A Theory of Dark Matter

Transcription

1 DOI c Inian Acaemy of Sciences A Theory of Dark Matter JAIDEV B. PARMAR Abstract. A moel of the Universe is constrcte an a nmber of problems in Contemporary physics like Baryon Asymmetry, Dark Matter, Proton Decay, Galaxy Rotation Crve, Qasars, SMBH, Relativistic Astrophysical Jets, Coronal Heating, Solar Cycle, Spernovae mechanism, Magnetar magnetic fiel, Cosmological Lithim problem, Solar netrino problem an Existence of Black holes are iscsse in the light of the Hypothetical Universe. It is propose that there exists stable netrons an antinetrons that col explain the Dark matter an the missing antimatter of the Universe. 1. Introction 2. Dark Matter [2] Imagine that there is an immortal planetary size being mae p of epiphenomenal ectoplasm, we name Galacts, who oes not interact gravitationally with matter, moves aron the space at will an perceives the entire hman year the same as how we hmans perceive a minte. Sppose he visits the Earth an observes s, to him we hmans wol seem like inistingishable ots, assming that his senses are not keen enogh to istingish between man, woman, yong, ol, fertile or infertile qalities of hmans. Galacts wol observe that one ot splits to two ots (a woman giving birth to a baby) an ths concles that all Hman ots have the property of splitting into two Hman ots. Bt his conclsion is obviosly wrong becase hmans are in reality more complex entities than jst simple ots. There is not only internal ifferentiation between sexes bt also only ner special circmstances o some special hmans - Females give birth. Bt this ifferentiation is not apparant to Galacts. Let s replace Galacts by a hman scientist, an a hman ot from previos paragraph by a netron. The scientist observes that one free netron nergoes β- ecay an is converte to a proton an an electron an ths he concles that all free netrons have the property that they nergo β-ecay. The qestion is what if the hman scientist has mae the same mistake that Galacts has spposely mae for the hmans? Netrons are not elementary particles, they are infact composite particles, internally mae p of qarks an glons an hence there is a possibility that there col be ifferent types of netrons having slightly ifferent properties bt inistingshible to or probes. Or aim is to take this iea forwar an look at a few nsolve problems in contemporary Physics an try to view them throgh the light of the above iea, the problems that will be iscsse are: 1. Baryon Asymmetry [1] 3. Proton Decay[3] 4. Galaxy Rotation Crve [4] 5. Qasars an Sper massive black holes (SMBH) [5] 6. Relativistic Astrophysical Jets [6] 7. Coronal Heating 8. Solar Cycle [7] 9. Spernovae mechanism 10. Origin of magnetar magnetic fiel 11. Cosmological Lithim [8] We wol also revisit the problem below: 1. Solar netrino problem 2. Can Black Holes other than SMBH exist? 2. Assmptions Sppose we are able moel the real Universe an call the moel the Hypothetical Universe (HU). The HU will have properties that are qite similar to the known properties of the real Universe namely the strong, weak, electromagnetic an gravitational. In aition, we have the freeom to change any property of HU moel as per or will. Assming that we have at or isposal a hypothetical powerfl compter which has very high precision an we are able to rn, control an observe the HU simlation in arbitrary accelerate time. Frther we choose to give the following initial conitions to the HU simlation:

2 Page 2 of 1. Matter-Antimatter symmetric state. Lets assme that the baryonic matter an anti-matter is in the form of a netral particle sop of Protons, Antiprotons, Electrons, Positrons, Netrons an Antinetrons ranomly bt isotropically istribte in the HU. n r ū nḡ ū n b ū 2. The mass is stationery. i.e., the particles o not have appreciable blk velocities in any particlar irection 3. From the Stanar Moel (SM) of particle physics [9], we take the following for the particles of HU: Netrons are mae p of two type qarks having of charge ( 1 3 ) an one type qark of charge (+ 2 3 ) Each qark has a niqe color charge an is one of the 3 kins of ifferent color charges, the colors are re, green or ble making the overall netron color netral Antinetrons are mae p of two type antiqarks of charge (+ 1 3 ) an one ū type antiqark of charge ( 2 3 ) Each antiqark again has a niqe color an is one of the 3 kins of ifferent color charges, the colors are ant-re, anti-green an antible making the overall antinetron also color netral Figre The three types of antinetrons 3. Aitional Properties Apart from the normal rles of the Universe, we impose aitional rles below for the HU: 1. In the ncleon, the qarks retain their inivial color charge. 