;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Transcription

1 #$ (!" #$ %&'$).!" # $ -. *&+!, - - '() &! 1396/11/20 : "9 1396/03/09 :/ 012 )*+, 8 1< ;> 6= 4 ;$< -. /0 12* )7 )7 829: )70<6<68?=J I0<6 BC A< D*;EF 80GHF 6*NEC )* < *;6+*DM0)70<66L04;K/0 C*E G08?6 1060) 87*A 4 40A /)?<=*?J O*P4 7E?< ST 7E?< 80U 8 <6V Q A< 4.) <6P 07 4 ST9 87<4 ( X6*)Z[0 56)7 D06 7E?< 82? A< ) 8*F)6= 107*A /*+RF >RF< P ) 80U.1< 8=6V <6.) 4R=< 7E?< 80U 8*F ^ U S<7> 8 (1: <6VF SJ PE< <G< ESP <G<56? A< 80U )78KCP 1_ `7 <6 44 a*2 )J 1) c0=? 8 8_F ) 4R=< ecognition <G<56? 8 8[b? 4 SJ <6_< R 6^? 4 8<4< 4.) d[=?< 8U )78KCP 07 a<6<ie 80U <6 8 82C7 Z[0 X6* ecognition <G<56? 4 << 60fF ) 5H?<?<)* )04A )J 1) c0=? 8b02.)?) g<6[=< 4J6 < 4 6^? 4 i<)< 40A 8_4 F 8=b?<F h Q 8 )4 S? 82C7.4A.ST9 87<4 <6V Q X6* Z[0 56)7:)*; SV < Fariba.darabad@gmail.com :<=> '>

2 89...A< 4R=< Z[0 56)7 07 g<6[=< 8)2!.(2004 LMD K BC) A D# E9 F!" A Q L'F / C' RS / $ A ()?F () A T US P P /?!'.(1996 L9 6 Y K1995 LMD 5 2= K X) K L9)I) VC D#!" # ' >9 ] DF!" /P\!" /# (1972) 7 Z _ ` a <XQ LXD G!" '! A ES^ <M\?!' ]!" < LXD 'A 'M2 Q?$> '>9!".- ^ \ /P'\ 'A ^ (LSPs 8 )@A BC) 2 b\ c)9 F(9 _ R) < f VC) L?!' EM\.( E))\ ev+ />>- d! -j\2 Ek *&+ if 1- h /C' Y gp 9 11 Z2# K M>'A 0i)'> h A l L f &> I*_?!' c)9 D> f mq?f '* UiP /l-?!'.( E) G\i K1998 LMD *! /\1- <*! '!! '> _ # DF M e! M! E>2 /nq /> /\ 'D\A RFi+ : Gl-)''# q\ p(9 _ < BC) < p A ()?!' G99 /D oq) )9.(1 :2010 LMD 16 G>)I) /?F!" ] R* C A 15 ' )) j l A *&+ R,9 E BC) < A ()?!' '/&+ 'jq # + /.( ID) g K2004 LMD '& /\^.'& /^ '& /\^ :( e9 >)\ >9 DF 1 - Pike 2 - Rasemann 3 - Thorn 4 - Scheidegger 5 -Leopold 6 -Rhoads 7 -Evans 8 - Land-surface parameters 9 -Strobl 10 - Blaszczynski 11 - Coops 12 - Blaschke and Strobl 13 - Gerçek 14 - Digital elevation model 15 - slope and curve 16 - Eisank 17 -Fisher 18 - Mark and Smith 19 -Romstad and Etzel müller

