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1 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 1 MB VAKUUMINIAI ELEKTRONINIAI ĮTAISAI BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS

2 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS A traeling wae tube (TWT) is an electronic deice used to produce high-power radio frequency signals. The TWT was inented by Rudolf Kopfner in a British radar lab during World War II, and refined by Kopfner and John Pierce at Bell Labs. Both of the hae written books on the deice. In 1994, A.S. Gilour wrote a odern TWT book which is widely used by U.S. TWT engineers today, and research publications about TWTs are frequently published by the IEEE. TWTs are coonly used as aplifiers in satellite transponders.

3 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 3 Haeff BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Lindenblad

4 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 4 Kopfner BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Pierce

5 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 5 Rudolf Kopfner ( ) was an Austrian-born engineer and physicist, best known as the inentor of the traeling wae tube (TWT). John Robinson Pierce (March 7, 191 April, ), was an Aerican engineer and author. He worked extensiely in the fields of radio counication, coputer usic, and science fiction.

6 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 6 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS John Robinson Pierce wrote on electronics and inforation theory, and deeloped ointly the concept of Pulse code odulation (PCM) with his Bell Labs colleagues Barney Olier and Claude Shannon. He superised the Bell Labs tea which inented the transistor, and at the request of one of the, Walter Brattain, coined the ter transistor. Pierce's early work at Bell Labs was on acuu tubes of all sorts. During World War II he discoered the work of Rudolf Kopfner in a British radar lab, where he had inented the traeling-wae tube. Pierce worked out the ath for this broadband aplifier deice, and wrote a book about it, after hiring Kopfner for Bell Labs. He later recounted that "Rudy Kopfner inented the traeling-wae tube, but I discoered it. He did significant research into satellites, including an iportant leadership role (as ice President of Bell Laboratories for Research) in the deelopent of the first coercial counications satellite, Telstar 1.

7 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 7 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Galingi plačiauosčiai MB irpesių stiprintuai Stiprinią leia sklindančios lėtinio sistea elektroagnetinės bangos ir elektronų pluošto sąeika Turinys 1. Bėgančiosios bangos lepos sandara ir eiksena. Bėgančiosios bangos lepos teoria.1. Konekcinės sroės kintaoi dedaoi.. Elektrinio lauko išilginė dedaoi.3. Lepoe sklindančios bangos.4. Stiprinio koeficientas 3. Bėgančiosios bangos lepų lėtinio sisteos 4. Bėgančiosios bangos lepų saybės ir taikyas

8 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 8 Cutaway iew of a TWT. (1) Electron gun; () RF input; (3) Magnets; (4) Attenuator; (5) Helix coil; (6) RF output; (7) Vacuu tube; (8) Collector.

9 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 9

10 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 1

11 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 11 Bėgančiosios bangos lepos sandara 1 elektronų patranka greitinio elektrodas 3 lėtinio sistea 4 kolektorius 5 fokusaio ritė 6 slopintuas f < Elektronai greičiu įlekia į lėtinio sisteą Lėtinio sisteoe elektronai sąeikaua su EM bangos išilgine dedaąa E Stiprinaų irpesių sukurtas elektrinis laukas oduliuoa elektronų greitį Greičio oduliacia sukelia elektronų tankio oduliacią lėtinio sisteoe yksta elektronų grupaias Sugrupuoti elektronai easi uos stabdantį elektrinio lauko pusperiodį Stabdyo lauke dalis elektronų kinetinės energios irsta EM irpesių energia ir gaunaas EM irpesių stiprinias

12 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 Bėgančiosios bangos lepos teoria 1 Tikslas: Rasti bėgančiosios bangos lepos stiprinio koeficientą. Prielaidos: Aukštadažnių irpesių lygis nedidelis. Lėtinio sisteoe elektrinis laukas yra bėgančiosios bangos, kurios sklidio konstanta, paidalo: E = E e ωt = α+ Elektronų greičio, erdinio krūio ir sroės tankio kintaosios dedaosios haroninių bėgančiųų bangų foros: β = ωt + e ρ = ρ ωt + ρ e J = J ωt + J e Uždainio sprendio etapai: 1. Nagrinėaas elektronų grupaias ir išedaa konekcinės sroės kintaosios dedaosios išraiška.. Nagrinėaa oduliuoto elektronų pluošto įtaka elektroagnetinei bangai ir gaunaa elektrinio lauko išilginės dedaosios priklausoybė nuo konekcinės sroės. 3. Suungiai piruosiuose dieuose etapuose gauti sprendiniai, atskleidžiai elektroagnetinių bangų sklidio lepoe ypatuai ir išedaa stiprinio koeficiento išraiška.

