Strong coupling problems in condensed matter and the AdS/CFT correspondence

Transcription

1 Strong coupling problems in condensed matter and the AdS/CFT correspondence Reviews: arxiv: arxiv: Talk online: sachdev.physics.harvard.edu HARVARD

2 Frederik Denef, Harvard Yejin Huh, Harvard Sean Hartnoll, Harvard Christopher Herzog, Princeton Pavel Kovtun, Victoria Dam Son, Washington Max Metlitski, Harvard HARVARD

3 1. Quantum-critical transport Collisionless-t0-hydrodynamic crossover of CFT3s 2. Quantum criticality of Dirac fermions Vector 1/N expansion 3. Quantum criticality of Fermi surfaces The genus expansion

4 1. Quantum-critical transport Collisionless-t0-hydrodynamic crossover of CFT3s 2. Quantum criticality of Dirac fermions Vector 1/N expansion 3. Quantum criticality of Fermi surfaces The genus expansion

5 Superfluid-insulator transition Ultracold 87 Rb atoms - bosons M. Greiner, O. Mandel, T. Esslinger, T. W. Hänsch, and I. Bloch, Nature 415, 39 (2002).

6 Insulator (the vacuum) at large U

7 Excitations:

8 Excitations:

9 Excitations of the insulator: S = d 2 rdτ [ τ ψ 2 + v 2 ψ 2 +(g g c ) ψ 2 + u 2 ψ 4]

10 T S = d 2 rdτ [ τ ψ 2 + v 2 ψ 2 +(g g c ) ψ 2 + u 2 ψ 4] T KT Quantum critical ψ 0 ψ =0 Superfluid Insulator 0 g c CFT3 g

11 T Quantum critical T KT Superfluid Insulator 0 g c g

12 CFT at T>0 T Quantum critical T KT Superfluid Insulator 0 g c g

13 Quantum critical transport Quantum perfect fluid with shortest possible relaxation time, τ R τ R k B T S. Sachdev, Quantum Phase Transitions, Cambridge (1999).

14 Quantum critical transport Transport co-oefficients not determined by collision rate, but by universal constants of nature Electrical conductivity σ = 4e2 h [Universal constant O(1) ] K. Damle and S. Sachdev, Phys. Rev. B 56, 8714 (1997).

15 Quantum critical transport Transport co-oefficients not determined by collision rate, but by universal constants of nature Momentum transport η s viscosity entropy density = k B [Universal constant O(1) ] P. Kovtun, D. T. Son, and A. Starinets, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, (2005)

16 Quantum critical transport Euclidean field theory: Compute current correlations on R 2 S 1 with circumference 1/T 1/T R 2

17 Quantum critical transport Euclidean field theory: Compute current correlations on R 2 S 1 with circumference 1/T 4πT Complex ω plane 2πT 2πT Direct 1/N or ɛ expansions for correlators at the Euclidean frequencies ω n =2πnT i ( n integer) or in the conformal collisionless regime, ω k B T.

18 Quantum critical transport Euclidean field theory: Compute current correlations on R 2 S 1 with circumference 1/T 4πT Complex ω plane 2πT 2πT Direct 1/N or ɛ expansions for correlators at the Euclidean frequencies ω n =2πnT i ( n integer) or in the conformal collisionless regime, ω k B T.

19 Density correlations in CFTs at T >0 Two-point density correlator, χ(k, ω) Kubo formula for conductivity σ(ω) = lim k 0 iω χ(k, ω) k2 For all CFT3s, at ω k B T χ(k, ω) = 4e2 h K k 2 v2 k 2 ω 2 ; σ(ω) = 4e2 h K where K is a universal number characterizing the CFT3, and v is the velocity of light.

20 Quantum critical transport Euclidean field theory: Compute current correlations on R 2 S 1 with circumference 1/T 4πT Complex ω plane 2πT 2πT Direct 1/N or ɛ expansions for correlators at the Euclidean frequencies ω n =2πnT i ( n integer) or in the conformal collisionless regime, ω k B T.