3 f > Z- :<k ) /' >M\ LXD G!-29 )2 BC) (2004 LMD 4 Li G 2000 LMD 3 <k )M /M&\ (2012 <) A /M&\ q#9 /) 'jq '& /^ e$ 9*C_ '& /^ A M.( Z> <k )?$ '> /&\ /! T A /# 7 G\i R-)I) (MRS 6 )/9'l VC) ' jq >- () /#?!' # n9 A - \ E9 /# L 2006 US / /9 e$ ^ R*C_ G99 0 (MRS ')@A BC) ' >9 /) /.(2 :2014LMD 9 G>)I) 1 # /# _ # LA.I) \ \ A f A P / /# \?$ (Q #?!' )'\ '/&+ /C A *9 9 r Y).# ) ') L> # XQ?!' (1387) 9 & t D\ s_ I) <XQ /*)9 A \ ') L> # vp\ # A / (1391) LMD L\.P XQ -] A I)u > # 0 # 10 0 A () GP +'?!' ' /&+ G!" \ VC) L '/&+ r.\ A a$ # GP /C'?!' '/&+ )'\?M. _ * Y cp wnp P / S 49/8 US /C'?!' / RS / f j ]2 /$.# '/&+ a$ /C'?!' (1393)L& /_ Lf A * (% 32/19 ) / f / x /* C /C'?!' r Y).\ /" /&+ 10. (% 25/36) A '/&+ / -\ G99 0 A () ]2 (2011) 11 )) '/&+ A I &\ j ]2 A f I) r.'p2 SRTM ١٢ 14 2 /P /z^ M?!' ]2 (2012) LMD 13 92).'\ /C' / I # () GIS A j$') G'M9 A f j _ /* C n9 A -\ ' /&+ / ]2 (2014)LMD 15 g)#.# /9 /C'!" 1 - Giles and Franklin 2 - Matsuura and Aniya 3 - Band 4 - MacMillan 5 -Miliaresis, 6 -multiresolution segmentation 7 - Drăguţ and Blaschke 8 - Van Asselen and Seijmonsbergen 9 - Eisank 10 - wood 11 - Lucian and Clemens 12 - Shuttle Radar Topography Mission 13 - Sethupathi 14 - Ponnaiyar 15 - Kassouk

4 91...A< 4R=< Z[0 56)7 07 g<6[=<.'p2 e D) <*! L(9f?!' # / I / 1 R{) f I) (9f /C' G!" <M\ )'\@A A A R"e j ]2 A f I) / A@\ ]2 (2015)LMD 2 A. ^ 11 '9 D_ / /# ^ f / x / -\ 0 A () G99 RS / _ /* C /C' _ )'\ /* C XQ-(9f?!' -\ 0 A () (2016) /9 Lf / _ )'\ '> # t a' jq I\ u Li&) D\ /' XQ g) wnp / XQ?!' )'\ U /* q' XQ 'f! h9 I9 R\ / <^ /\1- /#!-29 D_ c\ E / g) LXD XQ?!'.I) XQ $f XQ ) i) R\ 9 f #9 -e 0>- /C' G?!' +'?D9 / )) LM L LA /'e E / - > # +'!-29 IQ) c\.\ / Li&) D\ /'.'# )'\ jd2 + D9 9 D D\ /' ] Li&).I> 12LM Lf +'?D9 / L)f )) '9!-29 A p(9 +P.I) XQ /# D_ A p(9 )'\@A mq L1- E / Lf A u /'e US?e> 'A )) LM /# +' ] I*_ )'\ 9 f )'\ #P /D #P < A A.I) A ID '> e!? 8 /Q> MRS A f )'\ f jd2 I &)' 0.I) \ () Ecognition 8KC 4 82C7 54' ' I*_ /# I) E L) Li&) D\ /' /* C /C' /) A _\ t Li&) > # 9.I)/!- _ D\ 38 29' ' _\ 47 q\.i) BC) A 4811 /C' \ EM9 (9f ' /_ EM9 /Q L /# I A p A (9f A- A > # '9 > D\ IAf E\ # A E&_ M /^ Li&) I *!.(81 :1388 +)I) \ / / /9.(24 :1976 L) I) /!- RS I) e9# I9u A EM # A * p(9 +P / / _ Li&) > # /C' (1386 D )E L) D_ f Y).(82 :1388 +)I) U A \2 <) qt t ep I+ A ' A /u) (L E" /'_ \@)/C' )'\ $'> /> XQ em\ h9 I9 R\ /? ' XQ mq f D I) } p A 9DF Li&) # 2 D #.I). s9 qt s(9 +' 1 - spot satellite 2 - Vaz 3 - Pedersen 4 -Didon et Germain

