FLow VISUALI ZATI ON AND DYNAMI CS
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1 ,- FLow VISUALI ZATI ON AND DYNAMI CS, OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE' ARRAYS IN WATER CROSS-~LOW y by AH~IED ALI ABD-RABBO, B.Sc., H~A:SC.,, A Thesis,,, Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor' of Philosophy McMaster University.. July 1984.' J
2 FLow VISUALIZATION AND DYN~IICS. OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE ARRAYS IN WATER CROSS-~LOW, by AHMED ALI ABD-RABBO, B.Sc., ~~A:SC.,. A Thesis Submitted to the School of. Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfilment of the Re~uir~ments for the Degree Doctor-of Philosophy. ;" McMaster University -. ~ July _._-- - ~ =~------"'6"-""':"'----
3 .. FLOW VISUALIZATION AND DYNfu~ICS OF HEAT EXCHANGER TUBE ARRAYS, \ _~ ~L
4 IN THE NAME OF GOD THE COMPASSIONATE THE ~IERCIFUL \... <., --,---_1
5 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (1984) (Me~hanical Engineering) McMASTER.UNIVERSITY Hamilton, Ontario TITLE: AUTHOR: Flow Visualization and Dynamics of Heat EXchange~ Tube Arrays. in Water Cross-Flow.. Ahmed Ali Abd-Rabbo, B.Sc. (Ain-Shams University) SUPERVISOR: Dr. D. S. Weaver. NUM'BER OF PAGES: (xviii), 284 M.A.Sc. (University of.j,.,.-'.. -:.~ ".. Toronto). ~. :..' ~ (ii)
6 ABSTRACT A flow visualization tech~ique 'has been developed to investigate the flow developments in tube arrays over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The t~chnique"is nonobtrusive and permits observations deep inside a tube bundle when~ the flow is una~fected by free surface or boundary effects. The technique has been used_to examine flow behaviour in a rigidly and flexibly mounted square in-line 'and rotated square arrays in a water cross-flow. The important case of a single flexible~tube'in an' otherwise rigid bundle, which received considerable attention in the literature, has' also, been examined. Results pertinent to vortex she~ding, tur~u-, lence and fluidelastic instabil~ty are given which include response ~urves and frequency spectra togethe~ with flow' visualizatiqn' films ahd photog~aphs. The re~ts indicate that discrete alternate and symmetric vortex shedding can OCGur within the confiriement, (iii)
7 .:. in the staggered rotated square array. Fluidelastic instability is associated with marked ~ncrease in the transverse response amplitude and significant flow redistribution although it 'appears random in a full flexible bundle. < Finally, a single flexible tube in an otherwise :igid bundle will.. become unstable at essentially.the same flow velocity as that when the. surrounding tubes are free to move. The response is predominantly in a transverse direction with significant flow redistribution. lags behind the tube motion. ( The motion of the redistributed flow. ~.,. (iv)
8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. The author wishes to thapk and express his sincere gratitude to his supervisor, Dr. D. S. ~eaver, for his kind advice and. assistance throughout the course of this work,. and whose teachings extend far beyond the scope of this thesis. I would like also to express my gratefulness and fteep'appreciation to my wife Suzanne, my.parentsand my family for the inexhaustive support, encouragement and affections which are va~ed most of all. Apprec'ation is extended to the departmental technicians, Mr. Frank Dri man and Mr. Dave Schick for their kind help and assistance.. The careful an~ efficient'typing of this manuscript by Ms. B. A. Bedell-Ryc is also gratefully acknowledged.
9 TABLE OF CONTENTS / ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES' NOMENCLATURE' CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION 2.1 Brief Review Page (iii) (v) (ix) (xv) (xvi) Historical Background Clatssification of FlV L 3 Theoretical arid Experimenal Considerations 16., t" 2.2 Flow Past an Isolated Circular Cylinder '2.2.1 Flow Regimes Drag and Lift 'Forces Effect of Cylinder Motion Clos ing Remarks 26 CHAPTER Flow Periodicity in Tub~ Banks Early Studies of Flow Periodicity Models of Owen and C~ Recent Developments ) EXPERI~ffiNTAL FACILITY AND PROCEDURE 3.1 The Experiment~lFacility (vi) ) ,
10 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER j :J.. j 3.4 FLOW The Tube Bundles Instrumentation for Dynamic Measurements Experimental Procedure VISUALI2ATION TECHNIQUES Introduction The Flow isualization Technique Tracer Injection ~lethod The Optical Arrangement.' Still and High Speed Pho tography Experimental ProQedure and Results Velocity Measurement ,2 Practical Considerations Photography THE SQUARE IN-LINE ARRAY RESPONSE 5.1 Introduction Flow Developments at Low Numbers Reynolds Response of ~he to Turbulence Monitored Tubes Vorticity Response of Both Moni tored Tubes' Discussion of the R~sults Fl~idelastic Response THE ROTATED SQUARE ARRAY RESPONSE 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Flow'Developments at Lo~ Numbers Reynolds (vii)
