Quantum optics with multi-level transitions in semiconductor quantum dots
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1 Quantum optics with multi-level transitions in semiconductor quantum dots Brian Gerardot Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, SUPA Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
2 Confocal Quantum Coherent Single Zero-dimensional dot microscope information spin- photonics transmission system: emitters at technologies experiment Heriot-Watt University Two open academic positions! (assistant to full professors)
3 Confocal Outline: Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment 1. Introduction to quantum dots 2. Coherent spectroscopy of QDs 3. Multi-level systems in QDs 4. Hole-spin- system 5. Electro-elastic manipulation of quantum states 6. Outlook: broadband optical antennas
4 Confocal Introduction: Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission self-assembled system: emitters technologies experiment quantum dots InAs quantum dot InAs wetting layer InAs island t < 1.5 ML InAs t > 1.5 ML InAs Covered QD 60 nm x 16 nm X-STM 50 nm x 13 nm X-STM 1 µm x 1 µm AFM X-STM by P. M. Koenraad group
5 Confocal Energy Optical Self-assembled Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot transition scales microscope information transmission quantum emitters technologies experiment dots Quantum dot: discrete energy levels in a solid-state matrix conduction band conduction levels valence levels p s s p ~50 mev ~1 ev ~1.4 ev valence band
6 Confocal Optical Self-assembled Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot transitions microscope information transmission quantum emitters technologies experiment dots Selection rules for transitions across energy gap conduction band conduction levels valence levels p s s p unoccupied states, atomic s character, S=1/2 dipole transitions occupied states, atomic p character, J=3/2 valence band
7 Confocal Outline: Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment 1. Introduction to quantum dots 2. Coherent spectroscopy of QDs 3. Multi-level systems in QDs 4. Hole-spin- system 5. Electro-elastic manipulation of quantum states 6. Outlook: broadband optical antennas
8 Confocal Experimental Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information transmission setup emitters technologies experiment fiber beam splitter photo-luminescence or resonant flouresence XYZpositioners objective (NA=0.68) solid immersion lens sample V g non- resonant excitation or resonant excitation cryostat, 4.2 K FWHM 0.35 µm Si pin photodiode
9 g 2 ( ) Confocal 2-level Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot quantum microscope information transmission system emitters technologies experiment exciton X laser field spontaneous recombination, ~1 ns Flouresence (Hz) 2000 FWHM 2.1 ev 510 MHz Detuning (V) Delay (ns)
10 Confocal Outline: Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment 1. Introduction to quantum dots 2. Coherent spectroscopy of QDs 3. Multi-level systems in QDs 4. Hole-spin- system 5. Electro-elastic manipulation of quantum states 6. Outlook: broadband optical antennas
11 Confocal 3-level Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot quantum microscope information transmission systems emitters technologies experiment Ladder System V System System Requirements: 1> - 2> & 2> - 3> : dipole coupled 1> - 3> : dipole forbidden (metastable) M. Fleischauer, A. Imamoğlu, and J.P. Marangos, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633 (2005).
12 Confocal Spin- Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot systems microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment Photon = flying quantum bit + Atom = stationary qubit 3 dipole 1 1 dipole 2 2 Applications: Spinphoton entanglement Coherent population trapping Quantum networking / repeaters Remote matter entanglement
13 Confocal Quantum Single Zero-dimensional dot microscope information dot transmission level emitters schemes technologies experiment Rotational symmetry Real quantum dot XX J=0 J=0 X J=-1 J=+1 E 0 Entangled photon generation: N. Akopian et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, (2006). R. M. Stevenson et al, Nature 439, 179 (2006). R. Hafenbrak et al, N. Journal Physics 8, 29 (2007).
