Introduction to intense laser-matter interaction

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1 Pohang, 22 Aug Introduction to intense laser-matter interaction Chul Min Kim Advanced Photonics Research Institute (APRI), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) & Center for Relativistic Laser Science (CoReLS), Institute for Basic Science (IBS)

2 Contents 1. Preliminary Basic parameters: a 0 and U p Laser intensity vs material response 2. Strong field physics (SFP) Characteristics Three-step model High harmonic generation and ultrafast spectroscopy Perspectives 3. Relativistic laser-plasma interaction (RLPI) Characteristics Single electron under a laser field Relativistic laser pulse propagation A few examples from APRI/CoReLS research activities Perspectives

3 a 0 represents the laser field Vector potential of a given power LP: A τ = A cos ωτ i CP: A τ = A 2 where τ = t z/c & k = cos ωτ i ± sin ωτ j i j Normalized vector potential a 0 a 0 = A A 0 where A 0 = m ec 2 a 0 = v os meω0 c = c ee e, a 1 v os c Preliminary: Basic parameters: a 0 and U p

4 I and a 0 Irradiance I I time averaged power area = S = c E B 4π I and a 0 a 0 = I 18 λ μm where I 18 : irradiance in W/cm 2 Ex.) a 0 = 1 & λ = 800 nm I = W/cm 2 Preliminary: Basic parameters: a 0 and U p

5 U p represents the influence of the laser field on the electron Ponderomotive potential U p Def.) Kinetic Energy of an electron under an EM field Contributed by 1. Transverse oscillation a Longitudinal oscillation (LP only) a 0 2 Longitudinal drift a 0 1 only (non-relativistic): U p = m e c 2 a only (mildly relativistic): U p = m e c a (strongly relativistic): U p = m e c 2 a m e c 2 = MeV 2 1 Preliminary: Basic parameters: a 0 and U p

6 Ponderomotive potential (λ~μm) Material response depends on laser intensity Material response levels & phenomena Quantum vacuum - pair creation, dielectric vacuum R p, UltraR e, nucleons - Direct p drive, radiation reactions, photonuclear processes R e, NonR p - HHG, self-focusing, transparency, self-steepening, laser wakefields, indirect p drive APRI/CoReLS NonR bound/free e - non-perturbative nonlinear optics: HHG / ATI / Modified from Tajima et al., Optik & Photonik, 2010 Preliminary: Laser intensity vs material response

7 Non-perturbative nonlinearity due to freeelectron states U p I p (ev) where I p ionization potential Laser field ~ atomic field involvement of free-electron states, leading to insensitive dependence on nonlinear orders sub-cycle response (structural change, ionization) For λ~μm 1. I W/cm 2 : perturbative nonlinear optics 2. I W/cm 2 : non-perturbative nonlinear optics 3. I W/cm 2 : plasma optics To observe SFP phenomena, an ultrashort pulse duration ( O(λ)) is required not to be overshadowed by low-intensity phenomena. femtosecond lasers SFP: Characteristics

8 The basic concepts of SFP are given by the Corkum s three-step model Tunneling ionization Acceleration Recombination and high harmonic generation Above-threshold ionization Double ionization (rescattering) Corkum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1993 SFP: Three-step model

9 HHG can produce attosecond EUV pulses ħω X = I p + K. E. ( 3.17U p ) Odd harmonics only (d t = d(t + T 2 )) Time-frequency distribution J. Phys. B 39, 3199 (2006) Phys. Rev. A 72, (2005) SFP: HHG and ultrafast spectroscopy

10 HHG spectrum shows typical features of nonperturbative nonlinear optics Perturbative HHG Γ n σ n I n where σ n drops exponentially with n: sensitive dependence on the nonlinear order Ψ(bound) is localized? Non-perturbative HHG Plateau: insensitive dependence Ψ(free) is non-localized? Li, Phys. Rev. A 39, 5751 (1989) SFP: HHG and ultrafast spectroscopy

11 Strong HHG with a two-color field Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, (2005) nm Even and odd harmonics Selection and enhancement of shortpath contribution leading to strong HHG Phys. Rev. A 72, (2005) SFP: HHG and attophysics

12 HHG pulses can probe ultrafast ionization dynamics HH + IR Holography with de Broglie waves P 1s3p (t) (---) & N 2ω (t) ( ) reconstructed Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, (2012) SFP: HHG and attophysics

13 The basic elements of SFP are understood well, but applications of SFP are still challenging Investigation/control of molecular electron dynamics Stronger, shorter, shorter-wavelength EUV pulses λ~nm τ = 80 ~100 ev E = nm, E = nm From HH-IR pump-probe to HH-HH pump-probe More details Krausz, Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 163 (2009) Winterfeldt, Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 117 (2008) Gaarde, J. Phys. B 41, (2008) SFP: Perspectives

