Acronyms and Abbreviations

Transcription

1 Acronyms and Abbreviations ACE-FTS AIM AIMOS AMIP2 ALOMAR ARTOS ATLAS ATMOS AURA BMBF CAWSES CCM CCN CCMVAL CHAMP CFC CLaMS CMAM CMAT CME COSMIC CPW-TEC CR CRISTA CTIP CTM DFG Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere Atmospheric Ionization Model OSnabrück Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmospheric Research Atmospheric Response TO Solar Variability Latin for breeze Bundesministerium für Forschung und Bildung Climate And Weather of the Sun-Earth System Chemistry Climate Model Cloud Condensation Nuclei Chemistry Climate Model Evaluation CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload ChloroFluorCarbon Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model Middle and upper ATMosphere code Coronal Mass Ejection Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate Climatology of Planetary Waves seen in ionospheric F-region perturbations using TEC of GPS Cosmic Rays Cryogenic Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes for the Atmosphere Coupled Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Plasma Chemistry and Transport Model Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft F.-J. Lübken (ed.), Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES), Springer Atmospheric Sciences, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

2 626 Acronyms and Abbreviations DLR Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt ECHAM5-MESSy atmospheric chemistry general circulation model Modular Earth Submodel System ECMWF European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts EEP Energetic Electron Precipitation EISCAT European Incoherent SCAtter EMAC ECHAM5-MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry ENVISAT ENVironmental SATellite ENSO El Niño/Southern Oscillation EOF Empirical Orthogonal Function EPP Energetic particle precipitation ERA ECMWF reanalysis ESA European Space Agency ESR EISCAT Svalbard Radar EUV Extreme UltraViolet FZJ Forschungszentrum Jülich GCM General Circulation Models GCR Galactic Cosmic Ray GEANT GEometry ANd Tracking, Monte Carlo Toolkit for particle simulations (provided by the CERN) GEC Global Electric Circuit GFZ Deutsches GeoForschungsZentrum Potsdam GHG Greenhouse Gas GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite GOME Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment GOMOS Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars GPS Global Positioning System GRACE Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment GSWM Global Scale Wave Model GW Gravity Wave GW-CODE Gravity Wave coupling processes and their decadal variation GWD Gravity Wave Drag HALOE Halogen Occultation Experiment HAMMONIA HAMburg Model Of the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere HELIOCAUSES Energetic particle transport in the atmosphere and environment of the Earth, cosmic rays, solar energetic particles, heliospheric and atmospheric transport HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor HEPPA High Energy Particle Precipitation in the Atmosphere HIRDLS High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder HME Hough Mode Extension HYDOX Response of Atomic Hydrogen and Oxygen to Solar Radiation Changes: Measurements and Simulations IAP Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics in Kühlungsborn

3 Acronyms and Abbreviations 627 IGRF IHY IMK IPCC IR ISCCP ISR ISSI KASIMA KIT KMCM LIMA LTE MAARSY MAECHAM5 MAIONO MANOXUVA MESSy MF MICHAELA MIPAS MLS MLT MPS MR NAM NAO NASA NAT NCAR NCEP NDACC NH NLC NMT-MLT NOAA NRLMSISE PMC PMSE PMWE International Geomagnetic Reference Field International Heliospheric Year Institut für Meteorologie und Klimaforschung Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change InfraRed International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Incoherent Scatter Radars International Space Science Institute Karlsruhe Simulation Model of the middle Atmosphere Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Kühlungsborn Mechanistic General Circulation Model Leibniz-Institute Middle Atmosphere model Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System Middle Atmosphere version of ECHAM5 Middle Atmosphere IONisation by energetic particles Middle Atmosphere NOx variations and solar UV VAriability: Examples to study mesospheric/stratospheric coupling and the impact of solar variability on stratospheric ozone Modular Earth Submodel System Medium Frequency Laboratory experiments on the microphysics of electrified clouds droplets Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding Microwave Limb Sounder Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Meteor Radar Northern Annular Mode North Atlantic Oscillation National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nitric Acid Trihydrate National Center for Atmospheric Research National Centers for Environmental Prediction Network for Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change Northern Hemisphere Noctilucent Cloud Seasonal and interannual variability of nonmigrating tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration US Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer and Incoherent Scatter Radar Polar Mesospheric Clouds Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes Polar Mesospheric Winter Echoes

