1.8-MHz, 48-V Resonant VRM: Analysis, Design, and Performance Evaluation

Transcription

1 1.8-MHz, 48- Resonan RM: Analysis, Design, Performane Evaluaion aszlo Huber 1, Kevin Hsu, Milan M. Jovanović 1, Dennis Solley 3, Gennady Gurov 3, Rober Porer 3 1 Dela Produs Corporaion Dela Eleronis, In. 3 Advaned Energy Indusries, In. Power Eleronis aboraory DC/DC Engineering BU 165 Sharp Poin Drive P.O. Box Tung Yuan Road For Collins, CO 855, U.S.A. 511 Davis Drive Chung i Indusrial Zone RTP, NC 779, U.S.A. Taoyuan Shieh, Taiwan, R.O.C. Absra - A deailed analysis of operaion a basi design proedure for a new high-frequeny (HF) resonan-onverer ehnology wih phase-shifed regulaion is presened. The new HF resonan ehnology has a good poenial o be a oseffeive soluion for he volage regulaion modules (RMs) for he nex generaions of miroproessor sysems. The new HF resonan ehnology is employed in he developmen of a 1.8- MHz, 48-, 13-W ( , 1 A) RM. Experimenal resuls are provided. The paper is organized as follows. In Seion II, a deailed analysis of operaion is performed. In Seion III, a basi design proedure is given. The implemenaion of he 1.8- MHz, 48-, 13-W resonan RM is presened in Seion I. Experimenal resuls are provided in Seion. II. ANAYSIS A. Priniple of Operaion I. INTRODUCTION The simplified irui diagram of AE s new resonan onverer wih phase-shifed regulaion is shown in Fig. 1. furher inrease he proessing speed effiieny, This is an isolaed onverer wih a half-bridge inverer on he fuure generaions of miroproessor sysems require lower primary side a urren-doubler reifier on he seondary operaing volages (below 1 ) a higher load urrens (above side. The primary-side half-bridge inverer operaes in open 13 A) wih high slew raes (up o 15 A/µs) [1]. High load loop wih 5% duy yle generaes a reangular urrens wih high slew raes igher oupu-volage (rapezoidal) a volage. The seondary-side urren-doubler regulaion windows require volage regulaion modules reifier uses synhronous reifiers Q. Diodes D 1 (RMs) wih fas ransien responses. ahieve a fas D represen he body diodes of he synhronous ransien response, he power onversion mus be performed reifiers. For he resonan operaion, an exernal induor a higher swihing frequenies (above 1 MHz). Higher ex is added in series wih he ransformer primary winding, swihing frequenies enable onrols wih higher bwidh apaiors C 1 C (C 1 = C = C) are added in parallel feedbak, whih in urn require less oupu apaiane. As a o he synhronous reifiers. resul, only surfae moun erami apaiors an be used a simplify he analysis, i is assumed ha oupu-filer he oupu, whih are less expensive poenially more induanes F1 F oupu-filer apaiane C F are reliable han he ommonly used elerolyi analum suffiienly large, so ha hey an be represened wih urren apaiors. Furher, a inreased power levels, he 48- soures / a volage soure, respeively, as shown disribuion bus volage is more feasible han he 1- in he equivalen irui in Fig.. Also, i is assumed ha he disribuion bus volage in order o keep he disribuion synhronous reifiers Q are ideal, exep for heir losses low, espeially for he high-end server worksaion oupu apaianes, whih are inluded ino he parallel appliaions []. mee all hese requiremens, new highperformane RMs are needed. C 1 Reenly, a new high-frequeny (HF) resonan-onverer D1 ehnology wih phase-shifed regulaion was inrodued by Advaned Energy (AE) [3], [4]. AE s new HF resonan Q HB1 C HB1 ex F1 ehnology has proven o be a os-effeive soluion for T 1 C F RMs for he nex generaion of miroproessor sysems. in N 1 failiae he undersing of AE s new resonan ehnology, in his paper a deailed analysis of operaion F Q HB C HB oad a basi design proedure for AE s HF resonan onverer wih Q phase-shifed regulaion are presened. The new HF D resonan-onverer ehnology wih phase-shifed regulaion is employed in he developmen of a 1.8-MHz, 48-, 13-W C ( , 1 A) resonan RM. Fig. 1 Simplified irui diagram of AE s new resonan onverer

