Osnovna teorema o propelerima

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1 MAT-KOL Bnj Luk I 05, IN o IN o dorpsk: 075/MK508M Osnovn torm o proplrm Jovn Mkć žtk Asmtrčn torm o proplrm j jdn od njlpšh torm z gomtrj u rvn Asmtrčn torm o proplrm sdrž nz torm Prv torm o proplrm j tkođ poznt ko osnovn torm o proplrm U ovom stržvnju, djmo tr rzlčt dokz osnovn torm o proplrm Prv dokz zsnv s n komplksnm brojvm Drug dokz j prko lmntrn gomtrjtrć dokz j tkođ gomtrjsk, uz nšto npor, mož s skorstt z dokzvnj svh gnrlzcj osnovn torm o proplrm Postoj mogućnost d su nk od ovh dokz po mom znnju orgnln Ključn rč: Asmtrčn torm o proplrm, osnovn torm o proplrm, komplksn brojv, jdnkostrnčn trougo, lmntrn gomtrj Abstrct Asymmtrc propllr thorm s on of th most butful thorm n pln gomtry Asymmtrc propllr thorm contns squnc of thorms Frst propllr thorm s lso known s bsc propllr thorm In ths rsrch, w gv thr dfrnt proofs of bsc propllr thorm Frst proof rls on complx numbrs cond proof s v lmntry gomtry Thrd proof s lso of gomtrc ntur nd, wth som ffort, t cn b usd for provng ll gnrlztons of bsc propllr thorm Thr s possblty tht som of ths proofs up to my knowldg r orgnl Kywords nd pgrss: Asymmtrc propllr thorm, bsc propllr thorm, complx numbrs, qultrl trngl, lmntry gomtry AM ubjct Clssfcton 00: 5M04, 97G40 DM ubjct Clssfcton 00: G40 Uvod Asmtrčn torm o proplrm poznt j ko Bnkoffov torm, po Lonu Bnkoffu, mrčkom mtmtčru zubru O storj smtrčn torm o proplrm možt pogldt u [] [4] U ovom stržvnju, bvmo s smo s Ul vsk br5, Modrč, Bosn Hrcgovn, -ml: jnmkc@gmlcom

2 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć prvom l osnovnom tormom o proplrm O gnrlzcjm osnovn torm o proplrm možt pogldt u [] [] Osnovn torm o proplrm Nk su dt tr podudrn jdnkostrnčn trougl OAB, OCD OEF, koj mju zjdnčko tm O Nk su tčk,, srdšt strnc AF, BC DE rspktvno Ond j, trougo jdnkostrnčn trougo Prv dokz osnovn torm o proplrm prko komplksnh brojv Nk su oznk ko n slc Trouglov smo smstl u Dkrtovom prvouglom koordntnom sstmu, tko d s tčk O poklp s koordntnm počtkom, t tčk A nlz n x-os Nk su,, komplksn brojv koj su fks tčk, rspktvno Žlmo d pokžmo ; odnosno U tom clju korstćmo dobro poznt formul z komplksn nlz, 84

3 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć z w z w R zw ; ko z w z w R zw N počtku mmo: A F C E, B D N osnovu tog, sld : o, z Prvo, R, R R tm, 4 85

4 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć Korstmo formulu: R Posl srđvnj, dobjmo: R, gd j lčno, R, gd j Ko R, gd j D b pokzl potrbno dovoljno j d pokžmo R R l što j sto 0 R R R

5 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć 87 R R R R R R Uočvmo d, R cos cos sn sn cos cos cos sn sn cos cos cos cos R tog, R R Uvrštvnjm, dobjmo:, R R R R R R p R R R R Dlj, cos cos cos R l

6 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć 88 cos sn sn cos cos sn sn cos cos R cos cos cos R 0 cos cos R Končno, dobl smo 0 R, odnosno R R Obzrom d j R R, prozlz l, što j kvvlntno, Dokžmo još D bsmo to urdl potrbno dovoljno j pokzt d R R l 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