4 628 Acronyms and Abbreviations POAM POES ProSECCO PSC PW QBO RMR SABER SACOSAT SAGACITY SBUV/TOMS SCIAMACHY SCOSTEP SEM SH SICMA SME SMR SNR SOLEIL SOLIVAR SOLOZON SOLSTICE SORACAL SOTIVAR SPARC SPE SSI SST SSU SSW Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites Project on Solar Effects on Chemistry and Climate Including Ozean Interactions Polar Stratospheric Clouds Planetary Waves Quasi-Biennial Oscillation Rayleigh-Mie-Raman Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry Sun driven Atmospheric Change Observed by ground based Stations in the Arctic and Tropics SAtellite and model studies of GAlactic cosmic rays and Clouds modulated by solar activity Solar Backscatter in the Ultraviolet, Total Ozone Mapping System Scanning Imaging Absorption spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartography Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics Space Environment Monitor Southern Hemisphere Solar variability impacts on the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere: measurements and model predictions Solar Mesosphere Explorer Sub-Millimetre Radiometer on ODIN Signal-to-Noise Ratio SOLar variability and trend Effects in Ice Layers Models of SOLar total and spectral Irridiance VARiability for climate studies Solar irridiance variability on hourly to decadal scale from SCIAMACHY and its impact on middle atmospheric ozone and ozone-climate interaction Solar-Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiment Solar Radiation Perturbations on the Coupling of Atmospheric Layers Solar contribution to the variability of middle atmosphere solar tides in their interaction with zonal-mean-flow variations, planetary waves and gravity waves Stratospheric Processes And their Role in Climate Solar Proton Event, depending on context also Solar Particle Event Solar Spectral Irradiance Sea Surface Temperature Stratospheric Sounding Units Sudden Stratospheric Warming

5 Acronyms and Abbreviations 629 TEC TID TIDI TIME-GCM TIMED TOMS UARS UBIC UHF UT UTC UV VHF WACCM WMO Total Electron Content Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance TIMED Doppler Interferometer Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics Total Ozone Mapping System Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite University of Bremen Ion Chemistry model Ultra High Frequency Upper Troposphere or Universal Time depending on context Coordinated Universal Time UltraViolet Very High Frequency Whole-Atmosphere Community Climate Model World Meteorological Organization

6 Index cm solar flux, year solar cycle, 545, year sunspot cycle, day solar cycle, day variability, d planetary wave, 139 A ACE-FTS (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer), 420 Acousto-Optical Spectrometer, 131 AIMOS, 223, 224, 226, 229, 230, 236, 241, 260, 278, 372 sorting algorithm, 224 Alternative age of air tracers, 618 ARIS, Alpine Radiometer Intercomparison at the Schneefernerhaus, 141 Atmosphere-ocean coupling processes, 458 Aurora, 223, 236, 276 Auroral oval, 224, 225, 276 Auroral particles, 276 AWIPEV, 126 B B2dM: Bremen 2-dimensional model, 278 B3dCTM: Bremen 3-dimensional Chemistry and Transport Model, 279 Balloon-borne in-situ measurements, 605 Berger Seltzer, 226 Bethe Bloch, 226 Bremsstrahlung, 226 Brewer-Dobson circulation, 306, 606 C C 2 ClF 5 (CFC-115) and C 2 F 6 (CFC-116), 618 Catalytic ozone loss, 276, 368 CCM, 543 CF 4, 619 CFC s, 133 CHAMP satellite, 191, 239, 494 Chapman cycle, 133 Chemical transport model, 152, 250 Chemistry-Climate Model, 543, 605 Chlorine activation, 287 CLaMS, 250 Climate change, 306, 444 Cloud droplets charge effects, 95, 97, 100 heterogeneous nucleation, 102 homogeneous nucleation, 95 scavenging of aerosols, 97 vapor pressure, 100 CO 2 and SF 6, 606 Contact freezing, 102 Contact nucleation, see Contact freezing Coronal mass ejection (CME), 224, 276, 367 Correlation of ice parameters, 325 Cosmic rays, 260 COSMOS, 445 Cryogenic whole air sampler, 608 CTM-B, 279 Cusp density anomaly, 195 D Dalton Minimum, 559 Data assimilation, 151 DFG: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, 280 Digital fast Fourier transform spectrometer, 131 Direct effect of particle precipitation, 277 Downward transport, 261 Dynamical effects, 475 F.-J. Lübken (ed.), Climate and Weather of the Sun-Earth System (CAWSES), Springer Atmospheric Sciences, DOI / , Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