2. In the ncleon, the green qark has a special property that it inces one of the other qarks to become of the same type as itself via weak interaction. A ncleon is stable if the type of the green qark an the type of one of other qark is the same. n g p b or p r Sppose we istingish ncleons base on the niqe qark color, ths as epicte in Fig 2..1, since the type qark is niqe insie a netron, then epening on the color charge of the qark, the netrons are name as the re n r, green n g an ble n b type netrons. It is assme that of the total nmber of netrons, each type will consist of a thir of the total nmber of netrons N. Ths the nmber of any specific color species of the netrons is N i = 1 3 N, where i {r, g, b}. n r n g Figre The three types of netrons The antinetrons as epicte in Fig 2..2, can similarly be name from the ū antiqark as the anti-re n r, anti-green nḡ an anti-ble n b antinetrons. The total nmber of antinetrons is also N. Ths there are total of 2N particles at the start of the HU simlation. n b Figre Netron to Proton transformation 4. Simlation Rn Base pon the above assmptions an rles, pon rnning simlation moel insie the compter, we expect to see the following evoltion of the HU. Most of the electrically charge pairs will nergo mtal annihilation reaction leaving behin the electrically netral particles in the form of Netrons an Antinetrons. There will be a creation of a hge amont of γ-rays e to the annihilation reaction an a portion of the γ-rays proce will keep on nergoing pair proction an annihilation ntil the formation of Netron-Antinetron pairs, this being the final freezot of the annihilation reaction. As for the netrons, from the aitional property (2), since the n r an n b have the green qark that alreay has the same type of qark insie the netron an hence these are stable. A n g netron oes not have a qark of the same type an hence will ince the β-ecay in one of the of the qarks as in Fig 3..1 an in a few hors of the simlation time, blk of the n g

3 Page 3 of netrons will get converte to either p r or p b i.e., re or ble colore protons base on their color of the niqe qark, all other species of netrons an antinetrons viz n r, n b, n r, nḡ an n b are stable an will not transform to the respective protons an antiprotons. The generate electrons from the β-ecay of the n g netron will interact with the γ-rays proce ring the initial annihilation reactions an will be the sorce of the Cosmic Microwave Backgron (CMB) Raiation an the energy in for form for raiation will initiate trblence in the netral plasma. The trblence will lea to blk circlar motion insie the plasma, this will feeback to the DM that will also start circlating along with normal matter that is in Plasma form. Ths at a certain point after a few hors, we will have the Proton:Netron:Antinetron ratio of 1:2:3. Ths the ratio of the netrons that will nergo β-ecay from the total is 1 3 N/2N = 1 6 = = 16.7%. There will be five times more mass in the form of stable netrons an antinetrons than the nstable n g netrons. The Hyrogen forme after the β-ecay of n g netron will make p 16.7% of the overall starting mass of the HU. The rest will be in the form of electrically netral particles, compose of stable netrons an antinetrons that will make p the Dark Matter (hereafter referee to as DM) Qasars There will be ranom flctations e to trblent circlar motion of the fli mass in the HU, the central location of the circlating eies will be stationary. At the centers of these eies, mass wol start to come together e to the mtal gravitational attraction. They will collapse together an this will initiate mtal annihilation between the netrons an antinetrons. The γ-rays create in these annihilation will start the phase of re-ionization of the HU an the raiation will scatter the electrons an protons away from the central core location bt wol not affect the DM. The DM wol keep falling into the core location an make it progressively bigger. The natre of these cores will be antimatter type since the ratio of netrons to antinetrons is 2:3. For every 2 netrons annihilate, one anti-netron will accre into the core. This core in time will evolve into a Qasar. These Qasars will be extremely bright as the matter-antimatter annihilation wol happen on the srface of these Qasars. After a point of time, these Qasars will trn into the Sper Massive Black Holes (SMBH). Once this stage is reache the energy that was previosly liberate in all irections in the form of light will be collimate into the Astrophysical Jets ejecte from the rotational axis of the SMBHs. the SMBH nergoes annihilation