As light level increases, resistance decreases. As temperature increases, resistance decreases. Voltage across capacitor increases with time LDR
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1 LDR As light level increases, resistance decreases thermistor As temperature increases, resistance decreases capacitor Voltage across capacitor increases with time
2 Potential divider basics: R 1 1. Both voltages add up to the supply voltage. V S R 2 2. The resistor with the largest resistance has the greater voltage across it. 3. If one voltage increases, the other voltage decreases. These rules still apply when using thermistors, LDR s or capacitors.
3 As light is shone on the LDR, its resistance decreases and the voltage across it (V LDR ) decreases. V LDR As V LDR decreases, must increase because V LDR + = V S (5V in this case) V LDR As light is shone on the LDR, its resistance decreases and the voltage across it (V LDR ) decreases. Voltage therefore increases.
4 As the thermistor is heated, its resistance decreases and the voltage across it ( ) decreases. Voltage therefore increases. As the thermistor is heated, its resistance decreases and the voltage across it ( ) decreases. Voltage therefore increases.
5 V C As the capacitor charges, the voltage across it, V C increases until it reaches the supply voltage (5V in this case). The time for this to happen (time to charge the capacitor) can be increased in two ways: Increase the capacitance of the capacitor Increase the resistance of the resistor
6 collector The names of the three terminals of a transistor must be remembered. base emitter V BE When the voltage between the transistor s base and emitter (V BE ) is above 0.7 volts, the transistor conducts (switches on). In this circuit, the LED will light at this point. With a potential divider now in the circuit, the voltage across the thermistor, V TH equals V BE. If V TH rises above 0.7 volts, the transistor conducts and the LED will light. In all the following circuits, V BE will be the voltage across the bottom component. V BE
7 V LDR V LDR As the LDR is placed in darkness, its resistance increases and the voltage across it (V LDR ) increases. If voltage V LDR rises above 0.7 Volts, the transistor will conduct (come on) and the LED will light. As light is shone on the LDR, its resistance decreases and the voltage across it (V LDR ) decreases. Voltage therefore increases. If voltage rises above 0.7 Volts, the transistor will conduct (come on) and the LED will light.
8 As the thermistor is heated, its resistance decreases and the voltage across it ( ) decreases. Voltage therefore increases. If voltage rises above 0.7 Volts, the transistor will conduct (come on) and the LED will light. As the thermistor is cooled, its resistance increases and the voltage across it ( ) increases. If voltage rises above 0.7 Volts, the transistor will conduct (come on) and the LED will light.
9 V C V C With the capacitor initially uncharged, the voltage across it, V C =0 volts. As it charges, V C increases. When V C rises above 0.7 Volts, the transistor will conduct (come on) and the LED will light. V C will eventually reach 5 volts (the supply voltage). With the capacitor initially uncharged, the voltage across it, V C =0 volts. As it charges, V C increases. This causes to decrease. When decreases below 0.7 Volts, the transistor will no longer conduct (will switch off) and the LED will not light. V C will eventually reach 5 volts (the supply voltage). = at this point.
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