2 C 1 v HB in - in T sw / T sw T 1 r v HB N 1 D 1 Q i Q, i (T ) (a) T - T1, T - T3 [Mode I] C 1 i i (T ) [Mode I] Fig. Equivalen irui of AE s new resonan onverer resonan apaianes C 1 C. Finally, i is assumed ha he magneizing induane of ransformer T 1 is suffiienly large, so ha i an be negleed, while he leakage induane of he ransformer is lumped wih exernal induane ex. The oal primary-side induane is denoed as resonan induane r, as shown in Fig.. For simpliiy, in Fig., he primary-side half-bridge inverer in Fig 1. is replaed by a reangular a volage soure v HB. furher simplify he analysis, ransformer T 1 in Fig. is eliminaed by ransferring he whole primary-side irui o he seondary side, as shown in Fig. 3. In Fig 3, he ransferred r from he primary side o he seondary side is denoed as, while he ransferred a volage soure is denoed as v s. Under seady-sae operaion, six opologial sages an be idenified wihin a swihing yle T sw, as shown in Fig. 4. These six opologial sages an be arranged in wo modes of operaion. In he firs mode of operaion, he sequene of opologial sages is (a) (b) (a) (d) (e) (d), while in he seond mode of operaion he sequene of opologial sages is (a) (b) () (d) (e) (f). Key waveforms in he wo modes of operaion are presened in Figs In Mode I, shown in Fig. 5, he resonan volage on apaiors C 1 C reahes zero before he a volage soure v s hanges direion, while in Mode II, shown in Fig. 6, he resonan volage on apaiors C 1 C reahes zero afer he a volage soure v s hanges direion. In Fig. 5, he solid-line doed-line waveforms of induor urren i apaior volages v C1 v C illusrae he operaion a maximum load zero load, respeively. In Fig. 6, only he waveforms a maximum load are presened. Iniial values of induor urren i apaior volages v C1 v C in eah opologial sage are also shown in Fig. 4. C1 C D i i C 1 i i () T - T (b) T - T 1 i 3 [Mode II] Q Q Q (d) T 3- T4, T - T [Mode I] (e) T - T v C1 C 1 i (T 1 ) = I v C1 (T 1 ) = v C1 C 1 i (T ) = I v C1 (T ) =C i i (T 3 ), i (T ) 5 [Mode I] i i v C C (f) T 5 - T [Mode II] 6 C i (T ) = - I 4 v (T ) = C 4 i i C v C C i (T 5 ) = - I v C (T 5 ) = C Fig. 4 pologial sages v s in = N T sw/ T sw - v s r = N Fig. 3 Simplified equivalen irui of AE s new resonan onverer Q C D1 D During inerval [T T 1 ], Fig. 4(a), boh swihes, Q, are on he induor urren linearly inreases as i ( ) = i ( T ) + ( T ), (1) A = T 1, swih urns off a resonane sars beween C 1. The equivalen resonan irui is shown in Fig. 4(b). This is a series resonan irui wih a apaiorparallel load. The iniial ondiions are i ( T1) = I v C 1 ( T 1 ) =. ()

3 v s T sw/ T sw/ i I max max I min I min max I max max max max = Tsw = T r max max max - max - max v C1 Cpk m v C T T o/ T T r Cpk m T T 1 T T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 Fig. 5 Key waveforms in Mode I During he resonane, he induor urren he apaior volage vary as [5] v i ) = + os ωo ( T1 ) + sin ωo ( T ), (3) Z ( 1 C1( s s o 1 o T1 ) = osω ( T ) + Z sinω ( ), (4) where is defined as I = I ; (5) π 1 ω o = = (6) C T o is he angular resonan frequeny, Z = (7) C is he haraerisi impedane of he series resonan irui in Fig. 4(b). Using he rigonomeri angle-sum angledifferene relaionships, (3) (4) an be rewrien as where i ( ) = + os[ ωo ( T1 ) θ], (8) vc 1( ) = + m sin[ ωo ( T1 ) θ], (9) m ( Z ) s + I =, (1) θ = ωo T = aan ; Z m I m =, (11) Z π θ. (1) The relaionship beween m,, Z, θ, defined in (1) (1) is also shown in Fig. 7.