13 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 13 Konekcinės sroės kintaoi dedaoi Tikslas: Rasti, kaip konekcinės sroės kintaosios dedaosios aplitudė priklauso nuo lėtinio sisteos elektrinio lauko išilginės dedaosios aplitudės E. Uždainio sprendio etapai: 1. Reiantis sroės tankio išraiška (J =ρ) randaa sroės tankio kintaoi dedaoi: J = ρ + ρ.. Taikoas antrasis Niutono dėsnis d / dt = qe. Randaas elektronų greičio kintaosios dedaosios aplitudės ir E ryšys. 3. Reiantis krūio terės dėsniu randaa krūio tankio kintaoi dedaoi. 4. Randaas ryšys tarp konekcinės sroės tankio kintaosios dedaosios J ir elektrinio lauko išilginės dedaosios E.. 5. Gaunaa konekcinės sroės kintaosios dedaosios aplitudės išraiška: I =f(e ) ( )

14 t ω + = e ω t ρ ρ ρ + = e t J J J ω + = e β α + = kopleksinė sklidio konstanta. t E E ω = e J ρ = ( ) t J ω ρ ρ ρ + + e ρ ρ J + = E t q d d = t t t d d d d + = << /d d t ( ) ωt ω t t = + e d d ( ) t t E ω ω ω = e q e ) ( q E ω = t J ρ = J ω ρ = Konekcinės sroės kintaoi dedaoi Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8

15 ) ( q J E J ω ω ρ + = ) ( q E J ω ωρ = q U = J = ρ e e ) ( E U J J β β = e / β =ω e e ) ( E U I I β β = Konekcinės sroės kintaoi dedaoi ρ ρ J + = ) ( q E ω = J ω ρ = Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8

16 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 16 Elektrinio lauko išilginė dedaoi Moduliuotoi bėgančiosios bangos lepos konekcinė sroė indukuoa aukštadažnę sroę lepos lėtinio sisteoe. Vyksta elektronų energios transforacia į elektroagnetinių irpesių energią. Tikslas: Rasti lėtinio sisteos elektrinio lauko išilginės dedaosios aplitudės E priklausoybę nuo konekcinės sroės kintaosios dedaosios aplitudės. Uždainio sprendio etapai: 1. Sudaroa lėtinio sisteos atkarpos d ekialentinė schea. Užrašoos įtapos ir sroės pokyčių atkarpoe d išraiškos.. Sprendžiaos telegrafinės lygtys, sudarytos įertinant indukuotą sroę. 3. Gaunaa lėtinio sisteos įtapos priklausoybė nuo indukuotosios sroės. 4. Žinant įtapą, randaa elektrinio lauko išilginė dedaoi: E =f(i ).

17 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai Elektrinio lauko išilginė dedaoi du = X I d d I = BU d + d I ind X = ω L 1, B= ω C 1 du d = X I di d = BU + di ind d U = X I, I = BU + I ind I I = U X ind ( + BX ) U = X I = I exp( ωt ). ind I ind = : + BX ) U = ( = BX = ω L 1C1 U X = I = ω ωl 1 L C 1 1 = L C 1 1 = Z B

18 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 18 Elektrinio lauko išilginė dedaoi ( + BX ) U = X I BX ind = X = Z B 3 U = Z B I ind U = R r I ind 4 U U = U exp(ωt ) E = U = E = U E = R r I

19 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 19 Bėgančiosios bangos lepoe sklindančios bangos I I = U β e e (β ) E E = R r I I =f(e ) E =f(i ) 3 sprendiniai = = +δ

20 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 Bėgančiosios bangos lepoe sklindančios bangos = +δ = ω L δ C 3 1C1 β e β e =ω / 3 C = R r I 4U 3 3 β e,5 C = + C + = 1 + βe Cβe = β+ α β C = 1 + βe < α < f α = 3 C β e Sklisdai irpesiai eksponentiškai stiprėa C stiprinio paraetras

21 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 1 Stiprinio koeficientas 3 E ( l) = E () exp Cβ l e E( l) 3 K = lg = lg exp Cβ el = 7, 5Cβel E () ω ω c π π β e = β = = = kl = c λ λl l K 47,3C = 47, 3CN N = l /λ L lg(1/3) = 9,54 db λ L K = (47,3CN - 9,54) db Bėgančiosios bangos stiprinio koeficientą leia stiprinio paraetras C=f (R r, I, U ) ir sulėtintos bangos ilgių skaičius lėtinio sisteoe N=l /λ L

22 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 3 Bėgančiosios bangos lepų saybės EM bangos ir elektronų greičiai turi būti suderinti. Lėtinio sisteos lėtinio koeficientas turi būti pastous plačiae dažnių ruože. Maksialus stiprinio koeficientas gaunaas parinkus optialią greitinio įtapą. Stiprinio koeficiento priklausoybė nuo greitinio įtapos yra reonansinės kreiės paidalo. BBL stiprinio koeficientas priklauso nuo dažnio kylant dažniui kinta N ir R r. Pralaiduo uostoe stiprinio koeficiento priklausoybė nuo dažnio yra iškilios kreiės paidalo. Dėl EM bangos atspindžių atsiranda osciliuoanti stiprinio koeficiento dažninės priklausoybės dedaoi. Siekiant išengti irpesių susižadinio, lėtinio sisteoe įtaisoas lokalus slopintuas.