21 Quantum critical transport Euclidean field theory: Compute current correlations on R 2 S 1 with circumference 1/T 4πT Complex ω plane 2πT 2πT Strong coupling problem: Correlators at ω k B T, along the real axis, in the collision-dominated hydrodynamic regime.

22 Quantum critical transport Euclidean field theory: Compute current correlations on R 2 S 1 with circumference 1/T 4πT Complex ω plane 2πT 2πT Strong coupling problem: Correlators at ω k B T, along the real axis, in the collision-dominated hydrodynamic regime.

23 Density correlations in CFTs at T >0 Two-point density correlator, χ(k, ω) Kubo formula for conductivity σ(ω) = lim k 0 iω χ(k, ω) k2 However, for all CFT3s, at ω k B T, we have the Einstein relation χ(k, ω) = 4e 2 χ c Dk 2 Dk 2 iω ; σ(ω) = 4e2 Dχ c = 4e2 h Θ 1Θ 2 where the compressibility, χ c, and the diffusion constant D obey χ = k BT (hv) 2 Θ 1 ; D = hv2 k B T Θ 2 with Θ 1 and Θ 2 universal numbers characteristic of the CFT3 K. Damle and S. Sachdev, Phys. Rev. B 56, 8714 (1997).

24 Collisionless to hydrodynamic crossover of SYM3 Imχ(k, ω)/k 2 Im K k2 ω 2 P. Kovtun, C. Herzog, S. Sachdev, and D.T. Son, Phys. Rev. D 75, (2007)

25 Collisionless to hydrodynamic crossover of SYM3 Imχ(k, ω)/k 2 Im Dχ c Dk 2 iω P. Kovtun, C. Herzog, S. Sachdev, and D.T. Son, Phys. Rev. D 75, (2007)

26 1. Quantum-critical transport Collisionless-t0-hydrodynamic crossover of CFT3s 2. Quantum criticality of Dirac fermions Vector 1/N expansion 3. Quantum criticality of Fermi surfaces The genus expansion

27 Nematic order in YBCO V. Hinkov, D. Haug, B. Fauqué, P. Bourges, Y. Sidis, A. Ivanov, C. Bernhard, C. T. Lin, and B. Keimer, Science 319, 597 (2008)

28 Broken rotational symmetry in the pseudogap phase of a high-tc superconductor R. Daou, J. Chang, David LeBoeuf, Olivier Cyr- Choiniere, Francis Laliberte, Nicolas Doiron- Leyraud, B. J. Ramshaw, Ruixing Liang, D. A. Bonn, W. N. Hardy, and Louis Taillefer arxiv: S. A. Kivelson, E. Fradkin, and V. J. Emery, Nature 393, 550 (1998).

29 1. Quantum-critical transport Collisionless-t0-hydrodynamic crossover of CFT3s 2. Quantum criticality of Dirac fermions Vector 1/N expansion 3. Quantum criticality of Fermi surfaces The genus expansion

30 1. Quantum-critical transport Collisionless-t0-hydrodynamic crossover of CFT3s 2. Quantum criticality of Dirac fermions Vector 1/N expansion 3. Quantum criticality of Fermi surfaces The genus expansion

31 d-wave superconductivity in cuprates Γ Electron states occupied H 0 = i<j t ij c iα c iα k ε k c kα c kα Begin with free electrons.

32 d-wave superconductivity in cuprates - + Γ + - H = k (ε k c kα c kα + k c k c k + c.c. ) Begin with free electrons. Add d-wave pairing interaction k cos k x cos k y which vanishes along diagonals

33 d-wave superconductivity in cuprates - + Γ + - (ε k c kα c kα + k c k c k + c.c. ) H = k Begin with free electrons. Add d-wave pairing interaction k which vanishes along diagonals Obtain Bogoliubov quasiparticles with dispersion ε 2 k + 2 k

34 d-wave superconductivity in cuprates S Ψ = 4 two-component Dirac fermions d 2 k (2π) 2 T Ψ 1a ( iω n + v F k x τ z + v k y τ x ) Ψ 1a ω n + d 2 k (2π) 2 T ω n Ψ 2a ( iω n + v F k y τ z + v k x τ x ) Ψ 2a.