4 v s T sw/ T sw/ i I max max 3 max 3 max 3 max I max 3 v C1 Cpk m v C T r1 T r T r Cpk m T T 1 T T 3 T 4 T 5 T 6 Fig. 6 Key waveforms in Mode II The sinusoidal waveforms of he induor urren apaior volage deermined in (8) (9), respeively, an be easily reognized in Figs. 5 6 during inerval [T 1 T ]. In Fig. 5, inerval [T 1 T ] is he oal resonan inerval, Tr = + T. (13) A he beginning a he end of he resonan inerval T r in Fig. 5, he resonan-induor urren is deermined as max i ( T1 ) = + (14) max i ( T ) =, (15) respeively, whereas, he resonan-apaior volage is equal o zero. Therefore, a = T, swih an be urned on wih zero-volage swihing (ZS). If T < T 3, from T unil he end of he posiive half swihing yle he induor urren linearly inreases wih he same slope as during inerval [T T 1 ]. In Fig. 6, inerval [T 1 T ] is only he firs par, T r1, of he oal resonan inerval T r. A = T, he resonan-induor urren resonan-apaior volage have he values i ( T ) = + os[ ωo Tr1 θ] = + = I (16) v T ) = + sin[ ω T θ =, (17) C1 ( s m o r1 ] C respeively. A = T, a volage soure v s hanges direion he opology of he equivalen resonan irui hanges θ m Z Fig.7 Relaionship beween m,, Z, θ

5 from Fig. 4(b) o Fig. 4(). As he opology in Fig. 4() differs from he opology in Fig. 4(b) only in he sign of he volage soure, he expressions for he induor urren apaior volage during he seond resonan inerval T r = [T T 3 ] in Fig. 6 an be easily obained by rewriing equaions (8) (9) as where i ( ) = + os[ ωo ( T ) θ], (18) v ( ) = + sin[ ω ( T ) ], (19) C1 s m o θ ( Z ) m + I =, () =, (1) m Z C θ = ωo T = aan ; π θ π. () Z A he end of he seond resonan inerval T r, he resonan induor urren is deermined as i ( T3 ) = + os[ ωo Tr θ] = + 3, (3) whereas, he value of resonan-apaior volage is zero, as shown in Fig. 6. Therefore, a = T 3, swih an be urned on wih zero-volage swihing (ZS). I should be noed in boh Fig. 5 Fig. 6 ha a = T 1, when swih urns off, he swih urren is equal o only, whih means ha he swih urns off wih almos zero urren swihing (ZCS). During he negaive half yle of a swihing period T sw, he behavior of he irui is he same as during he posiive half yle. The only differene is ha swihes Q hange roles. The oal linear inrease/derease of he induor urren during a half swihing yle in boh Fig. 5 Fig. 6 is obained as Tsw = Tr. (4) I should be noed in Fig. 5 ha if T 3 = T T 6 = T 5, i.e., if he erminaion of he resonan inerval oinides wih he end of a half swihing yle, = max, beause max max i ( T3 ) i ( T4 ) = + + = max. (5) If, in Fig. 5, T 3 > T T 6 > T 5, he linear hange of he induor urren during inervals [T 3 T ] [T 6 T 5 ] is i T3 ) i ( T ) = i ( T6 ) i ( T5 ) =, (6) max ( whih follows from he half-wave symmery of he induor urren waveform. Consequenly, i ( T ) = i ( T ) = i ( T ) = 3 = I o max 6 I + o max =, (7) as shown in Fig. 5. Finally, using he half-wave symmery of he induor urren waveform, in Fig. 6 an be expressed as B. Oupu olage Regulaion I = I +. (8) o max I 3 The oupu volage regulaion an be explained observing he waveforms in Fig. 5. The oupu volage is equal o he average volage aross apaior C 1 (or C ) during a swihing period T sw, o T = π T o sw π s Z + aan + Z. (9) I follows from (9) ha he regulaion of oupu volage versus load urren variaions, a a onsan inpu volage, an be ahieved by keeping onsan. Beause I = I /, as defined