CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
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1 CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER THIRD EDITION Adrian Bejan J. A. Jones Professor of Mechanical Engineering Duke University Durham, North Carolina WILEY JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.
2 CONTENTS Preface Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition List of Symbols xv xix xxi xxiii 1 Fundamental Principles 1.1 Mass Conservation / Force Balances (Momentum Equations) / First Law of Thermodynamics / Second Law of Thermodynamics / Rules of Scale Analysis / Heatlines for Visualizing Convection / 23 References / 25 Problems / 27 2 Laminar Boundary Layer Flow Fundamental Problem in Convective Heat Transfer / Concept of Boundary Layer / Velocity and Thermal Boundary Layers / Integral Solutions / Similiarity Solutions / Method / Flow Solution / Heat Transfer Solution / Other Wall Heating Conditions / Unheated Starting Length / Arbitrary Wall Temperature / 59 VII
3 viii CONTENTS Uniform Heat Flux / Film Temperature / Effect of Longitudinal Pressure Gradient: Flow Past a Wedge and Stagnation Flow / Effect of Flow through the Wall: Blowing and Suction / Effect of Conduction across a Solid Coating Deposited on a Wall / Entropy Generation Minimization in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow / Heatlines in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow / 76 References / 80 Problems / 82 3 Laminar Duct Flow Hydrodynamic Entrance Length / Fully Developed Flow / Hydraulic Diameter and Pressure Drop / Heat Transfer to Fully Developed Duct Flow / Mean Temperature / Fully Developed Temperature Profile / Uniform Wall Heat Flux / Uniform Wall Temperature / Tube Surrounded by Isothermal Fluid / Heat Transfer to Developing Flow / Scale Analysis / Thermally Developed Uniform (Slug) Flow / Thermally Developing Hagen-Poiseuille Flow / Thermally and Hydraulically Developing Flow / Optimal Cooling of a Stack of Parallel Heat-Generating Plates / Heatlines in Fully Developed Duct Flow / Optimal Duct Shape for Minimum Flow Resistance / Optimization of Duct Layout: Tree-Shaped Networks / 147 References / 160 Problems / External Natural Convection Natural Convection as a Heat Engine in Motion / Laminar Boundary Layer Equations / Scale Analysis / High-Pr Fluids / Low-Pr Fluids / Observations / 188
4 CONTENTS ix 4.4 Integral Solution / High-Pr Fluids / Low-Pr Fluids / Similarity Solution / Uniform Wall Heat Flux / Effect of Thermal Stratification / Conjugate Boundary Layers / Vertical Channel Flow / Combined Natural and Forced Convection (Mixed Convection) / Heat Transfer Results Including the Effect of Turbulence / Vertical Walls / Inclined Walls / Horizontal Walls / Horizontal Cylinder / Sphere / Vertical Cylinder / Other Immersed Bodies / Optimal Cooling of a Stack of Vertical Heat-Generating Plates / 225 References / 228 Problems / Internal Natural Convection Transient Heating from the Side / Scale Analysis / Criterion for Distinct Vertical Layers / Criterion for Distinct Horizontal Jets / Boundary Layer Regime / Shallow Enclosure Limit / Summary of Results for Heating from the Side / Isothermal Side Walls / Sidewalls with Uniform Heat Flux / Partially Divided Enclosures / Triangular Enclosures / Enclosures Heated from Below / Heat Transfer Results / Scaling Theory of the Turbulent Regime / Constractal Theory of Benard Convection / Inclined Enclosures / Annular Space between Horizontal Cylinders / Annular Space between Concentric Spheres / Enclosures for Thermal Insulation and Mechanical Strength / 290
