bright a star appears from Earth. Positive #s = dimmest stars (dimmest seen with unaided eye is +6). Negative #s = bright star (Sun: 26.8).

22 Absolute Magnitude **** This is figured out by moving all stars to a distance 32.6 light years from Earth. When they are all at the same distance then compare how bright they really are. Example: The Sun s apparent magnitude is 26.5, but absolute magnitude is +5. Like apparent magnitude, smaller numbers are used for brighter stars **** The H-R Diagram uses Absolute Magnitude

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