23 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 4 Bėgančiosios bangos lepų saybės Kai yra slopintuas, stiprinio koeficientas suažėa: K = (47,3CN 9,54 S) db. Naudoant plačiauostes lėtinio sisteas ir aplitudės dažninių charakteristikų korekcios prieones, galia gauti plačią BBL pralaiduo uostą (pasiekti F/f iki 1,5). Taikant rekuperacią ir kitus naudinguo koeficiento didinio būdus, payksta BBL η padidinti iki 5 %. BBL darbo dažniai: 3 MH 3 GH (bangos ilgiai: 1 1 ). BBL išėio irpesių galia iki keleto egaatų, kai ipulsinis režias.

24 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 5 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS TWTs are ainly classified into two types, helix TWTs and coupledcaity TWTs, according to the RF circuit structure. Helix TWTs are liited in peak RF power by the current handling (and therefore thickness) of the helix wire. As power leel increases, the wire can oerheat and cause the helix geoetry to warp. Wire thickness can be increased to iproe atters, but if the wire is too thick it becoes ipossible to obtain the required helix pitch for proper operation. Typically helix TWTs achiee less than.5 kw output power. The coupled-caity TWT oercoes this liit by replacing the helix with a series of coupled caities arranged axially along the bea. Conceptually, this structure proides a helical waeguide and hence aplification can occur ia elocity odulation. A coupled-caity TWT can achiee 15 kw output power.

25 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 6 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS RW 3 Sieens

26 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 7 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS УВ-1A УВ-1Б Sowetunion УВ-9 УВ-3 Sowetunion УВ-5 Sowetunion УВ-13 УВ-7-1 Sowetunion

27 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 8 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Traeling Wae Tube Aplifier (TUR) WJ311 Watkins Johnson traeling wae tube aplifier. 1" long, " diaeter. "N" connector in / out. 6.3 heater, 15 aps 163 cathode, 47. a 41. grid, 5. a 34.7 db noise figure VSWR < :1 in / outputs MH to 55 db sall signal gain Includes data sheets. New in box, Mil-Surplus.

28 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 9 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Traeling Wae Tube Aplifier GH (RF) VYG-63G9 Varian traeling wae tube has WR-9 (5c x 8c outside) flanges. These are used, reoed fro equipent. Noenclature not aailable. 17" long.

29 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 3 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS Packaged high-power, high-efficiency Ka-band TWT; L-3 Counications Electron Technologies, Inc., Model 999HA.

30 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 31 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS A new traeling-wae tube aplifier (TWTA) has been designed for EMC testing. Model 1TP1G3 is a 1/5-W pulse aplifier designed to siulate the effect of a car driing through a bea of radar.

31 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 3 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS exaples are ilitary traeling wae tube TWT power supplies.

32 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 33 BĖGANČIOSIOS BANGOS LEMPOS The Traeling Wae Tube Aplifier (TWTA) flight unit #1 being integrated on the spacecraft.

33 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai 8 34 Bėgančiosios bangos lepos. Užduotys 7. Raskite penktoo laipsnio šaknies iš reikšes. 8. Bėgančiosios bangos lepos U = kv, I = 4 A, f = 8 GH, R r = Ω. Raskie lėtinio sisteos lėtinio koeficientą. Koks turi būti lėtinio sisteos ilgis, kad galios stiprinias būtų 3 db?

34 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai Raskite penktoo laipsnio šaknies iš reikšes. = 1/5 e = e π + n π π 1 π + n 5 π π 9π 13π ϕ ; ; ; π ; 1

35 Mikrobangų ir optinės elektronikos įtaisai Bėgančiosios bangos lepos U = kv, I = 4 A, f = 8 GH, R r = Ω. Raskie lėtinio sisteos lėtinio koeficientą. Koks turi būti lėtinio sisteos ilgis, kad galios stiprinias būtų 3 db? k 5,6 U L =... C = 3 RrI 4U =...,1 K = (47,3CN - 9,54) db N =... 39,8 λ = c λ ; λl = =... 3,3 1 3 f kl l = Nλ L =...,13

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