(5) HECTOR HARO, M. Ing. E.
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1 , INSTRUMENTATION FOR RAINFALL SAMPLING _,r"" by (5) HECTOR HARO, M. Ing. E. ( Sub~itted 'A Thesis to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fu~filment of the Requirements for the Degree. Doctor of Philosophy McMaster Uni v~rsi.ty May 1984
2 INSTRUMENTATION FOR RAINFALL SAMPLING..
3 ", eoctor OF PHILOSOPHY (1983) (Electrical Engineering) McMASTER UN)VERSITY Hami~ntario / TITLE: Instrumentation for Rainfall Sampling.. " AUTHOR: Hector Haro, Ing. M. E. (National Unhersity, of Mexico). M. 1m;. E. (National Unhersity of Mexico) ", SUPERVISOR: Dr. R. Kitai, Department of Elec~ical 'and, Comp~ter Engineering NUMBER OF PAGES: xiv. 222 ii
4 ., ABSTRACT An instrumentation package for sensing rainfall amount and.intensity with fine time' and space resolution is Ie described. The package comprises a drop counter precipitation sensor, a microcomputer-based data acquisit~on system, and an intell,igent da'ta pecoder. The accuracy of the precipitation sensor and the parameters that affect it are discussed.,t~e reliability is reviewed and typical rainfal,l data are included. A qomparison is made between the performance and a~curacy of the pew precipitation sensor and conventional tipping bucket raingauges. The merits and demerits of the new system are discussed <,.. iii ;
5 / " o ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wo~ld like to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. R, Kitai and Dr. W. James for their helpful advice, criticism, and encouragement.throughout the course of this work. for Thanks are also due to 'Mike Frendo... and David their encouragement and useful suggestions and Capson to'kim Capson for reading the manuscript. To the Computational Hydraulics Gro~p University are also due my thanks for their at McMaster ( helpful com- ments. Finally, I am grateful to my wife Leticia and son ( Hector for their cooperation and constant encouragement for the ~ompletion of this work. iv
6 , o / TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii iv LIST OF FIGURES viii LIST OF TABLES '- '~ xii LIST OF CHAPTER SYMBOLS 1 INTRODUCTION /( (,j I '--.-' xiii 1 PART ONE: BACKGROUND REVIEW CHAPTER 2 SCOPE OF THE THESIS Precipitation ' Hydrological p~oblem Mathematical models for stormwater 11 management 16. (~ v,.
7 CHAPTER 3 MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION 21 '- 3.1, 3.2 Remote measurement of precipitation Point precipitation measurement CHAPTER 4 DROP FORMATION PROCESSES Review of drop formation theory Summary 37 57, ~TWO: INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT I CHAPTER 5,~p COUNTER PRECIPITATION SENSOR Sensor description 61 S~2 Summary of tests performed \ Test procedure " Tests to determine sensor design Tests to determine, sensor performance Tests to determine sensor sensitivity ' Field calibration tests 104 CHAPTER 6.DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM Circuit description'../ '. Data acquisition system versions Low-Po~er version 122 precipitation collector version 125 vi '\
8 6.2.3 Tipping bucket raingauge version 130 CHAPTER 7 DATA DECODER Circuit description 132 " CHAPTER 8 DATA PROCESSING Data Collected Data presentation PART THREE: CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS / 164 REFERENCES ~ 169 BIBLIOGRAPHY 186 APPENDIX A PRECIPITATION SENSOR TESTS 188 APPENDIX B DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM PROGRAM 197 APPENDIX C- DATA DECODER PROGRAM 211 vii
9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Tipping' bucket raingauge diagram Jet length as a function of flow rate (From Brodkey, (3) Drop weight correction c~rve (From Harkins and Brown, (9) Page Drop formation in the case of a solution. of glycerol and alcohol using a tip hav,ing a '. diameter of em 48 (From Edgerton, (10) 4.4 Flow-Area plo~ suggested by Ohnesorge (Z-Number is a function of the type of liquid and tube dimensio~s) (From Marshall, (18) Jet breakup at various flow rates (From. Christiansen and Hixon, (20),. Drop counter precipitation sensor Narrow chamber drop generator.plug Wide chamber drop generator plug 5~ Wide chamber drop generator plug and optoelectroni~ sensor.. viii
10 5.5 Voltage signal generated by optoelectronic sensor Testing apparatus Rainfall intensity test results..., corresponding to.io~. dr::s-n10 seconds., Nozzle inside di~met~ test r suits Nozzle length test res~ Precipitation s~nsor calibration test data sheets Precipitation sensor standard performance Histo~ram of test results Precipitation sensor performanpe without fine.. mesh screen (see text) "\ Effect of fine. mesh screen breather aperture on sensor performance Effect of water temperature on sensor 6.1 performance DAS block diagram DAS circuit diagram. Capacitors are in micrgfarads and resistors in kilohms Typical signal generated by the presence of a drop ~ Data memory map Plot of tape speed against time DAS-LP circuit modification diagram DAS-LP control signals timing diagram / ix
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