Scientific Case for Ultra-intense Laser-Matter Interaction Physics in Solid-density Plasma

Transcription

1 Scientific Case for Ultra-intense Laser-Matter Interaction Physics in Solid-density Plasma Text optional: Institutsname Prof. Dr. Hans Mustermann Mitglied der Leibniz-Gemeinschaft

2 Helmholtz Beamline at European XFEL: Scientific Motivation Unique science enabled by combining European XFEL with ultraintense lasers - strong field QED, e.g., vacuum birefringence Highest quality x-ray probing of laser-driven experiments - isochorically heated matter (laser-ions, self- & externally-magnetized targets, interface collisional heating, laser-ablation-driven shocks) - ion induced damage in materials - time-resolved spectroscopy of excited-state chemical pathways - extreme fields & currents in ultra-intense laser-matter interaction - high pressure phenomena in laser-driven shocks - multi-view tomography, multi-frame imaging spectroscopy Add laser-based multi-species probing to XFEL experiments - proton radiography, fs-electron diffraction, hard bremsstrahlung, Spin-offs - e.g., high-field X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism with small pulsed magnets - single-shot implementation of conventional synchrotron techniques Seite 2

3 Helmholtz Beamline at European XFEL: Scientific Motivation ns-pulse, kj-class, ramped compression laser create strongly-correlated matter at extreme pressure Fundamental Goal: precision & systematic study of P > 5 Mb cold matter (advance beyond complex, expensive, single-shot laser expts) Technique, requirements: ramped-pulse isentropic compression solid-phase!! laser-compression, XFEL probe Rep-rate >0.1 Hz, with 10 Hz desired Why Euro XFEL: multi-user => dedicated HED beamline not planned elsewhere (LCLS, SwissFEL, SCSS?) Scientific Applications: planetary science fundamental solid-state new chemistry Seite 3

4 Helmholtz Beamline at European XFEL: Scientific Motivation ultra-intense short-pulse PW-class (>100 TW) laser hot-dense matter, and WDM generation probing of XFEL-driven WDM initiate dynamic processes & non-equilibrium conditions Fundamental Goal: precision & systematic study of near-solid density hot matter systematic probing directly inside solid-density plasma (advance beyond complex, single-shot laser expts) Technique, requirements: Isochoric heating with laser + XFEL (& laser-) probing WDM: laser-ions (~1 ps) WDM & HEDP: laser-electrons, self- & external-b, interfacial shocks Isochoric heating XFEL (<50 ev) + Laser- probing (complements XFEL split+delay) Laser-initiation of dynamic & non-equilibrium phenomena in solid plasma (filamentation, transport, heating relaxation, diffusion) Ultrafast creation & probing Rep-rate >0.1 Hz, with 10 Hz desired (move beyond complex, single-shot laser expts) Why Euro XFEL: XFEL pulse-train-based synchronization to ~10 fs not planned elsewhere at 100+ TW level Seite 4

5 Helmholtz Beamline at European XFEL: Scientific Motivation ultra-intense short-pulse PW-class (>100 TW) laser hot-dense matter, and WDM generation probing of XFEL-driven WDM initiate dynamic processes & non-equilibrium conditions Scientific Applications: fundamental physics in P-T- regimes accessed by isochoric heating WDM & HED plasmas in strong B fields fundamental study of dynamic & non-equilibrium phenomena in solid plasma (filamentation, e-transport, rad-transport, ionization, radiation, heating, relaxation, magnetic diffusion, anomalous & collisional resistivity) Goal: Predictive understanding of ultra-intense laser-matter interaction control & improvement of laser-ion acceleration, compact radiation sources for application in research, medicine & industry (e.g., better backlighters, ion sources, ultrafast probing ) Seite 5

6 Helmholtz Beamline at European XFEL: Scientific Motivation ultra-intense short-pulse PW-class (>100 TW) laser (II) initiate radiation-induced processes in materials, bio, chemical systems Fundamental Goal: access the dynamics of particle-induced damage in materials study fundamental atomic-level jump processes in materials systematic study of chemical & biophysical processes initiated by radation Technique, requirements: Sample irradiation with laser-generated ions, electrons, x-rays, -rays, neutrons (NB: optical pumping does not require TW-PW class) Probe with XFEL, complementary laser-generated probes (?) Ultrafast creation & probing (Rep-rate >0.1 Hz, with 10 Hz desired )? Key challenge to identify best probing techniques (XANES, EXAFS, diffraction, XCPS? ) Why Euro XFEL: 100+ TW for secondary particle & radiation production, not planned elsewhere GOAL: Predictive understanding of fundamental materials processes at atomic- and nano-scale Seite 6

7 Helmholtz Beamline at European XFEL: Scientific Motivation ultra-intense short-pulse PW-class (>100 TW) laser (III) Strong-field physics nuclear physics??? Fundamental Goal: directly measure polarization of QED vacuum Technique, requirements: Vacuum birefrigence measured with XFEL x-rays. Why Euro XFEL: 100+ TW for strong optical fields, not planned elsewhere Seite 7