reaction between the netrons an antinetrons. The photons create wol increase the anglar velocity of the SMBH an conseqently increase the rais of the tors, at a certain point, the gravitational pll at the center of the tors wol be low enogh that the high energy photons will be able to escape throgh the polar axes. The photons that come ot along the polar axes wol nergo pair proction an the particles create wol be accelerate to relativistic spees. Again what comes ot of the Astrophysical Jets is the Proton:Netron:Antinetron matter in 1:2:3 ratio. Ths the SMBHs act as the recyclers of the HU. Once the high energy light of the Qasars is collimate in an SMBH, the normal matter in the form of scattere Plasma starts to lose energy an collapse into clos of moleclar Hyrogen, this wol start the phase of Recombination. The moleclar hyrogen clos wol start to migrate back to the galactic centers plle by the gravity of the SMBHs, they will form accretion isks aron their SMBHs an frther collapse to form the initial matter stars an together with the central SMBHs form the primorial Galaxies. The DM is eplete near the SMBHs bt the concentration gets higher as the raial istance increases away from the SMBH. Ths it wol seem the Galaxies are srrone by a DM halo Coronal Heating The DM at the location of the Accretion isc of the Galaxies is rarefie bt not lost. The DM rains own on stars, the antinetrons in the DM annihilate at the stellar atmospheres leaing to the high temperatre stellar coronae. The netrons in the DM migrate to the stellar cores an become available to participate in the nclear reactions insie the stellar core. The p p chain reactions is not the primary reaction in the stellar core, the primary reaction that powers the stars are: 1 1 p +1 0 n 2 1 D (4..1) D 4 2He (4..2) Overall reaction: p n 4 2He MeV (4..3) The above reactions also create Helim as their final proct bt withot the proction of any positrons an Relativistic Astrophysical Jets The rotating SMBHnetrinos. Ths in the stars, it is not reqire that the wol be in the form of a tors, the DM that falls into stellar cores be so hot that p p chain reactions to procee at an appreciable level.

4 Page 4 of Stellar Cycles There will be clos of netrons floating insie the stellar core. At the steay state, the netron clos wol coalesce into a central netron clo with the center of gravity coinciing with the center of gravity of the matter star. As the star revolves aron the galactic center, it passes throgh the interstellar meim, an epening pon the resistance offere by the intervening meim e to the ensity of the intervening meim, there col be a small change in the velocity of the star. The netron clo insie the stellar core are not irectly affecte by the velocity change an wol contine to move with their original velocity an ths there will be esynchronization between the Center of gravity (CG) of the star an the CG of netron clo. The netron clo wol now start to move chaotically aron the center of gravity of the star in the attempt to again coincie with the CG of the star as it will be acte pon by the gravity of the material insie the sphere with rais eqal to the ifference in the CGs of the star an the netron clo. This chaotic motion of the netron clo aron the stellar core wol reslt in neven proction of energy epening on the location of the netron clo insie the stellar core. The apparent cyclicity of the chaotic motion of the netron clo creates the stellar cycles. In HU, the Deterim, Helim an Lithim-7 proction can be explaine e to presence of free netrons insie the stellar cores. 2 1 D +1 0 n 3 1 T (4..4) 4 2 He +3 1 T 7 3Li (4..5) With the overall reaction: 2 1 D +4 2 He +1 0 n 7 3Li (4..6) Once the Hyrogen is eplete from the stellar core, the netron consmption will cease. The incessant raining of netrons from the DM wol increase the concentration of the netron clos an they wol start to accre an stabilize at the stellar core an start to form an extremely ense netron core hel together by its own gravitational pll. The core wol be srrone by a Helim shell an the star wol enter the CNO cycle an become a re giant or spergiant. Frther evoltion of the star wol happen an it happens in the real Universe. For a sfficiently large star, the netron core will be srrone by an iron core Spernova The netron core is alreay forme long before the star exploes into a spernova. Upon the cessation of all the nclear reactions, the star wol start to collapse aron the netron core, the energy of the collapse wol heat p the star an create an implosion. The implosion wol create the heavier elements e to high temperatres an pressres near an aron