in (5), wih inreasing, I should also inrease in order o keep onsan. As illusraed in Fig. 5, he waveform of he a omponen of he induor urren, i /, whih harges disharges he resonan apaior during he resonan inerval T r is he same a max =. Therefore, he orresponding waveforms of he resonan-apaior volage a max = are idenial he oupu volage is he same a max =. However, he waveforms of he induor urren apaior volage a max are phase shifed ompared o he orresponding waveforms a =. In fa, wih inreasing load urren he resonan inerval T r is more phase shifed wih respe o he beginning of a half swihing yle. Comparing he waveforms in Figs. 5 6, i an be seen ha he phase shif of he resonan inerval T r in Fig. 6 is larger han he maximum possible phase shif in Fig. 5. In fa, by exending he operaion of he irui from Mode I in Fig. 5 o Mode II in Fig. 6, an addiional phase shif an be ahieved, i.e., he operaion range of he irui an be exended o larger load urrens wihou hanging he values of he resonan induane resonan apaiane. Beause of he wo resonan inervals, he oupu volage in Mode II anno be expressed in a simple losed form suh as (9) in Mode I. Neverheless, he oupu volage regulaion in Mode II is similar o he oupu volage regulaion in Mode I. failiae he undersing of he oupu volage regulaion versus inpu volage load urren variaions in he whole oupu-volage range from min o max, Eq. (9) whih defines = f(, ) is graphed in Fig. 8 as a family of haraerisis = f( ) wih used as a parameer. The four exreme operaing poins, Q 4, are also defined in Fig. 8. From Fig. 8, he following relaionships an be observed:

6 A = onsan, inreases approximaely linearly wih inreasing ; The slope of haraerisis = f( ) slighly dereases wih inreasing ; A = onsan, inreases wih inreasing ; A = onsan, dereases wih inreasing ; = min a max min (operaing poin ); = max a min max (operaing poin Q 3 ). max Q 3 Q omax 4 min Q min Q nom = ons min Fig. 8 = f (, ) haraerisis III. DESIGN max Afer seleing he swihing frequeny f sw, he key design parameers are he urns raio of he ransformer N, he resonan induane, he resonan apaiane C. Design onsrains are defined in he four exreme operaing poins Q 4 in Fig. 8. use he haraerisis = f(, ) in Fig. 8, firs he urns raio of he ransformer should be seleed. Afer seleing he urns raio of he ransformer, resonan induane resonan apaiane C an be obained by onsidering he four exreme operaing poins in Fig. 8. Firs, operaing poin = Q(max, min ) is onsidered. In operaing poin, he regulaion parameer = min. I follows from Fig. 5 Eq. (1) ha mus have a posiive value, i.e.,. In addiion, i follows from Fig. 8 ha a larger min in operaing poin resuls in a larger max in operaing poin Q 3. Obviously, a larger max means larger rms values of he induor urren swih urren. Therefore, o obain he smalles possible max, he minimum value of he regulaion parameer should be seleed as min =. (3) I should be noed in Fig. 5 ha a =, T inreases o T o /4, herefore, T r = T o, he induor-urren waveform during he resonan inerval T r beomes a full sine wave, while he apaior-volage waveform beomes a full osine wave. The oupu volage in operaing poin a = min = is obained from (9) as o min = max. (31) T Finally, from (31), he resonan period an be deermined as T o sw o min = Tsw. (3) s max Seond, operaing poin Q = Q(min, min ) is onsidered. In operaing poin Q, a = max, he following ime onsrain an be defined Tsw T 1 T + Tr =, (33) whih means ha he erminaion of resonan inerval T r oinides wih he end of a half swihing yle. In his ase, he oal linear inrease/derease of he induor urren during a half swihing yle,, is equal o max as explained in (5). Subsiuing (13) (1) in (4), is deermined as = T sw aan π Z. (34) I an be proven analyially ha in (34) has minimum in operaing poin Q. However, he same an be onluded wih he following simple reasoning. Beause in operaing poin Q he inpu volage is = min, he induor urren inreases wih a minimum slope equal o min /; herefore, he induor urren needs he longes ime inerval o inrease by max. Furher, along he verial haraerisi = min in Fig. 8, resonan inerval T r has maximum value in operaing poin Q, as follows from (1) (13). In fa, in operaing poin Q, has a minimum value, herefore, T has a maximum value, resuling in a maximum value of T r. The longes ime inerval needed for he induor urren o inrease by max he maximum resonan inerval T r saisfy he onsrain defined in (33). Subsiuing = max = min in (34), i follows ha in operaing poin Q s min T sw s min aan = max. (35) π Z Q The produ Z Q in (35) an be deermined from (9), s min π Z min I s Q = + + o min aan. (36) π T sw Z Q min Afer subsiuing Z Q from (36) in (35), he resonan induane is obained as s min Tsw min = 1+ aan. (37) I o max π Z Q If he design inludes Mode II in Fig. 6, hen max in (37) represens he maximum load urren in Mode I in Fig 5,

7 whih is, ypially, 5-75% of he oal maximum load urren. Finally, he resonan apaiane is deermined direly from (3) (37) as 1 T o C =. (38) π Third, operaing poin Q 3 = Q(min, max ) is onsidered. I an be proven analyially ha he swihes in Fig. 3 have maximum volage sress in operaing poin Q 3. The volage sress on he swihes is deermined by he peak value of he resonan-apaior volage, defined in Figs. 5 6 as in Q HB1 FDS 367 Q HB FDS 367 C HB1.47µ 1 C HB.47µ 1 ex T 1 C 1 N 1 5x1n 5 5 x IR7811W C 5x1n 5 F1 F CF 4x1µ Q x IR7811W oad Fig. 9 Simplified irui diagram of a 1.8-MHz, 48-, 65-W RM module Cpk = + m. (39) Oupu-filer induanes F1 F are oupled. They are implemened wih wo saked planar EI ores 14/3.5/5 (3F3), wih 1-mil air gap, wih single urn opper bars. The induane of eah F1 F is around 8 nh. Subsiuing m from (1) in (39), he maximum volage sress on he swihes is deermined as Q max s min s min ( Z ) = + +. (4) The maximum volage sress on he swihes deermined by (4) is used for heking he proper seleion of he urns raio of he ransformer. If he maximum volage sress on he swihes is smaller han he breakdown volage of he swihes wih enough safey margin, i an be onluded ha he urns raio of he ransformer was properly seleed. max I. IMPEMENTATION OF 1.8-MHz 48- RM The 1.8-MHz, 48-, 13-W RM is implemened as wo 65-W RM modules onneed in parallel. The urrensoure propery of he RM opology ( ex ) allows paralleling of wo or more modules wihou speial urren-sharing preauions. The wo RM modules are implemened on he same prined irui board (PCB). Eah RM module oupies half of he PCB area. The simplified irui diagram of one 1.8-MHz, 48-, 65-W RM module is shown in Fig. 9. The inpu volage range is 48 ± 1% = The oupu volage range is The maximum load urren per RM module is 5 A a upu volage range, while a upu volage range, he maximum load urren is deermined by he