Marijan Prosen: ZODIAK. List za mlade matematike, fizike, astronome in računalnikarje. ISSN Letnik 26 (1998/1999) Številka 5 Strani
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1 List za mlade matematike, fizike, astronome in računalnikarje ISSN Letnik 26 (1998/1999) Številka 5 Strani Marijan Prosen: ZODIAK Ključne besede: astronomija, vesolje, Sonce, živalski pas, zodiaška znamenja, zodiaška ozvezdja. Elektronska verzija: c 1999 Društvo matematikov, fizikov in astronomov Slovenije c 2010 DMFA založništvo Vse pravice pridržane. Razmnoževanje ali reproduciranje celote ali posameznih delov brez poprejšnjega dovoljenja založnika ni dovoljeno.
2 A stronomija I ZODIAK J asnega dne lahko opazujemo Sonce, kako se navidezno giblje prek neba. Zjutraj vzide na vzhodnem delu ob zorja, dopoldne se dvi ga, opoldne je na j užni strani neb a najviše nad ob zorj em, popold ne se Sonce s p ušč a; na za ho dnem delu ob zorj a pa z veče r zaide. To je navidezn a dnevna pot Sonca nad ob zorj em; poteka od vzhoda proti zahodu. V mislih si jo lahko dopolnimo z no čno potjo od zahoda do ponov nega vzho da, ko je Sonce pod ob zorjem in ga ne vidimo. Navidezno re č emo zat o, ker gibanje Sonca na neb u ni resn i čno. Nam se tako le zdi, saj nas topi zaradi vrtenja Zemlje od zaho da prot i vzhodu. Za razumevanje, kaj je resnično in kaj navidezno, nar edite t ale poskus: Pred seboj iztegnj eno roko premikaj te tako, da jo pr oji cirate na nebo, torej vidite na nebu. Roka se gib lje re sni čno, na nebu glede na kak oblak ( značilni pr edmet) pa lahko opazujete nj eno navidezno gibanje. Ptice, letala, oblaki se gibljejo v zraku nad vami, vi pa jih vidite na nebu. To je njihovo navidezno gibanje. V ist em kr aju se vzhaj ali š č e in zah ajališč e Sonca med let om sp reminjata in s te m navid ezna dnevn a pot Sonca. Opoldne vsakega dne je Sonce raz l i čno visoko. Vse to po me ni, da Son ce spre m inja lego glede na zvezde, ki ne spreminjajo medseb ojnih leg na nebu. Večina zvezd vzhaja in za haja kot Son ce. D olo čen a zvezda pa im a vedno isto v z hajal i š č e in prav tako isto z ahaja li š č e. O te m se lahko prepr i čamo, če opazujemo, kje na obzorju vzide in kje za ide kaka svetlejša, dobro znana zvezd a. Razen dnevn ega navidezn ega gibanja ima Sonce t udi navidezno letno gibanje. Med let om se prem ika glede na zvezde. To gibanje poteka od zahoda proti vzhodu, to rej v nasprotni sme ri od dnevnega. Sonce naredi en navid ezni obho d (360 ) po nebesni krogli v 365 d neh, to je v enem letu, ko Zemlja obkroži Sonce. V enem dnevu se Sonce gled e na zvezde premakne za 360 / 365, kar je nekaj manj od 1. Navidez ni letni poti Sonca r ečem o ekliptika (slika 1). Navidez na letna pot r e č emo zato, ker ta pot Sonca med zvezdami ni r esn i čna. Ker kr oži Zemlj a okrog Sonca, se nam zdi, da se Sonce premika: To je tako, kot se nam zdi, da se premikajo sicer miruj o č e hiše in dr evesa glede na ozadje, če jih opazujemo iz drvečega vlaka ali avt omobila. Eklipti ko lahko prikažem o kot krožnico na neb esni kr ogli ali pa kot valovito č r t o ~ val, sestavljen iz hri ba in dolin e (slika 2). Ek liptika pr e čka