14 Three-level Confocal Quantum Single Zero-dimensional dot microscope information dot transmission atomic level emitters cascade schemes technologies experiment Neutral quantum dot V System 1 x y E 1 3 Ladder System x y X. Xu et al., Science 317, 929 (2007) 2 B. D. Gerardot et al., New Journal of Physics 11, (2009). Charged quantum dot (B>0) Faraday: Voigt: System E + - x y x E y
15 PL Energy (ev) Confocal Deterministic Controlled Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum search coherence microscope of information behaviour: electron the coherence electron contrast emitters charging power technologies charging dependence back contact QD gate E C E F V X 0 GaAs n-doped E V X 1- V 1 > V Applied Bias (V) R. J. Warburton et al., Nature 405, 926 (2000)
16 Confocal Coulomb Controlled Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum search coherence microscope of information blockade behaviour: electron the coherence contrast emitters charging at power technologies telecom dependence wavelengths Wavelength (nm) back contact QD gate 1286 E C E F V GaAs n-doped E V 1294 V 1 > V Voltage (V)
17 Confocal Deterministic Hole Controlled Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum search spin coherence spin and microscope hyperfine of information behaviour: hole the coherence nuclear resonance hole contrast charging emitters charging interaction power spins technologies dependence Wavelength (nm) E C E V GaAs p-doped back contact QD E F gate V X 0 X1+ X0 GaAs p-doped E F V 1 < V p-doped back gate X3- X2- X 1- X Applied Bias (V) B. D. Gerardot et al., Nature 451, 441 (2008)
18 Confocal Outline: Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment 1. Introduction to quantum dots 2. Coherent spectroscopy of QDs 3. Multi-level systems in QDs 4. Hole-spin- system 5. Electro-elastic manipulation of quantum states 6. Outlook: broadband optical antennas
19 4 Confocal Hole Fano Non-linear Laser Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum Coherent search spin- spin: effect spectroscopy coherence model and microscope hyperfine of information population behaviour: Voigt the Fano system coherence nuclear resonance contrast geometry effect emitters interaction trapping power spins technologies single dependence (CPT) hole B, x y y x,,, X. Xu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, (2007); Nature Physics 4, 692 (2008)
20 Confocal Hole Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum search spin: coherence spin and microscope of information behaviour: Motivation the motivation coherence nuclear resonance contrast emitters power spins technologies dependence hole spin Ĥ phonons contact hyperfine Phonons: suppressed via large heavy hole light hole splitting 1 Contact hyperfine: reduced owing to p like atomic state 2 R 2 ˆ HH nuclei contact Ai i i H I S and benign for ideal heavy-hole with an in-plane B 3 i 1. D. V. Bulaev and D. Loss, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, (2005); D. Heiss et al., Phys. Rev. B 76, (2007); B. D. Gerardot et al., Nature 451, 441 (2008). 2. P. Fallahi, S. T. Yilmaz, and A. Imamoglu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, (2010) E. A. Chekhovich, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 106, (2011) 3. J. Fischer et al., Phys. Rev. B 78, (2008)
21 4 Confocal Coherent Hole Fano Non-linear Laser Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum search spin effect spectroscopy coherence model spin and microscope hyperfine of information population behaviour: the Fano coherence nuclear resonance contrast effect emitters interaction power spins technologies trapping single dependence (CPT) hole probe probe pump pump E probe pump ( 31 / probe )Im[ 13 ] Probe detuning ( ev) M. Fleischhauer et al., Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 633 (2005) 2 pump ~ spon dark state
22 4 Confocal Single Hole Fano Non-linear Laser Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum Coherent search spin: effect spectroscopy dot coherence model spin and microscope hyperfine of information population behaviour: Voigt coherent the Fano coherence nuclear resonance contrast geometry effect emitters interaction trapping population power spins technologies single dependence (CPT) hole trapping Probe absorption D. Brunner et al, Science 325, 70 (2009) Probe laser wavelength (nm)