5 KC 4 82C7 1*KP 82? :1 D+ Q 4< XQ?!' oq) I Lf A F(9 _ < /u A /* '.I) \ () /C' 1:25000!-29 / A F(9 _ < /u /9.I) \ () /9 / /.'> j () /u /) ' Li2 ' 1 E!2.I) \ /P2 #1 /u >RF< P ) 8*F c \ () /C' 1:25000 / A F(9 _ < IP) j dem IP) /?_ / f /M&\ F(9 x A9 xcp LXD A () Arcmap e!? /u 'A GM(9 R_ R&F / <) q)' F(9 _ < /9 )) RM A M.\ / <) F(9 _ < 1 CP 0 A q)' <) A aq \ /9 F(9 < CP D\ /C)I) \ () (RMSE) 3 s = ( ) :1 D\ /C L *_ -A A ES^ f *9 N CP Le RMSE - A CP Le RMSE.(50 :1387 LMD \F) /C A j /> M \ -A \ ' j2 ud* BS L'F / I P F(9 < /9 (F(9 /C 1040)f?) G ^ F(9 CP A r.i!- _ () \ /9 F(9 < \ ' j2 CP A I F(9 < I < RFi+ / /9.I) \ /" 1 D\ < RS / \ /9 F(9 < l.\ aq j D# CP +P / 10 <) A 1 - profile curvature 2 - plan curvature and mean curvature 3 - Root Mean Square Error

6 93...A< 4R=< Z[0 56)7 07 g<6[=< >RF< ) <6 k6@*l?* j_ Ce /7 :1 )_ /15 ; A<)?< RMSE 7E?< ST D06 7E?< 80U f /#! / /9 I)! ID XQ g) )'\ /' ' s_ E!2 ' /u.i) z?au g) oq) A?# (' F 0A <) L A9 '' xcp DF /' q\ I (S F 0A * /!! +' ' L I&k F a /> +' 9 I&k F 0A / /9.(2 EM\)I) > ' L +' E!2 ' /u DF I /' ' Li2 ' /u. L / g) I*_ (' F /> a +' I&k F L A9 '' ) ' /u.\ g) I*_ 9 (' F EM\)'> /!! * +' L /> a +' I&k F * +' (' Li2 ' /u ' F ST D06 7E?< 80U 4 7E?< 1_ 87<4 D+ :2D+ ' E!2 ' /u Lf oq) XQ g)! \ /(- q C / /9 /) D\ <M\.\ () SAGA e!? c A ' Li2. L b! 9Fi+ /u

7 S04< )3< 8 D06 7E?< 80U :3 D+ S04< )3< 8 ST 7E?< 80U :4 D+

8 95...A< 4R=< Z[0 56)7 07 g<6[=< S04< )3< 7E?< 80U :5 D+ 7Q /&+ 0 / 9DF \?!' /2'! oq) G99 / / G99 /D 0 A)< F(9 _ < E9 /2E>M2 '/&+ LXD RT ' oq) '/&+ j : E)\ x -\ E9 M \ L'F / -\ ' /&+ 0.I) \ () Ecognition e!? 8 /Q> -\ 0 A?!' '/&+ 'f! (+ '# /2/^ /2E>M2 M RFi+ /) A 2 m*9 s if \ oq) n9 \ Y) 9 A > RFi+ () '* cd9 / $' A ().\ () \ 9Fi+ /u ) A /'A I! n9 G <) -\ 9 /'A SnQ r $ q 9BS \ ' /&+ /# '# \ /'A I! (+ RFi+ / /9 T E>M2 A - RS / 9 \.(2012 &D$))'\ M!" '9 n9 '\ n9 A)I'D)? /# \ m*9 M (+ RSnP '9 E>M2 / I&> \ \ E>M2 d! / I&> \ d! n9 E9 RS / - \ / n9 E&9 T' / 9 /# I) / G'M9 G n9 A)I'D).\ () / n'f L'F/ I! EM\ Ek A (+ 0A if \ E>M2 />.\ () /# \ e Y 9 # /# e A.'# () n9 E9 IQ -2 /C mq VC) \ $ Lf if.'# e#d9 T \ # U1^ T.(2010M\i) \ () oq) '! A)M\f /& I A! D> x&9 ID e"^ > \ $ /u '/*C_ q)' T <M\ /u '/*C_ \ aq Y 1 -Nabil and Moawad