7 632 Index E ECHAM5, 447, 589 ECMWF, 318 EDB, see Electrodynamic balance Eddy viscosity, 472 EISCAT, 223, 229, 230, 236 EISCAT_3D, 236, 243 Electrodynamic balance, 93 Electrodynamic levitation, 93 Electron density, 412 Energetic Electron Precipitation (EEP), 276 Energetic particle precipitation (EPP), 248, 598 ENSO, 597 Envisat, 367, 605 Equivalent summer duration (ESD), 533 European Incoherent SCATter radar, 236 F FAC, field-aligned current, 195 Freeze drying, 318 G G-distribution of PMC, 322 Galactic cosmic rays, 90 Gaschromatography/mass spectrometry system, 618 GCM, 543 GCR, see Galactic cosmic rays GCR galactic cosmic rays, 276 GEANT 4, 226 GEC, see Global electric circuit General Circulation Model, 543 Geomagnetic activity, 225, 226, 305 Geomagnetic disturbance, 224 Geomagnetic index, 420 Geomagnetic storms, 276 Global electric circuit, 91 GOES, 224, 229 GOME, 153 GPS radio occultation, 207 Gravity wave dissipation, 470 Gravity wave drag, 269, 470 Gravity waves (GW), 410, 467 Gravity wave heating/cooling, 470 Gravity wave spectrum, 473 Gravity wave trends, 532 Gulf-Stream, 460 H H 2 O 2, 263 Halloween storms, 249, 302 HAMMONIA, 223, 224, 226, 229, 231, 236, 241, 589 HEPPA, 224, 251, 260, 266, 277, 281 HNO 3, 273 HNO 3,N 2 O 5, and ClONO 2, 271 HO x, 303 Holocene, 565 Hough Mode Extension (HME), 489 HOx, 140 HOx = H, OH, HO 2, 276 I Ice layer trends, 333 Ice particle growth, 320 Ice particle lifetime, 320 Ice particle radius, 320 Ice particle trajectory, 320 Incoherent scatter radar, 236 Indirect effect of particle precipitation, 277 Infra-red limb emission spectrometer, 608 Ion drag, 472 Ionization rate, 260, 303 Ionosphere, 207 IRF Kiruna, 126 J Joule heating, 200, 476 K KASIMA, 250, 261, 265 Kinetic energy, 415 KIT Karlsruhe, 125 IMK, 125, 416 Kühlungsborn Mechanistic General Circulation Model, 369 Kuroshio, 460 L LIMA model, 279 Little Ice Age, 543 Lyman α, 318, 413 M Magnetosphere, 302 Magnetospheric electrons, 224 Magnetospheric particles, 225 Major Midwinter Warmings, 573 Major stratospheric warming, December 2003, 294 Maunder Minimum, 558 Mean age, of stratospheric air, 605 long term trend of, 611 Mean meridional circulation, 306 Mérida, 126 Pico Espejo, 126 Universidad de los Andes, 126