the netron core bt the implosion wol rebon from the sper ense netron core, the shock-wave create wol transform from implosion into an explosion. All the layers of the star incling the innermost iron shell srroning the netron core are expelle by the shockwave leaving only the alreay existing soli netron core behin an ths a netron star is born. The spernova wol see the galaxy with metals an lea to next generation stars that are not as massive bt the same processes that powere the original stars wol power the new stars. All the astrophysical objects like the stars, planets an moons have netron cores insie them. 5. Discssion 5.1 Baryon Asymmetry There is no Baryon Asymmetry in HU. The asymmetry has been shifte to the Green Qark, which enables s to create the reqire DM in the from of stable netrons an antinetrons. 5.2 Dark Matter The DM from the previos section has the following properties: It is compose of n r, n b, n r, nḡ an n b, that is the non-green netrons an the antinetrons that are stable with energy eqal to the normal netron of aron 1GeV It is electrically netral, it oes not interact electromagnetically an interacts only gravitationally It forms the halo aron the Galaxies It has the reqire ensity to accont for the relic ensity A stable netron an antinetron col annihilate each other if they are incient on each other with the formation of γ-rays an ths the DM nergoes self annihilation From the experimental evience, the amont of visible matter in the real Universe is estimate to be 4.9% an the Dark Matter is 26.8% [10], this provies a basis

5 Page 5 of of comparison of the nmber obtaine an the experimental ratio of 4.9/( ) = = 15.4%. Ths the experimental figre of 15.4% is qite close to the figre of 16.7% obtaine when the propose one species of the netrons n g nergoes the β-ecay in the HU moel. 5.3 Proton Decay The Protons generate from the β-ecay of the n g type netrons are stable. If p g type protons existe initially or are create ring pair proction insie Astrophysical Jets then they wol be nstable an each one wol ecay into a stable netron with the emission of a positron an a netrino How i the most istant qasars grow their spermassive black holes p to solar masses so early in the history of the HU? Explaine in Relativistic Astrophysical Jets Why o the accretion iscs srroning certain astronomical objects, sch as the nclei of active galaxies, emit relativistic jets along their polar axes? Explaine in Coronal Heating Why is the Sn s corona (atmosphere layer) so mch hotter than the Sn s srface? Explaine in Galaxy Rotation Crve From the HU simlation, the Galaxies are inee srrone by a halo of DM an that provies explanation of the Galaxy rotation crve observe. 5.5 Qasars an Sper massive black holes What is the origin of the M-sigma relation between spermassive black hole mass an galaxy velocity ispersion? The M-sigma relation where M, M an σ are the Mass of the SMBH, Solar mass an velocity ispersion respectively is: M ( σ ) M 200.km.s 1 Comparing it with Kolmogorov s secon hypothesis from his trblence theory of 1941 where η is the Kolmogorov length scale, ν is the kinematic viscosity an ξ is the energy issipation [11] ( ν 3 η = ξ ξ = η4 ν 3 ) 1 4 Rearranging the Kolmogorov s eqation Ths the energy issipation ξ can be relate to the Mass of the SMBH an η the Kolmogorov length scale to the velocity ispersion, ν the kinematic viscosity of the material in space wol act as the proportional constant. The M-sigma relation can ths be apparently relate to the theory of Trblence. If this is tre then the Universe is finite an having a bonary throgh which energy is issipate ot. 5.8 Solar Cycle How oes the Sn generate its perioically reversing large-scale magnetic fiel? Explaine in How o other solar-like stars generate their magnetic fiels, an what are the similarities an ifferences between stellar activity cycles an that of the Sn? The Magneto-Hyro-ynamic (MHD) flows insie the plasma of the stars wol be forme sch that they oppose the istrbance create when the netron clo is offset from the stellar center. The MHD flow that is create will generate the magnetic fiels of the star What case the Maner Minimm an other gran minima, an how oes the solar cycle recover from a minima state? It is possible that the Sn went thogh a perio when the interstellar meim i not case any istrbance to the velocity of the Sn an ths the netron clo insie was nistrbe an staye at the Sn s center. This le to a stable Sn with no Sn spots an that perio wol be similar to the Maner Minimm observe. 5.9 Spernovae mechanism What is the exact mechanism by which an implosion of a ying star becomes an explosion? The Spernova mechanism is explaine here It has to be note that the implosion is not strong enogh to create netrons by sqeezing together electrons an nclei. The netron core was alreay present insie the star Origin of magnetar magnetic fiel: What is the origin of magnetar magnetic fiel? In the HU, it is possible that after a spernova explosion, the netron star forme has parts of the iron shell