23 Probe absorption (x10-4 ) 4 Confocal CPT: Hole Fano Non-linear Laser Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum Coherent Two-photon search high spin: effect spectroscopy coherence model spin and microscope hyperfine of information population dephasing behaviour: resolution Voigt the Fano coherence nuclear resonance contrast geometry effect emitters interaction trapping time power spins technologies spectroscopy single dependence (CPT) hole double convolution: 4 ev spectral broadening, 2 MHz mutual laser coherence MHz (54 nev) 0 B=0.5 T pump = -2.5 ev Probe detuning (MHz) Other measurements 1-3 : T * 2 ~ 20 ns. 1. K. De Greve et al., Nature Physics 7, 872 (2011). 2. A. Greilich et al., Nature Photonics 5, 702 (2011). 3. T Godden et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, (2012). pump probe 0.30 ev 0.17 ev
24 Confocal Outline: Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment 1. Introduction to quantum dots 2. Coherent spectroscopy of QDs 3. Multi-level systems in QDs 4. Hole-spin- system 5. Electro-elastic manipulation of quantum states 6. Outlook: broadband optical antennas
25 PL Intensity Confocal Uniaxial Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot strain microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment to collection optics SIL sample length to focus [110] 300V PZT 200V QD1 QD2 PZT 100V strain gauge 0V -100V -200V -300V QD2 QD Energy (mev) C. E. Kuklewicz et al., Nano Lett. 12, 3761 (2012)
26 Confocal Electro-elastic Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission characterisation system: emitters technologies experiment
27 Confocal Coulomb Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- blockade transmission system: emitters model technologies experiment E F = 0 = b/a e(v g +V 0 )/ n-doped back contact E eh E C E 0 E GaAs e V 0 e V g Gate E V a b R. J. Warburton et al, Phys. Rev. B 58, (1996); P. A. Dalgarno et al., Phys. Rev. B 77, (2008).
28 Confocal Electro-elastic Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission characterisation system: emitters technologies experiment C. E. Kuklewicz et al., Nano Lett. 12, 3761 (2012)
29 Confocal Sample Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot comparison microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment Sample A: partially capped island quantum dots Sample B: In-flush quantum dots PCI QDs: J.M. Garcia et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 71, 2014 (1997). P. Offermans et al., Physica E 32, 41 (2005). In-flush QDs: Z. R. Waselewski et al., J. Cryst. Growth 201/202, 1131 (1999). J. G. Keizer et al., Nanotechnology 21, (2010).
30 Confocal Fine-structure Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission splitting system: emitters technologies experiment at ~ 1300nm Intensity (counts/60s) Fine Structure Splitting ( ev) 1000 FSS = 38 µev 800 fit 2X π + π Wavelength (nm) X 0 π + π - FSS fine structure splitting down to 34 µev Wavelength (nm) FSS smaller than previously reported N.I. Cade et al., Phys. Rev. B 73, (2006) A.I. Tartakovskii et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, (2006) M. B. Ward et al., J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 210, (2010)
31 Confocal Electro-elastic Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission tuning system: emitters technologies telecom experiment QDs Intensity (counts/90s) Strain tuning of telecom wavelength quantum dots V PZT =-300V V PZT =+300V X X Wavelength (nm) application of external uni-axial strain: tuning of emission wavelength of ~ 1nm S. Seidl et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, (2006) C.E. Kuklewicz, R.N.E. Malein, P.M. Petroff, B.D. Gerardot, Nano Letters 12, 3761 (2012) R. Trotta et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, (2012)
32 Intensity (counts/90s) FSS ( ev) Confocal Fine-structure Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission splitting system: emitters technologies experiment at ~ 1300nm V PZT = -300V V PZT = +300V fit fit 65 QD1, nm QD2, nm Wavelength (nm) manipulation of the FSS of up to ~ 40% V PZT (V) towards a source of polarization-entangled photons at telecom wavelengths A.J. Bennett et al, Nature Physics 6, 947 (2010) R. Trotta et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, (2012)
33 Confocal Outline: Coherent Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information spin- transmission system: emitters technologies experiment 1. Introduction to quantum dots 2. Coherent spectroscopy of QDs 3. Multi-level systems in QDs 4. Hole-spin- system 5. Electro-elastic manipulation of quantum states 6. Outlook: broadband optical antennas
![Reithmaier et al., Nature 432, 197 (2004); [2] P.](/docs-images/80/81410555/images/34-4.jpg "Michler et al.")
![, Science 290, 2282 (2000); [3] GaAs at λ = 1.](/docs-images/80/81410555/images/34-5.jpg "5 μm, arxiv:0804.0378v1.")