8 Laser Isochoric Heating Isochoric heating with laser-accelerated protons Patel et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, (2003) Electrostatic hot electron confinement using reduced-mass targets Perez et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, (2010) Self-generated magnetic confinement Rassuchine et al., PRE 79, (2009) Interface shock heating in heterogenous solid targets Sentoku et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, (2007) Pulsed external ~MG magnetic transport inhibition Bakeman et al., Megagauss XI (2007) Seite 8

9 Short-pulse laser heating can access extreme states of matter Relativistic positron-electron "plasma" Hot coronal plasma (collisionless) Isochoric heating (at depth) - resistive return current - electron cascade (hot warm ions) - electrostatic ion shock - secondary beam Confinement to increase T ion, n e+ ; and to probe EOS - inertial (e.g., large target heated with ion beam) - electrostatic (e.g, sheath fields) - magnetic (external, or self-generated) Seite 9

10 H. Yoneda, 2008 WDM Winter School Seite 10

11 Electron transport & strong fields in laser-driven targets Extreme current Ex densities, magnetized current filaments, and strong quasi-static magnetic fields in ultra-intense laser-matter interactions A/cm 2, > 1000 T, V/m, ~kev solid density Current filamentation Important for: Quasistatic 5000 T fields in shaped targets, electron transport inhibition, enhanced heating J. Rassuchine et al, PRE 79, (2009) Laser-ion acceleration Isochoric heating Fast Ignitor physics Laser-plasma x-ray sources Magnetized HEDP Seite 11

12 Concept image B-fields by x-ray Faraday rotation 5000 Tesla quasi-static field x-ray Faraday rotation imaging Extreme Ex K 2 n e B z dz with K= M.K.S. units. Channel-cut Si cyrstals: I. Uschmann et al, HI-Jena LCLS-Matter in Extreme Conditions (HEDP) concept paper ( ): Relativistic electron transport, isochoric heating, and multi-mg magnetization in solid density plasma T.E. Cowan, M.S. Wei et al., (HZDR, UCSD, LANL, LLNL) Seite 12

13 Realization use channel-cut Bragg crystal polarimeter I. Uschmann et al, Determination of high purity polarization state of x-rays, ESRF expt. (2010) (5 x polarization) Channel cut Si 400 crystal Seite 13

14 Seite 14

15 Open questions & future directions Begin with proof-of-principal (ride-along desirable) Imaging through channel-cut crystals appears feasible (in progress) Collimation requirements (diverging, or collimated with post-magnification) Feasibility of post-magnification (convex Bragg mirror)? What is short-pulse laser intensity, pulse energy available at LCLS? MEC: 35fs/150mJ/800nm; 2-20ns/2x25J/527nm Interesting directions: - fields in pre-formed plasma during hole boring - radial propagating near-surface fields - filament propagation in solid (ionization, heating, Weibel) - quasi-stationary fields from current filaments - magnetic diffusion (relaxation, >6 ps) - quasi-static resistive fields - material dependence Prof. Dr. Thomas Cowan Institut für Strahlenphysik September 2010

16 Example: material dependence Filamentation in W/cm 2, 300 fs, 20 J irradiation of Al, Cu, Au Resistive B-field evolution: Al ( -1)n e B Z avg ±5 MG η - collisional resistivity Cu in Al, dominant. B 5 MG Individual filaments. in Au, dominant. B 100 MG Confines net electron flow. in Cu, both important. Au ±100 MG theo: Y. Sentoku, A. Kemp; exp: J. Fuchs, T.E. Cowan et al ±100 MG Prof. Dr. Thomas Cowan Institut für Strahlenphysik September 2010

17 FLASH experiment Larger Faraday rotation with longer wavelength FLASH? RAP Bragg crystal (2d = 26.2 Å). n = 2d sin(45 ) = 1.85 nm (670 ev) RAP channel cut in development at HI-Jena (I. Uschmann) 3 rd harmonic operation, 1.85 nm, 670 ev (flux?) 10 m Al sample possible (FLYCHK) for 10 ev Al, OD = 5 > 60 ev Al, OD < ev T e 10 ev 60 ev 110 ev. 410 ev. Expected signal? Prof. Dr. Thomas Cowan Institut für Strahlenphysik September 2010

18 FLASH experiment -- cont d Simulation (T. Kluge, 1 m thick foil -- transient fields) laser MG α/n e d z (µrad/n c µm) laser 2 µm y z 2 µm x Magnetic field B z Rotation/(density x thickness) Maximum rotation at 250 n c, 1 µm thickness would be 1 mrad Simulation: 2D3V PIC (picls), 10 n c, 1 µm foil thicknes, W/cm 2. Output taken at 10 fs before pulse maximum Prof. Dr. Thomas Cowan Institut für Strahlenphysik September 2010