6 Page 6 of left behin on the star srface in a highly ionize state. The iron nclei strippe of all electrons is positively charge an the rotation of the netron star wol create the extreme magnetic fiel of the magnetar. The extreme magnetic fiel will not allow the electrons from space to flow back to the netron star an netralize the iron nclei for a long time Cosmological Lithim Why is there a iscrepancy between the amont of lithim-7 preicte to be proce in Big Bang ncleosynthesis an the amont observe in very ol stars? As explaine in the previos section, the HU has alternate pathways to create Lithim-7 by the reaction 4..6 insie the stellar cores Solar netrino problem: The solar netrino problem concerns a large iscrepancy between the flx of solar netrinos as preicte from the Sn s lminosity an measre irectly. In the HU, the primary energy proction reaction 4..3 that proces Helim, oes not proce netrinos an hence the Solar netrino problem is resolve Can Black Holes other than SMBH exist? In the HU the matter black holes will in time be annihilate after a while by the DM that has more amont of antimatter than matter as it rains pon the black holes. It is also expecte that the black holes isplay Astrophysical jets e to annihilation reactions happening insie like in SMBH since we o not observe these, their existence is obtfl. 6. Evience It is impossible to provie any irect evience for the propose DM as it is not possible to artifically captre the propose DM e to the ifficlty in captring electrically netral netrons an antinetrons. Bt there is a plethora of inirect evience that the athor believs provies a strong spport for propose DM C - Carbon-14 Sppose that a cosmic ray mae p of proton is moving at 99% of the spee of light. Sppose also that there is a intergalactic meim throgh which this particle is travelling towars s an the Magnetic Fiel strength of this IGM is niformly 0.1nT an is perpeniclar to the irection of motion of the ray. The IGM inces a crve in the motion of any charge particle an the rais of the orbit of proton e to the magnetic fiel is will be: m 0 v ρ = qb 1 ( ) (6..1) v 2 c Ths sbstitting the stanar vales of the charge an mass of the proton an along with the Lorentz factor for 99% of the spee of light, the rais of the orbit for the proton will be light years. Ths the the proton will be captre an start rotating in a circlar orbit of a few thosan light years mch before it has a chance to reach or Milkyway Galaxy let alone reach the solar system an the Earth that have higher Magnetic fiel strengths. Ths the Cosmic Rays that reach the Earth an originate from otsie the Milkyway, cannot be compose of charges particles, they have to be compose of electrically netral particles. The Cosmic Rays that are incient on Nitrogen ncles in the pper atmosphere of the Earth, converts it into the nstable isotope of Carbon-14 with a half life of aron 5730 years. Carbon-14 is proce in the pper layers of the troposphere an the stratosphere by thermal netrons absorbe by nitrogen atoms in the following reaction: 1 0 n N 1 6 C p (6..2) Since the nstable Carbon-14 is observe in Natre, it provies the evience that the Netrons neee for the reaction come from oter space in Cosmic Rays an ths free netrons exist in Natre. 6.2 Earth s Geomagnetic Fiel It has been propose that the Earth s magnetic fiel is generate by electrically concting iron liqi srroning the soli inner iron core by a ynamo mechanism. Bt this is analogos to creating a perpetal machine with no sorce of energy to rn the ynamo that has been rnning for billions of years. The Netron has an intrinsic magnetic iopole moment µ n = e 27 JT 1 an hence behaves like a tiny permanent magnet. If a nmber of netrons align, then their inivial magnetic moments wol sm p an create a magnet with a large fiel strength. Ths if the Earth s core in part is mae p of of free magnetically aligne Netons, then there is no nee for ince issipative electric crrents an ynamo mechanism to generate the Geomagnetic fiel. Aitionally the Netron core will not be affecte by Crie temperatre that affects iron since the magnetic moment of the Netron is it s inherent Qantm Mechanical property. The hot iron core infact will act like an ince magnet rather than a permanent magnet.