3 I Astronomija na \ 'i d ~ z n j pre mik Sonca na nf'bu / _ =~~ - ~ - ~- S, ~r.:::;~--' ", ~:Y Zemlje... 1\ Z1 ;i(;-p(ii;---!.:~~~~ :~~~~~ <;) Slika 1. Navide zna let na pot Sonca na nebu (eklipt ika ) - posled ica krožen ja Zem lje okrog So nc a. Zl - lega Zem lje v času tl (npr ), Z2 - lega Zemlje v poznejš em čas u t2 (n pr ), SI - navide zna lega Sonca v č asu ti, S2 - lega Sonca v ta. Z Zemlje v legi Z I, "vid imo" So nce v sm eri Zl Sl, z Z2 pa v smeri Z2S2. Pri premaknitvi Zemlje iz ZI v Z2, se Son ce na nebu premakne iz SI v 82. V mesecu d ni se Son ce navidezno premakne iz enega v drugo ozvezdje zod ia ka. Venem let u navidezno prečka vse h 12 ozvezd ij. Tako naredi So nc e ravno en navid ezni obhod preko celot ne ga neba. - "l... - CD -e- - ~ '" Slika 2. Ekliptika, prikazana kot kr ivulja. Krožci s piko o z n ačuj ejo na krivulji n avid ezne lege So nca vsakeg a p rvega v mesecu. Dne je Sonce navidezn o v oz vezdj u Lev blizu njegove glavne zvezde (a) Regu!. Na krivulji lahko ugotovim o, kje (oz vez dje) in kd a j (d a t u m ) se navid ezno giblje Son ce m ed let om ; najdalj ši dan (22. 6.), "ko je Sonce najvišj e na kri vulj i" (v ozvezdju Dvo j čka oz. zn amenju Rak), najkraj ši dan ( ), "ko je So nce naj nižje na krivulji " (v ozvezdj u Strelec oz. znamenju Ko zorog). o ~.. İ -ọ.,.... () '" lo... - JI o
4 1270 Astronomija I d o l o čen a ozvezdja, kar po meni, d a med let om Sonce navidezn o pr e čka ta ozvezdja. V razli čnih dneh leta je Son ce nav idez v raz li čnih ozvezdjih. Ker imajo ta ozvezdja večinoma imena po živalih, se pas ozvezdij (±S O) ob eklipt iki imenuje živslski pas ali zodiak. P esniško mu rečejo tudi živalska cesta (slika 3). Venem letu Sonce nav idez preč ka naslednjih dvanaj st ozvezdij zodiaka: Oven, Bik, Dvojčka, R ak, Lev, vide zno v ozvezdj u Škorpijon, tega oz Slika 3. Zod ia k. Kad ar je npr. Son ce na Devica, Tehtnica, Škorpijo n, Strelec, vezdj a ne moremo videti, saj je na neb u Kozorog, Vodnar, Ribi. podnevi, pač pa lahko opazujemo ponoči Na eklipt iki leži t oč ka, ki ji rečem o p omladiš če ali to čka Gama. njemu nasprotna zod iaška ozvezdja, ki sta v na šem primeru Dvoj čka in Bik. O zn ačuj em o jo s simbolom (zn amenjem) ozvezdja Oven - er. Pom l adi š č e je točka, v kat ero pride Sonce pri svojem navidezn em letnem gibanju ob spom ladans kem en akon očj u (okoli ). V vesolju in tako t udi na nebu se vse giblje. Premika se t udi pom l adi š če. Zem ljo si lahko predst avlj amo kot vr tavko s po ševno vrtilno osjo. Zaradi p ri vl ačn e sile Sonca in Lune Zemljina vrtiina os op leta - opisuje p laš č stožca v prostoru. To ima za po sledico, da se pom ladiš če zelo počasi, vendar vztrajno, navidezno premika po ek1ip tiki od vzhoda proti zahodu. Zaradi t ega se spre minja navidezna podoba zvezdnega neba ali drugač e po vedano, spreminjajo se lege zvezd glede na er, ki predstavlja i zhod i šče koordinatnega sistema na neb u. Pomlad i š č e naredi en ob hod (360 ) po ekliptiki približno v letih. Venem letu se navidezno premakne za 360 / = '/ , kar je približno l ' (ena kotna minuta). V 2000 letih se p o ml ad i šče navidezno pr emakne za 2000', t o je za 2000 ' / 60, kar je okoli 30. V 2000 let ih torej pom lad i š če n avidezn o prep ot uje iz enega v drugo zod iaš ko ozvezdj e. Ob začet ku n ašega štetja, ko so "sest avlj ali" ozvezdja, je bilo p omlad i š če v ozvezdj u Oven. Takr at so p omlad i š č e ozn ači li s simbolom 'r t ega ozvezdja. Do dan es se je p omlad i š č e premaknilo v ozvezdje Rib, Ovn ov simbo l (zname nje) pa je ostal. Slika 4. P re maknitev pom lad i š č a ; pred približno 2000 leti je pomlad i š č e ležalo v ozvezdj u Ovna, do danes pa se je premaknilo v ozvezdje Ri bi.