maximum oupu power of 65 W. The primary-side half-bridge inverer is implemened wih FDS367 (1, 7.5 A, mω) MOSFETs from Fairhild. Eah of he seondary-side synhronous reifiers, Q, is implemened wih five parallel IRF7811W (3, 14 A, 9 mω) MOSFETs from IR. Transformer T 1 is implemened wih planar ores PC5ER14.5/6-Z from TDK wih helial windings. The urns raio of he ransformer is N = 5. The primary-side magneizing leakage induane of he ransformer is around 5 µh 9 nh, respeively. Exernal resonan induane ex is implemened wih a oroidal ore T37- from Miromeals 9 urns, srs of φ.6 wire. The induane of ex is around 33 nh. Therefore, he oal primary-side resonan induane is around 4 nh. Finally, oupu-filer apaiane C F is implemened wih surfae moun erami apaiors. The whole oupuapaiane bank is arranged in a 3x8 marix form. The funional blok diagram of he onrol irui is shown in Fig. 1. Key waveforms are presened in Fig. 11. The lok signal in Fig 1 has a frequeny equal o 3.6 MHz. The wo D flip-flops, DFF SR DFF HB, operae as frequeny dividers by. Therefore, he frequeny of he SR HB gae drive signals is equal o 1.8 MHz. The phaseshifed onrol is ahieved by phase shifing he SR onrol COCK 3.6 MHz BIAS I h RAMP C RAMP EA Z FB EA COMP REF DFF SR (:) DFF HB (:) Z IN D/A ID GATE DRIE SR GATE DRIE HB Fig. 1 Funional blok diagram of he onrol irui COCK HB drive RAMP EA COMP SR drive Phase shif Fig. 11 Key waveforms of he onrol irui SR drive HB drive

8 pulses wih respe o he HB onrol pulses. Wih inreasing load urren, error-amplifier volage v EA inreases, hrough he omparaor, he phase shif of he SR onrol pulses inreases wih respe o he HB onrol pulses. The HB gae drive signals are applied o he gaes of he HB swihes hrough a gae-drive ransformer. The HB swihes operae wih parial ZS swihing. The SR gae drive signals are applied o he gaes of he SRs hrough a resonan irui. A resonan gae drive for he SRs a 1.8- MHz swihing frequeny is absoluely neessary beause of he large inpu apaiane of he SR MOSFETs. The irui diagram of he resonan gae drive for he SRs is shown in Fig. 1. Transformer T is implemened wih planar ores PC5ER9.5/5-Z from TDK wih 4-mil gap. The urns raio of he ransformer is N = 5. The primary-side magneizing induane m is around µh. Key waveforms are presened in Fig. 13. The waveforms in Fig. 13 are obained for he ase when 1 =. The basi operaion of he resonan gae drive irui in Fig. 1 is similar o he basi operaion of he main resonan onverer in Fig. 3. This an be onluded by omparing he waveforms of he resonan induor urren i m resonan apaior volage v Cp in Fig. 13 wih he orresponding waveforms in Fig. 5. I should be noed ha he oal resonan apaiane in Fig. 1 onsiss of apaiane C p he gae-soure apaiane of he SR refleed o he primary side of he ransformer. Bias apaior C b, resisor R 1, diode D 1 in Fig. 1 form a peak deeor irui, whih auomaially provides a bias volage for he SR. BIAS T N 1 1 1n C b.1µ 16 R 1 D 1 1k BAT 54, IR7811W pulse widh is smaller han he opimal pulse widh, he SR will urn on wih hard swihing. In boh ases, he effiieny of he RM will be redued. In appliaions, where he reduion of he effiieny is no aepable, insead of he RCD bias irui in Fig. 1, a onrolled bias irui has o be employed. SR drive i m v Cp v PRIM v SEC v GS v GSh Turn-off ime m m /N m BIAS /N BIAS /N BIAS /N m Fig. 13 Key waveforms of he resonan gae