7 7. Limitations of the moel The HU has the following limitations: 1. Arbitrary Initial conitions 2. It oes not say anything abot the Big-Bang an Cosmic Inflation an Hbble expansion 3. It is silent on the Dark Energy that acconts for 70% of the mass bget 8. Conclsion From the moel of the hypothetical Universe, we can concle that the HU is symmetric with regars to matter an antimatter, the DM is baryonic, namely compose of a combination of the stable netrons an the missing antimatter in the form of stable antinetrons. The DM passes all the tests reqire of a DM caniate an has the neee relic ensity withot invoking any new physics. We have ths pt forth a theory that acconts for all that is neee to explain the natre of DM an accont for the missing antimatter an have provie a mechanism throgh which the DM can be explaine with the the Stanar Moel of particle physics with a small extension that there are three netron species, two of them are stable an one is nstable an that makes p all the visible matter of the HU. A nmber of problems in Contemporary physics as liste in Section 1. are iscsse. The athor acknowleges that there are severe limitations in the moel an it oes not aress many isses like the Big-Bang, Inflation an Dark Energy. Bt even with the limitations, the moel seems to provie explanations for a nmber of problems in contemporary Physics. The moel invokes no new Physics nor moification to gravity. Even after selecting arbitrary initial conitions the moel asymptotically evolves to something that is analogos to observable niverse toay. Page 7 of [5] Lara Ferrarese an Davi Merritt. A fnamental relation between spermassive black holes an their host galaxies. The Astrophysical Jornal, 539(1):L9 L12, ag [6] R. A. Laing an A. H. Brile. Systematic properties of ecelerating relativistic jets in low-lminosity raio galaxies. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 437(4): , ec [7] Michael J. Thompson. Gran challenges in the physics of the sn an sn-like stars. Frontiers in Astronomy an Space Sciences, 1, jn [8] Brian D. Fiels. The primorial lithim problem. Annal Review of Nclear an Particle Science, 61(1):47 68, nov [9] S. F. Novaes. Stanar moel: An introction. [10] Planck Collaboration, P. A. R. Ae, an et al. Planck 2013 reslts. i. overview of procts an scientific reslts. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 571:A1, oct [11] A. N. Kolmogorov. The local strctre of trblence in incompressible viscos fli for very large reynols nmbers. Proceeings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical an Engineering Sciences, 434(1890):9 13, jl References [1] Larent Canetti, Marco Drewes, an Mikhail Shaposhnikov. Matter an antimatter in the niverse. New Jornal of Physics, 14(9):095012, sep [2] Katherine Garrett an Gintaras Da. Dark matter: A primer. Avances in Astronomy, 2011:1 22, [3] Pran Nath an Pavel Fileviez Pérez. Proton stability in gran nifie theories, in strings an in branes. Physics Reports, 441(5-6): , apr [4] Vera C. Rbin an Jr. For W. Kent. Rotation of the anromea nebla from a spectroscopic srvey of emission regions. The Astrophysical Jornal, 159:379, feb 1970.