35 d-wave superconductivity in cuprates Now consider a discrete spontaneous symmetry breaking, with Ising symmetry, described by a real scalar field φ. Two cases of experimental interest are: Time-reversal symmetry breaking: leads to a d x2 y 2 + id xy superconductor, in which the Dirac fermions are massive Break 4-fold lattice rotation symmetry to 2-fold lattice rotations: leads to a superconductor with nematic order. We can write down the usual φ 4 theory for the scalar field: S 0 φ = [ d 2 1 xdτ 2 ( τ φ) 2 + c2 2 ( φ)2 + r 2 φ2 + u 0 24 φ4] ; [ ( )]

36 Time-reversal symmetry breaking d x 2 y 2 ± id xy superconductor d x 2 y 2 superconductor φ 0 φ =0 r c r

37 Lattice rotation symmetry breaking d x 2 y 2 superconductor + nematic order d x 2 y 2 superconductor φ 0 φ =0 r c r

38 T T c T n Quantum Critical φ/v 1/λ c 1/λ M. Vojta, Y. Zhang, and S. Sachdev, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4940 (2000) E.-A. Kim, M. J. Lawler, P. Oreto, S. Sachdev, E. Fradkin, S.A. Kivelson, Phys. Rev. B 77, (2008).

39 Ising order and Dirac fermions [ couple via a Yukawa term. ] S Ψφ = d 2 xdτ [ λ 0 φ (Ψ 1a τ x Ψ 1a + Ψ 2a τ x Ψ 2a )], Nematic ordering S Ψφ = d 2 xdτ [ λ 0 φ (Ψ 1a τ y Ψ 1a + Ψ 2a τ y Ψ 2a )] Time reversal symmetry breaking M. Vojta, Y. Zhang, and S. Sachdev, Physical Review Letters 85, 4940 (2000)

40 Ising order and Dirac fermions [ couple via a Yukawa term. ] S Ψφ = d 2 xdτ [ λ 0 φ (Ψ 1a τ x Ψ 1a + Ψ 2a τ x Ψ 2a )], Nematic ordering S Ψφ = d 2 xdτ [ λ 0 φ (Ψ 1a τ y Ψ 1a + Ψ 2a τ y Ψ 2a )] Time reversal symmetry breaking For the latter case only, with v F = v = c, theory reduces to relativistic Gross-Neveu model M. Vojta, Y. Zhang, and S. Sachdev, Physical Review Letters 85, 4940 (2000)

41 Expansion in number of fermion spin components Nf Integrating out the fermions yields an effective action for the scalar order parameter S φ = N f v v F Γ [ + N f 2 λ 0 φ(x, τ); v v F d 2 xdτ + irrelevant terms ] ( ) rφ 2 (x, τ) where Γ is a non-local and non-analytic functional of φ. The theory has only 2 couplings constants: r and v /v F. Y. Huh and S. Sachdev, Physical Review B 78, (2008).

42 Expansion in number of fermion spin components Nf Integrating out the fermions yields an effective action for the scalar order parameter S φ = N f v v F Γ [ + N f 2 λ 0 φ(x, τ); v v F d 2 xdτ + irrelevant terms ] ( ) rφ 2 (x, τ) where Γ is a non-local and non-analytic functional of φ. The theory has only 2 couplings constants: r and v /v F. Y. Huh and S. Sachdev, Physical Review B 78, (2008).

43 Expansion in number of fermion spin components Nf Integrating out the fermions yields an effective action for the scalar order parameter S φ = N f v v F Γ [ + N f 2 λ 0 φ(x, τ); v v F d 2 xdτ + irrelevant terms ] ( ) rφ 2 (x, τ) where Γ is a non-local and non-analytic functional of φ. There is a systematic expansion in powers of The theory has only 2 couplings constants: r and v /v F. 1/N f for renormalization group equations and all critical properties. Y. Huh and S. Sachdev, Physical Review B 78, (2008).

