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2 The Bohr Atom is an early quantum model of atomic structure. In it, electrons can absorb specific amounts of energy from photons by jumping from their ground state to higher energy ("excited") states. When they jump back down, the atom emits a photon having a specific amount of energy. Aristotle's system of the world had the stationary Earth at the center. Above it, water, and above water, air. Above air was fire. An object's natural place in the world was determined by its make-up. Natural motion involved solids falling to earth (the ground), liquids flowing to bodies of water, gases flowing to the atmosphere, and fire seeking the heavens. Marie Curie coined the term "radioactivity" and created the theory to explain it. She won Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry. Anders Celsius is credited with developing the first centigrade temperature scale.
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4 One element of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity is the concept that gravity is not a force but rather the consequence of mass "warping" the geometry of spacetime. When "gravitational lensing" was confirmed, Einstein was elevated to a stature of celebrity. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection model of evolution was the biggest breakthrough in biology in the nineteenth century. Werner Heisenberg is credited with the idea that we cannot know both the position and momentum of a particle (such as an electron) beyond a certain limit. If you know the momentum, you don't know the position (or vice versa). This is the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle. Though he recanted his support of heliocentrism under threat of torture from The Church, Galileo was found guilty of heresy. As he was led into the confines house arrest, he is purported to have said "E pur si muove" ( and yet it moves, or with some inferring applied Nevertheless, the world moves ).
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6 William Thomson, Lord Kelvin developed a temperature scale that was absolute rather than relative. Zero on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales is relative; negative temperatures must be used on those scales. There is no temperature colder than zero on the Kelvin scale: that temperature is "absolute zero." Rear Admiral Grace Hopper conceptualized machineindependent computer programming languages. She is credited with popularizing the term "debugging," which originated with the removal of an actual moth from the circuitry of a computer. Ohm's law relates current, voltage, and resistance: V=IR. The unit of electrical resistance is named in Ohm s honor. After 30 years of work and over 900 pages of calculations, Johannes Kepler published the spoils of victory from his "War on Mars" in his monumental book, Harmony of the Worlds. Kepler s laws of planetary motion included the Law of Ellipses, the Law of Equal Areas, and the Law of Harmony.
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8 Astrophysicist Carl Sagan was a prolific author and popularizer of science. His landmark PBS series, Cosmos, continues to inspire audiences to this day. Each electron in an atom or molecule has a set of quantum numbers. One specifies energy level (shell), one for the subshell (s, p, d, f, etc.), one for the specific orbit in the subshell, and one for spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that no two electrons in atom or molecule will have the same set of quantum numbers. The heliocentric model of the solar system conceived by Aristarchus lay dormant until the publication of Copernicus' On the Revolution of Heavenly Orbs. The Polish monk went against Church dogma to place the sun at the center with the Earth merely one of several planets in orbit around it. Alessandro Volta is credited with the invention of the electrochemical cell battery. The SI unit of electric potential (volt) is named in his honor.
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10 from Mr. Baird Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to significantly advance the understanding of several molecular structures. Her work on DNA was pivotal to the establishment of the double-helix model. from Mr. Baird Jane Goodall is an English primatologist, ethologist, anthropologist, and UN Messenger of Peace. Considered to be the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees, Goodall is best known for her 55-year study of social and family interactions of wild chimpanzees in Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania. -Wikipedia from Mr. Baird Maria Goeppert-Mayer won a Nobel Prize in physics for her shell model of the nucleus. Her model explained the existence why certain "magic numbers" of nucleons formed highly stable nuclei. from Mr. Baird Michael Faraday visualized electric and magnetic fields by drawing lines of force. The lines indicated the direction and strength of the field. The patterns of lines also indicated attraction and repulsion. Such field representations are still used today.
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12 Isaac Newton is purported to have connected his theory of universal gravitation to apples in his family's orchard. We think of his theory as uniting free fall and orbital mechanics. Nikola Tesla was an enigmatic inventor and proponent of alternating current during The War of the Currents. The iconic photograph here was intended to shown how safe alternating current was. Max Planck was a "founding father" of quantum mechanics. He theorized that blackbody radiation was emitted only as multiples of a specific "quantum" of energy rather than as a continuous spectrum. Although Lise Meitner was part of a team that discovered nuclear fission, she was not included in the Nobel Prize awarded to her colleague, Otto Hahn, in recognition for the discovery.
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