drive irui v BIAS/N GS v GSh /N m Q drive FDS361 C p 47p 1 Turn-off ime Fig. 14 proved gae-drive volage waveform Fig. 1 Resonan gae drive irui An improvemen of he gae-drive volage waveform an be ahieved by adding induor 1 as shown in Fig. 1. By proper seleion of induane 1, a hird harmoni an be injeed in he gae-drive volage waveform, whih resuls in seeper edges a wider pulse, as illusraed in Fig. 14. I should be noed ha he resonan gae drive irui in Fig. 1 generaes gae-drive pulses of a onsan widh. However, he opimal widh of he gae drive pulses varies wih boh he inpu oupu volages, as follows from (1) (13). Therefore, wih he resonan gae drive irui in Fig. 1 opimal gae drive pulses an be obained only for a narrow range of inpu oupu volages. Oherwise, if he generaed pulse widh is greaer han he opimal pulse widh, he body diode of he SR will ondu; or, if he generaed. EXPERIMENTA RESUTS Effiieny measuremens a nominal oupu volage = 1.3 are shown in Fig. 15. These measuremens were obained a he oupu of he onneor. I should be noed ha he oupu onneor dereases he effiieny, ypially, by 5-8 %. The resuls in Fig. 15 saisfy he spe. requiremen, whih asks for a minimum 78% effiieny a nominal inpu volage of 48 nominal oupu volage of 1.3, a oupu power levels larger han 65 W. Transien-response measuremens obained a nominal inpu volage of 48 nominal oupu volage of 1.3 are shown in Figs Figures 16(a) (b) show he oupu volage waveforms a fas load-urren ransiens 75-1 A 1-75 A, respeively, wih a 1 A/µs urren

9 1 9 Effiieny [%] in oad urren [A] Fig. 15 Effiieny measuremens a nominal oupu volage = 1.3 slope, while Figs. 17(a) (b) show he oupu volage waveforms a slow load-urren ransiens -75 A 75- A, respeively, wih a 1 A/µs urren slope. The maximum deviaion of he oupu volage is 86 m in Fig. 16(b). These resuls saisfy he spe. requiremen, whih limis he deviaion o ±7% of he oupu volage (7% of 1.3 is equal o 91 m). (a) (b) Fig. 17 Oupu volage waveform a slow load-urren ransien (a) -75 A (b) 75- A wih 1 A/µs urren slope ( in = 48, = 1.3 ) (a) (b) Fig. 16 Oupu volage waveform a fas load-urren ransien (a) 75-1 A (b) 1-75 A wih 1 A/µs urren slope ( in = 48, = 1.3 ) I. SUMMARY The main feaures of AE s new high-frequeny resonan onverer ehnology wih phase-shifed regulaion an be summarized as follows. Simple isolaed opology: half-bridge inverer + urrendoubler reifier wih synhronous reifiers (SRs); pology suiable o uilize parasiis of omponens layou; Only surfae moun erami apaiors a he oupu; Simple onrol wih overlapping onduion of SRs; Resonan gae drive of SRs; ZS parial ZCS of SRs Fas ransien response; Effiieny measured a he oupu of he onneor around 8%; Inheren urren limi proeion (due o series induane); Cos-effeive. REFERENCES [1] Inel R ehnology roadmap, Inel Tehnology Symposium, Sep. 1. [] M. Ye, P. Xu, B. Yang, F.C. ee, Invesigaion of opology idaes for 48- RM, Pro. IEEE Applied Power Eleronis Conf. (APEC), Mar., pp [3] R. M. Porer, High frequeny onversion for powering miroproessors, HP GPST Power Supply Tehnology Symposium Pro., O.. [4] G. G. Gurov, Sysem for onrolling he delivery of power o DC ompuer omponens uilizing phase shif regulaion, U.S. Paen 6,59,786 B, Jul. 8, 3. [5] N. Mohan, T. M. Underl, W. P. Robbins, Power Eleronis: Converers, Appliaions, Design, New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, (pp