9 En( RS / /u /9 0 E^.I) \ () Ecognition e!? / ESP _ e A j ]2.I) \ f / A p(9 E / Li&) D\ /' XQ g) oq) <& / j <XQ XQ g) EM9 U EM\ / Lf 0 DF /# '# I! A I+ T Y).( L&)'> XQ t A g).i) q)' /' c)9 /# '> L> # <XQ /1,9 E /! EM\ / l g) (2004:154)Z # EM\ XQ <M\ A I(- L9 g) G! / /9.\ )_ q\2 3 I' )i-) A 9 E!2 ' Li2 ' I \2 /l G c)9 9DF /# g) m# '9 g) ) G A DF + / / L9 oq) g)! j / /9.\ EM9 \.# '<! 6 D\ EM\ RS (4:2010 S<+ /?b0<) R ) :6 Y A I) n9 G mq \ A) > 2 Y A) I q)' \ oq) <M\ A D> h9 A)I'D) q)' Y /)f L# vq.(115 :2010Gl-)\ () CP jaf 0 A \ ud^.i) ID 2 >?!' oq) A)I'D) I -\ ES 4 *z Z 0 A)I'D) I q)' A (2010)LMD R-.( ) g#)i) /! /*)9 n9 E9 /e$9 Y /.#!* (ROC-LV)*z Z R,9 ƒ C) / Y BC) G A Z G' /nq / I&> Y RnQ L9 ROC-LV D S /_ /)f >(9 /) 2 - Embleton and Hamann 3 -Glasser and Bennett 4 -local variance 5 - Woodcock & Strahler

10 97...A< 4R=< Z[0 56)7 07 g<6[=<? A () /* C /C' b! ''.( LMD R-)# 2 Al BC) G Y /# L /C' (7 D\ EM\)b! '' >(9 \ /9 Y BC) 100 ESP e! Q)?!' p / /9. A)I'D) \ aq A)I'D) I /' Y L'F / 36 Y CP jaf ROC-LV <4? :7 D+ 56)7 g<6[=<! / /9.I) ID e"^ > g) ) Y cp I*_ oq) a9 EM\ DF + /.\ () /u a <M\ A Y CP '/&+ /# M'?$.\ vq Li2 ' I&k 0A /) / Y () MRS Ecognition e!? c A /u A)I'D) \ E>M2 G '/*C_ 'f! : Q) e9)i) E# / e M )'\ \ q#9 oe (?!' )9 e EM\ ^ / L) M9 / \ Atf m*9 :1394 LMD #_2)'M A$9 \ m*9 /)f A /# / A 9 EM\)f I) / Y cp /u 'A A + A r />?$ Y cp! -].(8 D\ 6 - Baatz and Schäp

11 a<6ce 80U :8 D+ \ m*9 Ecognition e!? c 2 EM\ \ /" ( < / /9 / G! m*9 (2 EM\ / /9 ) /#! / /9 g) I*_ I /^. L Ecognition e!? A D 9 D\ EM\.\ oq) /* C /u g) / Arcgis e!? c \ /!- P # E! RS / \ /!- r A *.\ /9 10 D\ EM\ RS / Y CP Ecognition <G<56? A< 0? :9D+

12 99...A< 4R=< Z[0 56)7 07 g<6[=< a<6<ie X6* 82? :10 D+ 6*V8H*=? Li&) D\ /' XQ g) -\ 0 A () G99 /D M j / /9.(11 EM\)\ /" L g) I*_ /# / RS / # /$.\ oq) 24 )'\ g) e!? c m*9 g) XQ g) L'F / \ m*9! T A /# # )'\ /C /' DF I.\ s_ 3800 u p(9 D9.I) L) M 58 9 M 31.I) at <D\ <D\ ID) / f 24 GM(9 R_ IRS n9 n >(9 \?$ A f I) r />.A) f j ]2 T U />9 b! 0 A / 9 /# L Google earth A \ /9 n9.# \ )'\ +' A A?$ /?_ I*_ # r />?!' oq) e!? ap 9 <&_ E_ I_ e!? A f I) /$ /> A A \ /9 ZMF \?$ R> A /D 11 D\ EM\.I) L'F 'A I\ r b&c /# \ L e!? P <D\ XQ g) 'A G99/D 0 G A () # *) m*9 f! IP'\ _ T?!' oq) /# )) /=>.'# )'\ Li&) # vnq9 /$9 s_.i) A)I'D) /' Y Lf I) e!? /nq u 'A I_ & j 2 RiM A.I) ID e"^ > G99 /D \ L'F / LM Q & >?!' oq) I_ 5 2 LXD u F(9 _ I\ f I) P /> RS u I_!' 'A I) P &)' I_ A e!? I(- L9 I) <&_ E_ A P ^ 9