7 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć R cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos R cos cos cos cos cos cos cos cos Končno, pokzl smo R 0, odnosno R R obzrom n R R, prozlz l, što j kvvlntno, d j Pokzl smo, ko ld, trougo j jdnkostrnčn QED Drug dokz osnovn torm o proplrm prko lmntrn gomtrj Nk j ugo BOC, ugo AOF ugo DOE Nk j tčk A srdšt duž OA, tčk D srdšt duž od duž OD ; ko n slc 89

8 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć D bsmo dokzl d j trougo jdnkostrnčn, dokzćmo d j =, ko d j 60 Prvo ćmo pokzt d j trougo A D jdnkostrnčn Čtvrougo ABCD j ttvn AB=CD Iz lmntrn gomtrj, poznto j d j ond ABCD jdnkokrk trpz tog, BC AD drug strn, duž A D j srdnj lnj trougl OAD, p A D AD ld, A D BC Čtvrougo BCD A j trpz to jdnkokrk, jr j BA =CD vsn podudrnh jdnkostrnčnh trouglov Iz BA' CD' BA =CD,B=C BA' CD' sld A =D Još trb pokzt d A =A D Uglov BA' D' OA' su uglov s normlnm krcm Kko su ob oštr, sld BA' D' = OA' Uočmo slku 4 A' M OA' OA' Immo MA' O ~ A' BN ld, odnosno A' M BN Dlj, BN BA' BA' OA BN A' M BN A' M Il BN A'M Kko j A ' D' A' M, OA dobjmo BN A'D' Uočmo l prvougl trougo MA, M BN A' D' Prmnom Ptgorn torm u trouglu MA, sld 90

9 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć A' D' A' M MA' Dlj, A' A' D' Dobjmo, A' A' D' ; odnosno ono što smo trbl, A' A' D' Končno, A'D' j jdnkostrnčn nmo A ' D' 60 A =D Dokžmo sd d j A ' D' AB Immo, A' D' ko srdnj lnj trouglov AOF DOE, rspktvno tm, znmo d A =D Dokžmo d A ' D' Immo rdom: A' A OD ' 80 AA ' OA' OA ' OA' D', p OA ' Prm tom, AA ' Korstl smo čnjncu d j A ' D' Ond OD ' OD' A' ; 6 prm tom OD ' U stvr, OA ' OD' ; to možmo vdt z dltod OA ' D'! Dlj, A ' A' A AA' 90 lčno, D ' D' O OD' njuć d j 80, sld D ' 90 Npokon, A ' D'! d lko sld, A' D' A =D, A =D A' D' Iz t podudrnost prozlz: =, t A' D' N krju, A' A' A' A' A' D' A' D' tog, znmo A'D' Pokzl smo rnj d j A 'D' 60 Prm tom, 60 = ključujmo, trougo j jdnkostrnčn QED 9

10 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć Trć dokz osnovn torm o proplrm gomtrjsk dokz Dokz s sstoj z tr dl Prv do: Nć ćmo odgovrjuć položj trouglov OAB,OCD OEF, tko d njlkš pokžmo d j trougo jdnkostrnčn Tkv položj trouglov zvćmo osnovnm položjm osnovn položj trouglov OAB, OCD OEF zbrćmo onj položj gd j BOC DOE FOA 60, ko n slc 5 pcjlno, td j mnogougo ABCDEF prvln šstougo Čtvrougo BCDE j trpz duž j srdnj lnj tog trpz Kko j BE= CD=, sld BE CD, to jst lčno, su srdnj lnj trpz FABC AFED rspktvnoopt j FC= AB=; odnosno AD= EF= ld, FC AB ; odnosno AD EF Prm tom, pokzl smo d j == ; trougo j jdnkostrnčn 9