14 Relativistic, collective, laser-plasma interaction 1. U p I p (ev) instantaneous plasma generation where I p ionization potential 2. U p kt e (kev) collective plasma 3. U p > m e c 2 (MeV) relativistic interaction Relativity in action in many-body systems (plasma) dominated by collective behavior Macchi, A Superintense Laser-Plasma Interaction Theory Primer, 2013 RLPI: Characteristics

15 In relativistic regime, longitudinal motion, non-locality, and inertia increase are introduced a 0 = 0.01 (I = W/cm 2 ), LP z x λ a 0 = 1 (I = W/cm 2 ), LP λ x z RLPI: Single electron under a laser field

16 Relativistic mass increase modifies the refractive index (mildly) relativistic refractive index η = 1 ω p 2 ω 2 γ 0 = 1 4πe2 n e m e γ 0 where ω 2 p = 4πe2 n e, γ m 0 = 1 + a 2 0 e 2 v p = c η and v g = c η At the beam center Higher intensity: γ 0, η, v p, v g More ionization: n e, η, v p, v g Ponderomotive channeling: n e, η, v p, v g RLPI: Relativistic laser pulse propagation

17 Plasma focuses relativistic pulses Relativistic self-focusing Power threshold to overcome diffraction X P c 17.5 ω ω p 2 GW phase front Ex.) n e = cm 3, P c = 2 10 TW Las-Plas.html RLPI: Relativistic laser pulse propagation

18 Plasma can be more transparent to relativistic pulses Relativistic self-transparency η 0 reflection Cut-off frequency ω c = ω p γ 0 Cut-off frequency lowering Pulse cleaning Las-Plas.html RLPI: Relativistic laser pulse propagation

19 Plasma steepens relativistic pulses Relativistic self-steepening Stronger parts have higher v g s. Formation of an optical shock Las-Plas.html RLPI: Relativistic laser pulse propagation

20 Laser pulses excite plasma oscillations, i.e. laser wakefield Optimum excitation condition pulsewidth 1 ω p Gibbon, Short Pulse Laser Interactions with Matter, 2005 Relativistic laser pulse propagation

21 Laser wakefield can accelerate electrons up to GeV Electrons are accelerated where E x < 0 (width = λ p 2 ) E x m ecω p 2 γ e max 1 GV/cm Cf). RF accelerator, E x MV/cm The fundamental speed limit bring coherence and stability: relativistic coherence (Tajima) Gibbon, Short Pulse Laser Interactions with Matter, 2005 RLPI: Relativistic laser pulse propagation

22 A Large-scale simulation is a must ALPS (APRI Laser Plasma Simulator ) Particle-in-cell Maxwell-Vlasov equations 1D3V, 2D3V, and 3D3V Written in C Lorentz boost implemented Under continuous development CompNet (Snow White & Dwarfs) RLPI: A few examples from APRI/CoReLS research activities

23 Multiple self-injection produces multiple spectral groups Nature Photonics 2, 571, 2008 RLPI: A few examples from APRI/CoReLS research activities

24 Seeded acceleration can produce more energetic electrons arxiv: , accepted by Phys. Rev. Lett. RLPI: A few examples from APRI/CoReLS research activities

25 The plasma with L/λ 1 can generate stronger, higher harmonics Self-induced Oscillating Flying Mirror Nature Comm. 3, 1231, 2012 RLPI: A few examples from APRI/CoReLS research activities

26 Intense laser pulse can accelerate protons collectively. Acceleration of protons by collective electrons arxiv: RLPI: A few examples from APRI/CoReLS research activities

27 RLPI is rich! Relativistic nonlinear physics Relativistic coherence Extreme conditions Non-locality Cf.) atomic nonlinear physics Inherent coherence, limited field strength, mostly local Ultrarelativistic laser-matter interaction Radiation reaction Direct proton drive Photo-nuclear processes Relativistic engineering Particle/radiation sources Plasma as optical components Laboratory astrophysics Scaled-downed experiments of astrophysical/early-universe processes Extreme conditions achievable with lasers E (quasistatic) B (quasistatic) Temperature Pressure With conventional means 10 6 V/cm (accelerator) 10 6 gauss (superconducti ng magnet) With lasers V/cm gauss 10 9 K (Tokamak) K 10 5 bar (diamond anvil) bar RLPI: Perspectives

28 IBS Center for Relativistic Laser Science PW Ti:Sapphire Laser (1) Beam line I: 30 fs, Hz (2) Beam line II: 30 fs, Hz 100-TW Laser: Dt = 30 fs, E = 3 10 Hz

29 PW Ti:Sapphire Laser

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