Illustrations of a Modified Standard Model: Part 1-The Solar Proton- Proton Cycle

Transcription

1 Illstrations of a Modified : Part 1-The Solar Proton- Proton Cycle by Roger N. Weller, (proton3@gmail.com), Febrary 23, 2014 Abstract A proposed modification of the, when applied to the Solar Proton-Proton Cycle, provides a more in-depth explanation of the nclear reactions within each step of the process. Introdction After many years of examining the decay prodcts of sbatomic particles, I raised the qestion, Are the - and d-qarks jst packets of energy or can they be considered to be made of smaller entities? The decays of positronim, the free netron, the charged pion, the mon, and photo dissociation of the deterim ncles led me to consider that the smaller entities were netrinos. In order to balance the decay schemes, I fond that all I needed were a single netrino and its antiparticle. The idea seems preposteros considering that netrinos are so nreactive with matter, bt the eqations nicely balanced ot in both electric charge and spin. In my first paper, A Proposed Modification of the : The -, d-, and s-qarks, ( High Energy Particle Physics # , Janary 2013), I presented a model for the internal components of -, d-, and s- qarks as well as photons, electrons, pions, mons, protons, and netrons. Some srprises were in order. The -qarks had the same internal components of photons, a netrino/antinetrino pair; the -qarks were their own antiparticles and they had an electric charge of zero. The d-qarks were more interesting; a d- qark consisted of an antinetrino connected to three netrinos and had a spin of ½ and a negative charge. The anti d-qark had a positive charge and contained a netrino connected to three antinetrinos. When I applied these ideas to the proton and netron, the assignment of qarks by the did not match. I discovered that in the case of the proton (d) the d-qark needed to be replaced by the eqivalent of a positron. In a similar manner, the decay of a free netron (dd) reqired an additional -qark and the second d-qark also needed to be replaced by the eqivalent of a positron. In my second paper, Schematic Diagrams Illstrating Baryon Content and Decay Patterns Using New Configrations, ( High Energy Particle Physics # , March 2013), I fond that all of the baryons considered consisted of a mon-like strctre with an attached positron eqivalent.

2 The more I applied these ideas, more reactions and decay schemes have fallen into place. The Modified, however, is still a work in progress with many concepts and processes still to be worked ot. In a change from my first paper I now eqate my netrino with both the anti-electron netrino and the antimon netrino. In addition I have added the probability of a high energy, heavy proton. This paper presents how the Modified provides greater insight into the nclear reactions in the Solar Proton-Proton Cycle. The remainder of this paper consists of for parts: 1- A condensed smmary of the concepts and notations of the Modified, 2- The Solar Proton-Proton Cycle as it is crrently presented, 3- The Solar Proton-Proton Cycle expanded by se of the Modified, and 4- A detailed description of each of the steps in the Solar Proton-Proton Cycle tilizing the Modified. 1. Proposed Modified Condensed Concepts and Notations 1. netrinos replaces ν e and ν μ and is associated with positive charge. ν replaces e and μ and is associated with negative charge. (ν μ is associated with higher energies than ν e.) 2. photons A reglar photon consists of (ν ). There is also a heavy, high energy photon, (d ). 3. -qarks A -qark consists of (ν ) and is its own antiparticle. A -qark has zero charge and spin of 0 or 1. The arrangement of the netrino pair may differ from that of a photon.

3 4. d-qarks A d-qark ( d ) consists of an anti-netrino connected to 3 netrinos and has a negative charge. An anti d-qark ( ) consists of a netrino connected to 3 anti-netrinos and has a positive charge. Electric charge is created by a combination of one netrino and two opposite netrinos. The type of charge is determined by the two similar netrinos. The third like netrino neither adds nor distracts from the electric charge. d-qarks have spins of ½. 5. electrons and positrons The electron ( e ) has the configration: ν - - ν The positron ( ) has the configration: ν - 6. pions The positive pion is and the negative pion is d. The netral pion can be either or d. 7. mons The positive mon is and the negative mon is e. 8. protons The common proton is (in contrast to the with d). Some reactions reqire the addition of a high energy or heavy proton of d. 9. netrons There are three types of netrons: d sper-bond netron d bond netron d free netron Otside of a ncles the d qark within the free netron is nstable and decays to an electron and a netrino. d + e + ν

4 2. Solar Proton-Proton Cycle Crrent View

5 3. Solar Proton-Proton Cycle Expanded by Modified presented sing standard notations Major changes being proposed inclde the addition of step 1A and the expansion of eqations 2, 4 and 9.