5 Astronomija Razlikovati mor amo me d zodiaškimi ozvezdji in zodiaškimi oz. nebesnimi znamenji. Zodi aška znamenja so do bila ime po dvanajs t ih zodiaških ozvezdjih, ki so bila v teh legah pred 2000 let i. Zodiaška znamenja razdelijo ekliptiko na 12 povsem enakih delov, zodiaš ka ozvezdja pa ne. Vsako znamenje obsega 360 / 12 = 30 na eklipt iki. Pred 2000 let i so se zodiaška znamenja ujem ala z zodiaškimi ozvezdji. Zaradi prem aknit ve p oml adi š č a za 30 so se z njo prem aknila t udi znamenja st ran od ozvezdij, po katerih so dobil a ime. Sedaj enako imen o vano znamenje in ozvezdje nimata ve č iste lege, ki se šteje prav od izbrane točke na neb u - pom ladi š ča. Zat o izjava, da je Sonce danes v do lo čenem ozvezdju, ne pomeni, da je v ist oimenskem znamenju. To kaže naslednja preglednica: Zodiaško Čas gibanja Sonca Zodiaško Čas gibanja Sonca ozvezdje v ozvezdju znamenje v znamenju Ribi Oven Oven Bik Bik Dvo j čka Dvoj čka Rak Rak Lev Lev Devica Devica Tehtnica Teht nica Škorpijon Škorpijon Strelec ( K ačenosec) Str elec Kozorog Kozorog Vodnar Vodnar Ribi P ov e zava med zodiaškim ozvezdjem in z namenjem. Zaradi navideznega prem ika nja p oml adi š č a se zn a m enja premikaj o v sm eri proti zaho d u glede na ist oimen ska ozvezdj a. Č e smo bili npr. rojeni v znamenju Ribi, j e bilo So nce ob naš em rojst vu v ozvezd j u Vodnar. Opomba: Pri svojem nav id eznem letnem gib anj u pr e čka Son ce m ed ozvezdjema Škorpijon in Strelec tudi del ozvezd ja Kač e nosec (Ofij uh), Tega ozvezdja pa ne m oremo jema t i za zo d iaš keg a, saj se ga velika ve čina razteguj e zelo d al e č od ekliptike. Zodiaškim ozvezdj em včasih rečemo t udi eklip t iška ozvez dja, sa j ležijo neposredno ob ekliptiki. V vsake m od zo d iaških ozvezdij se Sonce navidezn o zadržuj e neka j č asa, od enega tedna do enega meseca, odvisno od t ega, ka ko ra zse žno je ozve zd je. V zod iaške m znamenju pa se zadržuj e točno en m esec. V d avni ni so ljudj e vid eli zodiak kot velik pas ozve zdij, ki kro žijo po nebu. Za nji h je bila t o sve t a pot, po kateri potujejo Sonce, Lu na in pla neti. Za mnoge je v preteklih časih pomenil zod ia k veliko nebesno uro. Sonce vz haja ved no v enem od omenj enih oz vez d ij, prav tako t udi Luna in planeti.
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