11 \ CHAPTER 7 REFERENCES APPENDIX A APPENDIX B. APPENDIX C The Mechanic~ of Vortex Formation and Shedding Strouhal Number C&lculations Resonant Response of ie1h Monitored Tubes'. Fluidelastic Response Response of a Single Flexible'." Tube in'a Rigid Bundle CONCLUSIONS AND / RECOMMENDATIONS J.. (viii)
12 LIST OF'FIGURES Figure' 2.1 Regimes of fluid flow across a circular cylinder 20 Figur~ 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2..4 Figure 2.5. A typical one "dimensional turbulent energy spectrum found experimentally Von Karman vortex streets in an inline tube bank arranged in a rectangular duct (heat exchanger) Pattern of vortex ed,tube bank with Pattern of vortex ed tube bank with shedding in largex ot shedding small x t '\ in s ta'~ger- stagger ~ 43 Figure ~2. 6..~" Strouhal number vs transverse tubespacing ratio with longitudinal tubespacing ratio. L' (xi = cr) 47 Figure 2.7 The flow path in the tube bank 48 Figure 2.8 Figur~ 2.9 Figure 2.10 Response curves for in-line~tube bundles with three different tube spacings Flow pattern in the in-line tube bundles with the three different tube spacings Frequency f and amplitude A of the vortex and the channel wall as function of gas flow velocity V for a staggered tube bundle model with mixed spacing ratios df normal x t lfud small xi x t (- = 2.84/1.46) " xi ,(~.~. ":,";;' Figure Strouhal number S = fd/v versus transverse spacing ratio T x t = d with longitudin~l.spacing as parameter for staggered bank. ~ xi = tube a L 57 (ix)
13 ,,. Figure Figure 2.13 Figure 2.14 Figure 2.15 Figure 2.16 Figure 3.1 Figure' 3.2 Figure' 3.3 Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Figure 3.7 p Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5,Figure 5.1 Equal value curve for dimensionless fluctuating velocity v/v in mi~dle row of staggere4 tube bank Formation of alternate vorticities behind adjace'nt tube rows as' the initiating mechanism for fluid-' elastic instability. Inferred flow pattern Velocity and t~rbul&nce profiles between rows along one pitch Postulated mechanisms for periodic' wake shedding exc i ta't ion ' Schemati~ of the water tunnel Normalize~ velocity distribution Cross section of the square in-line tube array CrDss array section of the rotated square Flexible tube and base plate assembly Full view of the two tube bundles Experimental equipment for dynamic measurements Schematic of the test sectidn and the flow visualization arrangement Reflection,and refraction of incident light 1 'An overall, view of the water tunnel' and the photographic arrangement Calibration curves of the by-pass line flow meter Variations in the speed of a tracer particle Flow visualization at. Rep = ' (x)
14 /' Page Figure 5.2 _~w 'visuali;;ation at Re = P, Figure 5.3 El w visualization at Re = P Figure 5.4 Fl.ow, visualization at Re P ~, 127 Figure 5.5 Flow visualization at Re P = Figure 5.6 Flow visualization at Re P = Figure 5.7.' Flow vlsual.ization at' Rep = Figure 5.8 Flow visualization at Re = '5.2xi P Figure 5.9 Comparison between the flow regimes behind an isolated cylinder and those found in, the square in-line array 1-.)- 7 Figure 5.10, Response of. tube no. 5 ~n the second row 135 Figure 5.11 Response of tube no. 8 ~n the third row 136 ~ Figure 5.12 Overall RNS responses of the two monitored tubes 137 Figure 5;13 Response spectra of tube no. -5 at V u = m/s 138 Figure 5.14 'Flow visualization at. Rep = 9.lxl Figure 5.15 Response spectra of tube no. 5 at V u =-,0.19 m/s 141 Figure 5.16 The frequency response line 1:43 ' ~ Figure 5.17 Resp'oI.J.se spectra of tube no. 5 at V u = 0.29 m/s,144 Fi~ure 5.18 Response spectra of tube no. 5 at V = 0:32 m/s 146 u c Figure 5.19 Response spectra of tube no. 8 at V u = 0.32 m/s 147 Figure 5.20 Symmetric vortex ~heddlng a,t Vu = 0.25 m/s 149 Figure Flow visualization at V u =.0.22 m/s 152 Figure 5.22 '. Flow visualization at V = 0.29 m/'s 152 u'.(xi)
15 Figure 5'.23 Figure~5.24 Figure 5.25 Figure 5.26 Figure 5.27 Figure 5.28 Figure 5.'29 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figu,re 6.3 Figure 6.4 Q>; Figure 6.5 Figure 6.6 Figure 6.7 Response spectra of,tub~ no. 5,at V u = 0.35' mls Response spectra of tube no. 8 at V u = 0.35 mls Response spectra of tube no. V = 0.37 mls u Response spectra of tube no. V = 0.37 u m/s 5,at 8 at Flow visualization at V u = 0.44 mis, 11~ C" Flow visualization at V = 0.44 m/? 171 ~, u\ "Response spectra of tube n~ 5' at 0.44 m!'s ' 172 Flow visualization at Flow visualization at = 'Flow visualization at Reg = 240 Flow visualization at Re = 320 g Flow visualization at Reg = ~80 Flo~ visualization at Reg = 600 Flow visualization at Reg = Fig,ure 6.8 Comp'arison between the flow regimes behind an isolated cylinder and those found in the rotated squtre array 187 Pigure,6.9 Figure 6.10 Figure 6.11,Vortex formation and shedd'ing S~rouhal lines for the observed vortex shedding process Response of tube no. 4 in th,e ~,second r'ow " \ Figure 6.12 'Figur.e 6.13 Response of tube no. 6 in the third row Overall RMS responses of the two' monitored tubes 199 :Y' 200 (xii) I
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