44 1. Quantum-critical transport Collisionless-t0-hydrodynamic crossover of CFT3s 2. Quantum criticality of Dirac fermions Vector 1/N expansion 3. Quantum criticality of Fermi surfaces The genus expansion

45 1. Quantum-critical transport Collisionless-t0-hydrodynamic crossover of CFT3s 2. Quantum criticality of Dirac fermions Vector 1/N expansion 3. Quantum criticality of Fermi surfaces The genus expansion

46 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability y x Fermi surface with full square lattice symmetry

47 Electron Green s function in Fermi liquid (T=0) G(k, ω) = Z ω v F (k k F ) iω 2 F ( k k F ω ) +...

48 Electron Green s function in Fermi liquid (T=0) G(k, ω) = Z ω v F (k k F ) iω 2 F ( k k F ω Green s function has a pole in the LHP at ) +... ω = v F (k k F ) iα(k k F ) Pole is at ω = 0 precisely at k = k F i.e. on a sphere of radius k F in momentum space. This is the Fermi surface. Im(ω) Re(ω)

49 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability y x Fermi surface with full square lattice symmetry

50 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability y x Spontaneous elongation along x direction: Ising order parameter φ > 0.

51 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability y x Spontaneous elongation along y direction: Ising order parameter φ < 0.

52 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability φ =0 φ 0 λ c λ Pomeranchuk instability as a function of coupling λ

53 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability T Quantum critical T c φ =0 λ c φ 0 λ Phase diagram as a function of T and λ

54 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability T Quantum critical T c Classical d=2 Ising criticality φ =0 λ c φ 0 λ Phase diagram as a function of T and λ

55 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability T Quantum critical T c φ =0 D=2+1 λ Ising criticality c? φ 0 λ Phase diagram as a function of T and λ

56 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability Effective action for Ising order parameter S φ = d 2 [ rdτ ( τ φ) 2 + c 2 ( φ) 2 +(λ λ c )φ 2 + uφ 4]

57 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability Effective action for Ising order parameter S φ = d 2 rdτ [ ( τ φ) 2 + c 2 ( φ) 2 +(λ λ c )φ 2 + uφ 4] Effective action for electrons: S c = dτ N f i c iα τ c iα i<j t ij c iα c iα α=1 N f dτc kα ( τ + ε k ) c kα α=1 k

58 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability Coupling between Ising order and electrons S φc = γ dτ φ N f (cos k x cos k y )c kα c kα α=1 k for spatially independent φ φ > 0 φ < 0

59 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability Coupling between Ising order and electrons S φc = γ dτ N f φ q (cos k x cos k y )c k+q/2,α c k q/2,α α=1 k,q for spatially dependent φ φ > 0 φ < 0

60 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability S φ = d 2 [ rdτ ( τ φ) 2 + c 2 ( φ) 2 +(λ λ c )φ 2 + uφ 4] S c = S φc = γ N f α=1 k dτ N f α=1 dτc kα ( τ + ε k ) c kα k,q φ q (cos k x cos k y )c k+q/2,α c k q/2,α Quantum critical field theory Z = DφDc iα exp ( S φ S c S φc )

61 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability Hertz theory Integrate out c α fermions and obtain non-local corrections to φ action δs φ N f γ 2 d 2 q 4π 2 dω 2π φ(q, ω) 2[ ω q + q2] +... This leads to a critical point with dynamic critical exponent z = 3 and quantum criticality controlled by the Gaussian fixed point.

62 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability Hertz theory 1 N f (q 2 + ω /q) Self energy of c α fermions to order 1/N f Σ c (k, ω) i N f ω 2/3 This leads to the Green s function G(k, ω) 1 ω v F (k k F ) i N f ω 2/3 Note that the order 1/N f term is more singular in the infrared than the bare term; this leads to problems in the bare 1/N f expansion in terms that are dominated by low frequency fermions.