6 4. Detailed Steps in the Solar Proton-Proton Cycle Contrasting the and the Eqation 1 p + + p + 2 H + e + + ν e + * 2 H + + ( * is a heavy proton) The qark within the heavy proton breaks down, yielding a positron, anti-netrino, and a sper-bond netron. d d + + (d is a sper-bond netron) + de d H Eqation 1A γ + 2 H 2 H* γ + 2 H 2 H* This is a new step being added to the Proton-Proton Solar Cycle. It was necessary to add this step in order to have Eqation 2 balance. The addition of a photon to 2 H changes the sper-bond netron to a bond netron. A photon has the eqivalent content of a -qark. γ + d d 2 H 2 H* 2 H* is the reglar deterim ncles.

7 Eqation 2 2 H + p + 3 He + γ There are two pathways instead of one. Eqation 2A 2 H* + p* 3 He* (which then goes to Eqation 8) d + d 3 He* Eqation 2B 2 H* + p* 3 He + γ (which then goes to Eqations 3 and 4) d + d + γ 3 He Eqation 3 3 He + 3 He 4 He + p + + p + 3 He* + 3 He 4 He* + + d + d d + + d 3 He* 3 He 4 He* ( d is a bond netron) (d is a sper-bond netron)

8 Eqation 4 3 He + 4 He 7 Be + γ There are two pathways instead of one. Eqation 4A 3 He* + 4 He 7 Be* (which then goes to Eqation 9) d + d d d d 3 He* 4He* d 7Be* Eqation 4B He* + 4 He 7 Be + γ (which then goes to Eqation 5) d + d d + γ d d 3 He* 4He* d 7Be Eqation 5 7 Be + e - 7 Li + ν e 7 Be + e 7 Li* + The electron is absorbed by a proton where it then converts to a d-qark by first breaking down a -qark into a, ν pair. In this complicated process the anti-netrino is ejected and the other netrino nites with the electron to form the d-qark. + e e ( ν)e (ν e) + d + d + e d + d d d d d 7 Be 7 Li*

9 Eqation 6 7 Li + p + 4 He + 4 He 7 Li* + 4 He* + 4 He* d + d + d d d d d 4 He* 4 He* d 7Li* Eqation 7 p + + e - + p + 2 H + ν e + e + 2 H + A proton pls an electron becomes a bond netron. A -qark dissociates in a netrino/anti-netrino pair; the anti-netrino is ejected and the remaining netrino combines with the new electron to become a d-qark. + e e ( ν)e (ν e) + d + + e + d + 2 H*

10 Eqation 8 3 He + p + 4 He + e + + ν e 3 He* + p* 4 He* + + (p* is a heavy proton) The -qark within a heavy proton breaks down into a positron and an anti-netrino which are both ejected, leaving behind a sper-bond netron. ( )d + + d d + d d + + d 3He* 4He* Eqation 9 7 Be + p+ *B + γ There are two pathways instead of one. Eqation 9A 7 Be* + * 8 B* (which goes to step 10) ( * is a heavy proton.) d + d d d d d d d 7 Be* 8 Be*

11 Eqation 9B 7 Be* + * 8 B* ( * is a heavy proton.) d + d d + γ d d d d 7 Be* 8 Be Eqation 10 8 B 8 Be + e + + ν e 8 B 8 Be* + + A heavy proton within 8 B converts to a positron, anti-netrino, and a sper-bond netron. The anti d-qark within the heavy proton dissociates to a positron and anti-netrino which are ejected. d ( )d + + d d d + + d d d d d 8 Be* 8 B

12 Eqation 11 8 Be* 4 He + 4 He 8 Be* 4 He* + 4 He* d d + d d d d d 4He* 4He* d 8 Be* Conclsion The Modified does not remove any of the steps in the Solar Proton-Proton Cycle. Instead, it expands the details within each of the steps explaining how the transformations take place. A new idea is introdced concerning the netron content of specific isotopes; there are different varieties depending pon the nmber of sper-bond netrons and bond netrons. This idea is not difficlt to digest if one simply considers the bond netron (with an additional -qark) to be an excited form of the sper-bond netron. With this idea, the free netron wold be a doble-excited form of the sper-bond netron becase of its two -qarks. The Modified does play havoc with some of the concepts of the. There is no longer a need to search for fractional charges. Also, the conservation of leptons rle simply is an otcome of the instability of the d-qark dissociating into an electron and netrino. Another victim is the definition of a baryon consisting of three qarks; the presence of an anti-electron eqivalent in both the proton and netron family and the three types of netrons will distrb the symmetries of the. My next paper will contine to show applications of the Modified in other nclear reactions.