11 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć Drug do: Nk su dt podudrn jdnkostrnčn trouglov OAB, OCD OEF ; t nk su tčk, srdšt duž AF, BC DE rspktvno Prtpostvćmo d j trougo jdnkostrnčn N osnovu prvog dl dokz, tko j, ko su trouglov OAB, OCD OEF u osnovnom položju rotrjmo sd jdn od tr počtn trougl, dok drug dv ostju fksn Rcmo, zrotrjmo trougo OAB z ugo, ko n slc 6 Trouglov OCD OEF ostju fksn, tčk A B pomrju s u tčk A B rspktvno Nk j tčk srdšt duž A F srdšt duž B C Dokžmo d j trougo jdnkostrnčn tkođ Drugm rčm, pokzujmo d osnovn torm o proplrm vž z trouglov OA B,OCD OEF, ko vž z trouglov OAB, OCD OEF Immo, OAA' OBB ' OA=OB, OA =OB, AOA' BOB' Iz t podudrnost sld AA' BB' Duž j srdnj lnj trougl AA' F Odtl ' Duž j srdnj lnj trougl BB' C Odtl ' AA' ' AA BB' BB Iz AA = BB sld = Dokžmo ' '! nmo d = prtpostvl smo d j jdnkostrnčn Uprvo smo pokzl d j = 9

12 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć 7 Pokžmo još d j ' ' Uočmo ptougo NABM ko n slc Immo NM 60 tm, NA ' uglov s prllnm krcm ob oštr Dlj, MB 80 ' NAB 80 A' AB , p j NAB 50 lčno, ABM ABO OBM ; p j ABM 50 br unutršnjh uglov u konvksnom ptouglu j 540 Prm tom : NM NA NAB ABM MB 540 Posl uvrštvnj, sld 60 ' ' 540 Odnosno, 540 ' ' 540 N krju, dobjmo, ' ' Prm tom, ' ' =, =, ' ' ; stv U 94

13 MAT-KOL, I 05 JMkć Iz zdnj podudrnost, sld ' ', ko ' ' No, ond ' ' ' ' ' ' 60 Prozlz ' ' 60 obzrom d j ' ', t ' ' 60, zključujmo d j trougo '' jdnkostrnčn To smo trbl dokzt ovm smo zvršl drug do dokz Trć do: Nk su dt podudrn jdnkostrnčn trouglov OAB, OCD OEF u prozvoljnom položjunk su tčk, srdšt strnc AF, BC DE rspktvno Dokžmo d j trougo jdnkostrnčn! Polzmo od njm podudrnh jdnkostrnčnh trouglov OA B, OC D OE F koj su u osnovnom položju Nk su tčk, srdšt strnc A F, B C D E rspktvno N osnovu prvog dl dokz, znmo d j trougo jdnkostrnčn Rotcjom prslkmo trougo OA B u trougo OAB Posmtrmo trouglov OAB,OC D OE F Nk su tčk, srdšt strnc AF, BC D E N osnovu drugog dl dokz, trougo ' j jdnkostrnčn 95 Rotcjom prslkmo trougo OC D u trougo OCD Posmtrmo trouglov OAB,OCD OE F Nk su tčk, srdšt strnc AF, BC DE N osnovu drugog dl dokz, trougo j jdnkostrnčn N krju, rotcjom prslkmo trougo OE F u trougo OEF Posmtrmo trouglov OAB,OCD OEF Tčk, su srdšt strnc AF, BC DE N osnovu drugog dl dokz, trougo j jdnkostrnčn QED Ltrtur: [] Grdnr, M: Th Asymmtrc Propllr Collg Mth J 0 999, 8- [] J H McKy: Th Wllm Lowll Putnm Mthmtcl Comptton, Th Amrcn Mthmtcl Monthly, Vol 75, No 7 Aug - p, 968, pp 7-79 [] Bnkoff, L; Erdös, P; Klmkn, M: Th symmtrc propllr Mth Mg 46 97, 70-7 [4] G L Alxndrson, A convrston wth Lon Bnkoff, Collg Mthmtcs Journl, : 99, 98-7 [5] Grdnr, M, A Grdnr s workout, trnng th mnd nd ntrtnng th sprt, A K Ptrs, Ltd Ntck, 00 [6] Mchl Hndl nd Brn Hopkns ds: Mrtn Grdnr n th twnty-frst cntury, MAA,

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