19 FLASH experiment - cont d. Expected signal 2 K n e B with K= M.K.S. units. z dz = 1.86 nm n e = 6x10 23 cm -3 = 6x10 29 m -3 B z = 100 T / MG = 54.6 mrad * ( B[MG] * z[ m] ) (solid density hot Al) for 5 MG & 10 m, = 2.7 mrad (or 50 MG & 1 m) FLASH 3 rd harmonic RAP analyzer FR image transmission image (T e ) Al foil CPA beam (x,y) FR image transmission image Prof. Dr. Thomas Cowan Institut für Strahlenphysik September 2010

20 Electron transport & ionization dynamics 2D space-resolved x-ray absorption spectroscopy Intensity (a.u.) L-Shell (1st order), K ß (6th order) Mg-like F-like O-like Be-like B-like Self emission spectroscopy t ~ 5-10 ps Energy in 5th Order Diffraction (ev) Space-averaged spectrum Bulk electron temperature T bulk ( x, y, t ) with D. Thorn, T. Stoehlker (HI-Jena, GSI), M. Harmond, S. Toleikis (DESY) Seite 20

21 Laser-driven electron transport & ionization dynamics A/cm 2, V/m, >1000 T, ~kev solid density Streaked optical emission Laser pulse Electron Beam X-ray pulse Intensity (a.u.) L-Shell (1st order), K ß (6th order) Mg-like F-like O-like Be-like B-like Energy in 5th Order Diffraction (ev) Seite 21

22 Collisions, electron diffusion by scattering, and radiative energy loss have now been included in simulation. (Y. Sentoku, A. Kemp, M. Bakeman et al.) Z=6 n i = /cm 3 n e =Z n i T i (0) = 0 T h (0)= 30keV T c (0)= 1keV/Z I= W/cm 2 Pulse length = 700fs Target = 10 m n h = /cm 3 Ion temperatures of several 100 ev, at solid density (Z=6) for up to a few ps, may be possible with the Tomcat -Zebra coupling. (Experiments at UNR begun in December 2005.)

23 NEEC/NEET with Short Pulse Laser Nuclear Excitation by Electron Capture with ultra-intense short-pulse lasers: 169 Tm NEEC at Draco 150 TW HZDR LLNL?) Isochoric heating to kev temperatures (Sentoku et al, PoP 14, , 2007) Streaked spectroscopy for 4 ns, 8.4 kev atomic nuclear M L 150 TW few Hz Au / 169 Tm / Au target conical HOPG t X-ray Streak A. Kritcher et al., JINA Workshop, London March 13, 2011 Seite 23

24 NEEC/NEET with Short Pulse Laser Isochoric heating in heterogenous solid targets with ultrashort laser pulses, Sentoku, Kemp, Presura, Bakeman and Cowan, Phys. Plasmas 14, (2007) 169 Tm layer 4 J, 25 fs < 10 Hz Au layers few kev 10 g/cc few ps Seite 24

25 NEEC/NEET with Short Pulse Laser A Kritcher et al., JINA Workshop, March 13, 2011, London Potential for 1 st observation of NEEC Short-pulse separates excitation from decay Repetition rate for signal averaging & systematics Resolve unknowns, e.g., Lifetime vs. Plasma Temperature High-rep-rate 150 TW laser Draco at HZDR tamped targets short-pulse isochoric heating large collection Bragg spectrometer Fast X-ray streak, few ps (R. Shepherd) Slow X-ray streak, few 100 ps (R. Shepherd) 150 TW few Hz Au / 169 Tm / Au target conical crystal t X-ray Streak kt ~ kev, ~ few ps, n ~ solid density, 10 m 3 Rate ~10 7 /s, Int. Conv. =263.5 N ~ (10 12 nuclei)(10 7 s -1 )(10-12 s)(1/ ~ 10 4 per shot Signal: (~ few / shot) (few shot / s) Seite 25

26 NEEC/NEET with Short Pulse Laser Detailed simulations of shock heating in CD 2 /Al/CD 2 : Lingen Huang, T. Kluge, M. Bussmann, et al. and planning for Callisto (LLNL) experiment: B. Ramakrishna, R. Shepherd et al W/cm fs Longitudinal Electric Field Deuteron Density Seite 26

27 Relativistic laser-matter interactions open new vistas At I = W/cm 2 : E o ~ I 1/2 = V/m B o = E o /c = Tesla APS Centennial Meeting Highlights Atlanta, March 1999 Atoms are ionized and electrons accelerated to >20 MeV in half-cycle Rückstrom 3 J / 20 fs e W/cm 2 Nuclear physics and Anti-matter creation with ultra-intense lasers APS News 8, No. 3, March 1999 Pre-formed plasma B > 1000 Tesla sc ~ 10 MV Seite 27

28 We shall consider gaseous and solid density targets e - (a 0 =5) plasma wavelength < pulse length Seite 28