34 Confocal Outlook: Self-assembled Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope Light-matter information transmission Quantum quantum emitters technologies dots: interaction experiment dots state of strategies? the art 1 μm 1 μm 1 μm [1] Q 100,000, υ eff 5 [1] J. P. Reithmaier et al., Nature 432, 197 (2004); [2] P. Michler et al., Science 290, 2282 (2000); [3] GaAs at λ = 1.5 μm, arxiv: v1. [2] Q 30,000, υ eff 6 Q 700,000 [3], υ eff < 1 Observation of cavity QED effects relies on high Q/ V eff spatial-spectral matching between QD and cavity mode
35 Power per solid angle Confocal Light-matter Self-assembled Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information transmission Quantum interaction quantum emitters technologies dots: experiment strategies: dots state of the optical art antennas Highly directional emission from a quantum dot in a : broadband planar cavity antenna... ~ 40% d h (a) 2θ NA SIL Dipole GaAs Gold z+ θ φ E total,z+ E (-) E total,z- M 3-4 E (+) Φ 3 M 2-3 Φ 2 M 1-2 (a) (b) θ NA Free space Bulk Bulk + SIL Membrane Membrane + SIL Membrane FDTD vacuum + SIL + FDTD Mirror Model 1 without SIL FDTD Model 1 with SIL FDTD Model 2 without SIL FDTD Model 2 with SIL FDTD Membrane + SIL +Mirror Membrane + SIL + Mirror θ (degree) (b) θ NA
36 Confocal Light-matter Self-assembled Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information transmission Quantum interaction quantum emitters technologies dots: experiment strategies: dots state of the optical art antennas Highly directional emission from a quantum dot in a: broadband nanowire antenna... ~ 75% CNRS structure 2 Our structure 1. I. Friedler et al. Opt. Exp. 17, 2095 (2009) 2. J. Cloudon et al., Nature Photonics 4, 174 (2010)
37 Confocal Light-matter Self-assembled Single Zero-dimensional Quantum dot microscope information transmission Quantum interaction quantum emitters technologies dots: experiment strategies: dots state of the optical art antennas Highly directional emission from a quantum dot in a : moderately broadband bullseye antenna... ~ 80% Dr. Kartik Srinivasan M. Davanco et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 99, (2011)
38 Intensity (counts/90s) Probe absorption (x10-4 ) 4 Confocal Summary Hole Fano Non-linear Laser Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum Coherent Conclusions Two-photon Inhomogeneous search spin: effect spectroscopy coherence model spin and microscope hyperfine of information population dephasing behaviour: Voigt the Fano coherence nuclear resonance contrast geometry effect broadening emitters interaction trapping time power spins technologies single dependence (CPT) hole 1. Coherent spin- system:, 50 nev FWHM: T 2 >> 100 ns Q-factor 10 8! 2. Electro-elastic quantum control on-chip indistinguishable emitters telecom entangled photons (on-demand) Probe detuning (MHz) 3. Broadband optical antennas V PZT =-300V V PZT =+300V X 0 X Wavelength (nm)
39 4 Confocal Co-workers Hole Fano Non-linear Laser Electron Exciton Increasing Two-level Zero-dimensional Quantum Coherent Conclusions Two-photon Inhomogeneous search spin: effect spectroscopy coherence model spin and microscope hyperfine of information population dephasing behaviour: Voigt the Fano coherence nuclear resonance contrast geometry effect broadening emitters interaction trapping time power spins technologies single dependence (CPT) hole Resonant fluorescence Dr. Chris Kuklewicz Mr. Ted Santana Broadband antennas Dr. Yong Ma Mr. Peter Kremer Hole spins (Basel Uni) Prof. Richard Warburton Dr. Julien Houel Strain tuning Dr. Chris Kuklewicz Mr. Ralph Malein Telecom QDs Dr. Luca Sapienza Mr. Ralph Malein Ms. Rima Al-Khuzeyri Samples Prof. Pierre Petroff (UCSB) Dr. Edmund Clarke (Sheffield III-V Facility)
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