13 ) (2011)LMD j (2010)LMD G> LXD ' c)9 \?$ # e?!' ) XQ g) )'\ /'A (2011)LMD?<)* )04A(g < < 60fF (d <G< 56? ) g<6[=< X6* A< < 8?? (n< :11D+ '/*C_ 0 # (1394) (S?# ReF 9'_ ) # _2!, j ]2 /$ L#-e /z^ /'M! xq A) )'\ (+n /(S 1394 e2 3 D\ 47 *&+ L> # XQ : /* C XQ?!' ) (1387) 9 /n* &.121 /(S /(S A; 64 D\, 40, 1387 L>9 :!, ]2 ')?!' \ RT ' /&+ (1391) fd^ F A o! l' D &$ L\ 0) /'n! (a$ /C' : /D) G!" 2 A () GP +' M!" vs.(14 22) 2 D\?l <) GIS A j$').? l Z_ R L!" (1384) D + if 2?it,D q^,@> IQAf,@ '>^,Af Dˆ#,&# F LM, \F!-29 / ef /z^!-e! RSnP /&) I E>M2 (1387)F /(S 9 47 /(S A; 8 D\, 2, 1387 L>A : L /'n! L 1: (TPI)!-29 I*_ vp\ A ()?!' ' /&+ (1393)*) L&,/z?M D\, 23, 1393 L>A :!, RFi+ (a L)\ ' /C' : /* C). 65 /(S 9 57 /(S A; 92 (gis)!, RFi+ >) D_ R* C -E L) jf V+ (1386) <) D k7

14 101...A< 4R=< Z[0 56)7 07 g<6[=< Band, L., Tague, C., Brun, S., Tenenbaum, D., Fernandes, R., Modelling watersheds as spatial object hierarchies: structure and dynamics. Trans. GIS 4, Blaschke, T., Object based image analysis for remote sensing. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 65, Baatz, M. and Schäp, A. (2000). "Multiresolution Segmentation: an optimization approach for high quality multi-scale image segmentation". Heidelberg. Pp Didon, J., and Germain, Y.M., 1976, Le Sablan, Volcan Plio-Quaternaire de l Azerbaidjan oriental (Iran): étude géologique ET pétrographique de l'édifice ET de son environment regional."phd diss., University Scientifique ET Medical de Grenoble (1976). Drăguţ, L., Blaschke, T., Automated classification of landform elements using object based image analysis. Geomorphology 81, Drăguţ, L, Eisanka, C, Strasser, T,(2010) Local variance for multi-scale analysis in geomorphometry, Geomorphology, Volume 130, Issues 3 4, 15 July 2011, Pages Drăguţ.L, Clemens Eisank(2011), Automated object-based classification of topography from SRTM data, Geomorphology (2012) Ecoginition Developer 2012: User guide, Ecoginition Developer imaging. Eisank, C., Drăguţ, L., Götz, J. and Blaschke, T. (2010) Developing a semantic model of glacial landforms for object-based terrain classification - the example of glacial cirques. In: Addink, E.A. and F.M.B. Van Coillie (Eds.) GEOBIA 2010-Geographic Object-Based Image Analysis. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 29 June 2 July. ISPRS Vol.No. XXXVIII-4/C7, Archives ISSN No Eisank, C., Smith, M., Hillier, J.,(2014), Assessment of multiresolution segmentation for delimiting drumlins in digital, Geomorphology, GEOMOR-04677; No of Pages 13 Embleton, C. And Hamann, C., A comparison of cirque forms between the Austrian Alps and the Highlands of Britain. Zeitschrift für Geomorphology, Suppl.- Bd. 70, pp Evans, I.S., General Geomorphometry, derivatives of altitude, and descriptive statistics. In: Chorley, R.J. (Ed.), Spatial Analysis in Geomorphology. Harper & Row, pp Evans, I.S., Cirque, glacial. In: A.S. Goudie (Ed), Encyclopedia of Geomorphology, Volume 1, A-I. Routledge, London and New York, pp Fisher, P., Wood, J. and Cheng, T., Where is Helvellyn Fuzziness of multi-scale landscape morphometry, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 29(1), pp Gerçek, D., 2010, Object-based classification of landforms based on their local geometry and geomorphometric context, Ph.D., Department of Geodetic and Geographic Information Technologies, Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Vedat Toprak Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Josef Strobl March 2010, 202 pages. Giles, P.T., Franklin, S.E., An automated approach to the classification of the slope units using digital data. Geomorphology 21, Glasser, N.F. Bennett, M.R., Glacial erosional landforms: origins and significance for palaeoglaciology. Progress in Physical Geography, 28(1), pp Leopold, L.B., Wolman, M.G., Miller, J.P., Fluvial Processes in Geomorphology. Dover, New York, 522 pp., reprinted from 1964 edition. MacMillan, R.A., Jones, R.K., McNabb, D.H., Defining a hierarchy of spatial entities for environmental analysis and modeling using digital elevation models (DEMs). Compute. Environ. Urban. Syst. 28,