8 Index 633 Meridional circulation, 606 Mesopause region, 318 Mesosphere, 318, 615 Mesospheric instability, 536 Mesospheric sink of SF 6, 607 Mesospheric water vapor, 318 MESSy, 302 Meteor radar, 411 MF radar, 410 MgII index, 374 Microphysics of ice formation, 318 Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), 369, 418 Middle atmosphere waves, 519 Millimeterwave measurements, 127 KIMRA, 129 MIRA2, 128 MIRA5, 131 OZORAM, 126, 127 WARAM, 130 WARAM2, 130 MIPAS, 277, 304, 605 MIPAS on ENVISAT, 248, 260 MLT, 318 Molecular viscosity, 472 Monte-Carlo simulation, 224, 226 Multiple scattering, 226 N NAO, 458, 564 NDACC, 127 Negative ion chemistry, 285 Nitric oxide NO, 418 NO x, 140, 303 NO x from EPP, 256 NO x intrusion, 252 NO y, 257 Noctilucent cloud (NLC), 318, 366 Non-LTE, 430 Nonlinear saturation, 471 Nonmigrating tides, 482 Northern Annular Mode (NAM), 159, 310, 555 NOx = N, NO, NO 2, 276 NOx/HOx increase, 276 O O 3 -VMR mesospheric, 134 diurnal, 135, 137, 138 stratospheric diurnal, 135 Ocean currents, 460 Ozone, 150, 303 Ozone, zonally asymmetric component, 444 Ozone Hole, 150 Ozone loss, 254, 258 Ozone-depleting substances, 606 P Pacific ocean, 597 Particle precipitation, 302 Planetary waves, 150, 444 PMSE, 236, 241 PMWE, 242 POES, 224, 229, 230 Polar cap, 223, 225, 276 Polar mesospheric clouds (PMC), 318 Polar summer mesopause, 366 Polar Vortex, 560 Precipitating particles, 223 Q Quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), 575 Quasi-two day waves (QTDW), 535 R Radiation belt, 276 Radiative damping, 473 Retrieval procedure, 264 Riometer, 421 Ripples, 518, 520 S Satellite observations, 605 SBUV, 151, 318, 367 SBUV albedo, 334 SCIAMACHY, 153, 367 Sea-ice thickness, 461 Secondary maximum, 595 SEP, 223 SF 6, 273 SF 6 and CO 2 observations, 607 SIC: Sodankylae ion chemistry model, 282 Solar activity, 412 Solar cycle, 164, 412, 607 Solar energetic particles, 223, 226 Solar flare, 276 Solar flux influences, 529, 531 Solar irradiance: secular change, 28, 30, 31 Solar proton events (SPE), 140, 161, 251, 259, 276, 303, 366, 420 Solar protons, 223 Solar Rotational Cycle, 550 Solar rotational variability, 591 Solar spectral irradiance (SSI), 20, 26, 27, 32 Solar UV radiation, 26, 27, 32 Solar wind, 276, 302 Southern Annular Mode (SAM), 555

9 634 Index Spectral Solar Irradiance, 548 Spitsbergen Ny Ålesund, 126 Sporadic E layers, 207, 208 Stratopause, 418 Stratosphere, 574 inter-annual variability, 573 Stratosphere-troposphere interaction, 445 Stratospheric polar vortex, 445, 614 Stratospheric transport, 605 Stratospheric warming, 142, 269, 417 Substorm, 230 Summer length, 534 Sunspot area, 28, 32 Sunspot number, 28, 31 Superposed epoch analysis, 375 T Temperature trends, 318, 330, 529 stratosphere, 577 TEP, 228 The Coupled Middle Atmosphere Thermosphere Model, 473 Thermal conduction, 476 Thermosphere, 190 Tides in NLC, 324 TIME-GCM model, 421, 497 TIMED satellite, 483 Total electron production, 228 Total solar irradiance (TSI), 20, 22, 32, 542 Traveling ionospheric disturbances, 469 Tropical upwelling, 606 Troposphere, 92 Turbopause, 525 Turbulence, 412 Turbulent energy dissipation rate, 417 Twofold regression, 414 U UBIC: University of Bremen Ion Chemistry model, 280 Universität Bremen IUP, 126 University of Bremen Ion Chemistry model, 372 W WACCM, 420 Water cluster ions, 266 Water vapor trends, 329 Wave ranking, 519 Wind-driven ocean currents, 458