63 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability 1 N f (q 2 + ω /q) 1 ω v F (k k F ) i N f ω 2/3 The infrared singularities of fermion particle-hole pairs are most severe on planar graphs: these all contribute at leading order in 1/N f. Sung-Sik Lee, Physical Review B 80, (2009)

64 Quantum criticality of Pomeranchuk instability 1 N f (q 2 + ω /q) 1 ω v F (k k F ) i N f ω 2/3 A string theory for the Fermi surface?

65 Conformal field theory in 2+1 dimensions at T =0 Einstein gravity on AdS 4

66 Conformal field theory in 2+1 dimensions at T>0 Einstein gravity on AdS 4 with a Schwarzschild black hole

67 Conformal field theory in 2+1 dimensions at T>0, with a non-zero chemical potential, µ and applied magnetic field, B Einstein gravity on AdS 4 with a Reissner-Nordstrom black hole carrying electric and magnetic charges

68 AdS4-Reissner-Nordstrom black hole ) ds 2 = (f(r)dτ L2 2 r 2 + dr2 f(r) + dx2 + dy 2, ( f(r) = 1 1+ (r2 +µ 2 + r+b 4 2 )( ) ) 3 r γ 2 + (r2 +µ 2 + r+b 4 2 ) r + γ [ 2 A = iµ 1 r ] dτ + Bx dy. T = 1 4πr + r + (3 r2 +µ 2 γ 2 r4 +B 2 γ 2 ). ( r r + ) 4,

69 Examine free energy and Green s function of a probe particle T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv: F. Denef, S. Hartnoll, and S. Sachdev, arxiv:

70 Short time behavior depends upon conformal AdS4 geometry near boundary T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv: F. Denef, S. Hartnoll, and S. Sachdev, arxiv:

71 Long time behavior depends upon near-horizon geometry of black hole T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv: F. Denef, S. Hartnoll, and S. Sachdev, arxiv:

72 Radial direction of gravity theory is measure of energy scale in CFT T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv: F. Denef, S. Hartnoll, and S. Sachdev, arxiv:

73 AdS4-Reissner-Nordstrom black hole ) ds 2 = (f(r)dτ L2 2 r 2 + dr2 f(r) + dx2 + dy 2, ( f(r) = 1 1+ (r2 +µ 2 + r+b 4 2 )( ) ) 3 r γ 2 + (r2 +µ 2 + r+b 4 2 ) r + γ [ 2 A = iµ 1 r ] dτ + Bx dy. T = 1 4πr + r + (3 r2 +µ 2 γ 2 r4 +B 2 γ 2 ). ( r r + ) 4,

74 AdS2 x R 2 near-horizon geometry r r + 1 ζ ds 2 = R2 ζ 2 ( dτ 2 + dζ 2) + r2 + R 2 ( dx 2 + dy 2)

75 Infrared physics of Fermi surface is linked to the near horizon AdS2 geometry of Reissner-Nordstrom black hole T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv:

76 AdS4 Geometric interpretation of RG flow T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv:

77 AdS2 x R2 Geometric interpretation of RG flow T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv:

78 Green s function of a fermion T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv: G(k, ω) 1 ω v F (k k F ) iω θ(k) See also M. Cubrovic, J Zaanen, and K. Schalm, arxiv:

79 Green s function of a fermion T. Faulkner, H. Liu, J. McGreevy, and D. Vegh, arxiv: G(k, ω) 1 ω v F (k k F ) iω θ(k) Similar to non-fermi liquid theories of Fermi surfaces coupled to gauge fields, and at quantum critical points

80 Free energy from gravity theory The free energy is expressed as a sum over the quasinormal frequencies, z l, of the black hole. Here l represents any set of quantum numbers: F boson = T l F fermion = T l ln ln ( ( z l 2πT Γ ( izl 2πT ( ) ) Γ izl 2 2πT ) ) 2 Application of this formula shows that the fermions exhibit the dhva quantum oscillations with expected period (2π/(Fermi surface ares)) in 1/B, but with an amplitude corrected from the Fermi liquid formula of Lifshitz- Kosevich. F. Denef, S. Hartnoll, and S. Sachdev, arxiv:

81 Conclusions The AdS/CFT offers promise in providing a new understanding of strongly interacting quantum matter at non-zero density