5 X CONTENTS References / 297 Problems / Transition to Turbulence Empirical Transition Data / Scaling Laws of Transition / Buckling of Inviscid Streams / Local Reynolds Number Criterion for Transition / Instability of Inviscid Flow / Transition in Natural Convection on a Vertical Wall / 326 References / 328 Problems / Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow Large-Scale Structure / Time-Averaged Equations / Boundary Layer Equations / Mixing-Length Model / Velocity Distribution / Wall Friction in Boundary Layer Flow / Heat Transfer in Boundary Layer Flow / Theory of Heat Transfer in Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow / Other External Flows / Single Cylinder in Cross Flow / Sphere / Other Body Shapes / Arrays of Cylinders in Cross Flow / Natural Convection Along Vertical Walls /371 References / 374 Problems / Turbulent Duct Flow Velocity Distribution / Friction Factor and Pressure Drop / Heat Transfer Coefficient / Total Heat Transfer Rate / Isothermal Wall / Uniform Wall Heating / More Refined Turbulence Models / 398
6 CONTENTS Xi 8.6 Heatlines in Turbulent Flow near a Wall / Optimal Channel Spacings for Turbulent Flow / 404 References / 406 Problems / Free Turbulent Flows Free Shear Layers / Features of the Free Turbulent Flow Model / Velocity Distribution / Structure of Free Turbulent Flows / Temperature Distribution / Jets / Two-Dimensional Jets / Round Jets / Jet in Density-Stratified Reservoir / Plumes / Round Plume and the Entrainment Hypothesis / Pulsating Frequency of Pool Fires / Geometric Similarity of Free Turbulent Flows / Thermal Wakes behind Concentrated Sources / 440 References / 442 Problems / Convection with Change of Phase Condensation / Laminar Film on a Vertical Surface / Turbulent Film on a Vertical Surface / Film Condensation in Other Configurations / Drop Condensation / Boiling / Pool Boiling Regimes / Nucleate Boiling and Peak Heat Flux / Film Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux / Flow Boiling / Contact Melting and Lubrication / Plane Surfaces with Relative Motion / Other Contact Melting Configurations / Scale Analysis and Correlation / Melting Due to Viscous Heating in the Liquid Film / Melting by Natural Convection / 490
7 XÜ CONTENTS Transition from the Conduction Regime to the Convection Regime / Quasisteady Convection Regime / Horizontal Spreading of the Melt Layer / 497 References /500 Problems / Mass Transfer Properties of Mixtures / Mass Conservation / Mass Diffusivities / Boundary Conditions / Laminar Forced Convection / Impermeable Surface Model / Other External Forced-Convection Configurations / Internal Forced Convection / Natural Convection / Mass-Transfer-Driven Flow / Heat-Transfer-Driven Flow / Turbulent Flow / Time-Averaged Concentration Equation / Forced Convection Results / Contaminant Removal from a Ventilated Enclosure / Massfunction and Masslines / Effect of Chemical Reaction / 555 References / 559 Problems / Convection in Porous Media Mass Conservation / Darcy Flow Model and the Forchheimer Modification / First Law of Thermodynamics / Second Law of Thermodynamics / Forced Convection / Boundary Layers / Concentrated Heat Sources / Sphere and Cylinder in Cross Flow / Channel Filled with Porous Medium / Natural Convection Boundary Layers / Boundary Layer Equations: Vertical Wall / 586
8 CONTENTS XÜi Uniform Wall Temperature / Uniform Wall Heat Flux / Optimal Spacings for Channels Filled with Porous Structures / Conjugate Boundary Layers / Thermal Stratification / Sphere and Horizontal Cylinder / Horizontal Walls / Concentrated Heat Sources / Enclosed Porous Media Heated from the Side / Four Heat Transfer Regimes / Convection Results / Penetrative Convection / Lateral Penetration / Vertical Penetration / Enclosed Porous Media Heated from Below / Onset of Convection / Darcy Flow / Forchheimer Flow / Multiple Flow Scales Distributed Nonuniformly / Heat Transfer / Fluid Friction / Heat Transfer Rate Density: The Smallest Scale for Convection / Constructal Design / 627 References / 628 Problems / 631 Appendixes 640 A Constants and Conversion Factors /641 В Properties of Solids / 648 С Properties of Liquids /658 D Properties of Gases / 660 E Mathematical Formulas / 672 Author Index 675 Subject Index 685
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