15 Mark, D. and Smith, B., A science of topography: From qualitative ontology to digital representations. In: M. Bishop and J. Shroder (eds), Geographic Information Science and Mountain Geomorphology. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp Matsuura, T., Aniya, M., Automated segmentation of hillslope profiles across ridges and valleys using a digital elevation model. Geomorphology 177 (178), Miliaresis, G.C., Extraction of bajadas from digital elevation models and satellite imagery. Compute. Geosci. 27, Nabil S.E, Moawad B. M,2014, A semi-automated approach for mapping geomorphology of El Bardawil Lake, Northern Sinai, Egypt,using integrated remote sensing and GIS techniques, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (2014) Volume 17, Issue 1, June 2014, Pages Pedersen, G.B.M. (2016), Semi-automatic classification of glaciovolcanic landforms: An object-based mapping approach based on geomorphometry, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research,Volume 311, 1 February 2016, Pages Pike, R.J., Geomorphometry progress, practice, and prospect. Zeitschrift für Geomorphology,Supplement band 101, Rasemann, S., Schmidt, J., Schrott, L., Dikau,R., Geomorphometry in mountain terrain. In: Bishop, M.P., Shroder, J.F. (Eds.), GIS & Mountain Geomorphology. Springer, Berlin, pp Rhoads, B.L., Thorn, C.E. (Eds.), The Scientific Nature of Geomorphology, 27th Binghamton Symposium in Geomorphology, Proceedings September. Wiley, Chichester, UK, 481 pp. Scheidegger, A.E., Theoretical Geomorphology, 3rd edition. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 434 pp. Thorn, C.E., An Introduction to Theoretical Geomorphology. Unwin Hyman, Boston, 247 pp. Thornbury, W.D., Principles of Geomorphology. Wiley, New York, 618 pp. Seijmonsbergen, A.C., Current trends in geomorphological mapping. Geophysical Research Abstracts, vol. 14, EGU , 2012, EGU General Assembly, Vienna. Sethupathi A.S,Lakshmi Narasimhan C,Vasanthamohan.V(2012), valuation of hydro geomorphological landforms and lineaments using GIS And Remote Sensing techniques in Bargur Mathur sub watersheds, Ponnaiyar River basin, India, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences Volume 3 Issue 1, PP Strobl, J. (2008). Segmentation-based Terrain Classification. In: Q. Zhou, B. Lees and G. A. Tang, Advances in Digital Terrain Analysis, Series Lecture Notes in Geoinformation and Cartography, New York, Springer, Van A, S., Seijmonsbergen, A.C., Expert-driven semi-automated geomorphological mapping for a mountainous area using a laser DTM. Geomorphology 78, Vaz, D.A., Sarmento, P.T.K, Barata, M.T., Fenton, L.K., Michaels, T.I. (2015), Objectbased Dune Analysis: Automated dune mapping and pattern characterization for Ganges Chasma and Gale crater, Mars, Geomorphology Volume 250, 1 December 2015, Pages Woodcock, C.E., Strahler, A.H., The factor of scale in remote-sensing. Remote Sensing of Environment 21,