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1 (97!" #$) IT "0 / +,-.* 4 7,0,5 6.A 0 A+;,.89 ; <.=. >?$.0,

2 7 -.! %&!"# (a. R *+ 0 K K,-./ R ) *+ K ( K (b (97 - )./! 4 5 6, Connection String (c, *+ 7 8 *+ 7 0 *9 7 R ) (d. 4* c a ( b a ( c b (4 b d ( (97 - ) ( 0 ;<5 =-, *+ 7,- / *9 n=k R ) (a. n ( k ) >5 >5 )? *+ 7,- / *9 n R ) (b. ( 0 n ) + ( n ) +... ( n ). ) =-, *+ 7 4* 8 ) 0 *+ 7 (c. (. (4. 0 (@ A #B (d. (. ( -

3 ( ) " #$"% &$% 8 '. E*6B (). -! ".! %&!"# (a 0-. '0' ') / -. )*+, ( )' "#(&' $ % #$ a 90C 60B %0,A' 0 0 )?@60 =0> ";'<0( 9 8/ "#67' 5 (.! #;EF )/ )#D )/'#. R *+ 0 K K,-./ R ) *+ K ( K (b (05' 0D) nano.0#;- #H stud (nano, stno, avg) G #$ b 0D ;5D (KL 7!) stno ";,I7/. ;5D# JC( D ;5D 0+ ;5D#, #/ D (nano, stno)!' " M76G.! #- ;5D# JC(.(0! 60! 0N$ 0OP!,;7D D ;5D D ;,D G() B; D ;5D.! D ;5D ;5D# (7 D ( P7K' ## " Q#6! ";,&/ #$ { } { } { } K K = nano stno = 4 5 6, Connection String (c./! $ V0. U0 ST %+ 9$! 6! )#D R'# #$ c [0 )0/Z; ' X0#Y $ SQL Server 0,' %0; 90$,/V#0 0 0 W0C( -. ]( R# ";,I7/.7%' P?Y $ 6 Z\ (Connection String) # 0D (authentication) 0/ $# 0^ 0_ (Connection String) 0]( R60!.!' `al' *+ 7 8 *+ 7 0 *9 7 R ) (d. 4*, b0@> ;5D# b@> b@> G ;5D Z7( G #$ d "0 0! 6! 96 " 7'?c' ;5D Z7( T. D ;5D &/ b@> 0,A. 0D 0;5D 0 &0/ b0@> b@> ;5D# b@> b@> G +^. D ;5D ;5D# &/ #cd^ D ;5D ;5D# \^

4 9 ( 0 ;<5 =-, *+ 7,- / *9. E*6B (). -! " n=k R ). n ( k ) (a >5 0 #cd0^ +^. D ;5D \^ 76^ +G #/ #$ a #\# #$ T 7/ a d#' G( (( n ) ( n ) ( k n ) ( k n ) + ( k n + ) ( )) ( n ) n = k max,,...,,,..., (( ) ( )) ( ) max, = (( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 ) ( 4 4 )) ( 4 ) max,,, = max,,,,, =?4* 6 ( ) 0( (( 6 ) ( 6 ) ( 6 ) ( 6 4 ) ( 5 6 ) ( 6 6 )) ( 6 ) 6 ( ) 6 0+^ R0,#\ ( 5 ) 0+^ ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 6 ( ) D ;,D \. n = k = n = k = 4 n = k = k = # c' k = # c' k = # c' 0,A b ^ 97/ D /L' \ #@' R,#\ +^ ed 6 ( ) 0+^ R,#\ 6 ( 4 ) 0c' 0/f;D#( $ ZD #/.,#\ D +^ c' 6 ( 6 ) #E +^ G f;d#( 9 A( "#6L; '! D R/;5D A( ('.7!' /;5D# A( /f;d#( J7G ^ ;,D J7G /f;d#( C >5 )? *+ 7,- / *9.0 >0d n ( 0 ) n. R ) 6 ( 6 ) (b ( 0 n ) + ( n ) +... ( n ) 0+^ "#0, &0 9 ;5D# #$ b 0,D 0#K( 0(' ;5D# A( 56a' b#! ];]E n R T 5D +^. ( n ) + ( n ) +... ( n ) ##,D #K( (' D /;5D# A( #cd^ D. ) =-, *+ 7 4* 8 ) 0 *+ 7 (c

5 ( ) " #$"% &$% 0 b0@> ;5D# b@> b@> G ;5D Z7( G #$ c "0 0! 6! 96 " 7'?c' ;5D Z7( T. D ;5D &/ b@> 0,A. 0D 0;5D 0 &0/ b0@> b@> ;5D# b@> b@> G +^. D ;5D ;5D# &/ #cd^ D ;5D ;5D# \^. 0 (@ A #B!! ; L(, $ D 6 fd#' #$ d $ 0D g 0,'.,! E 5^ hg,!!k( D R 0OA.! ; L( 6B.D Q?. 7! D Z 9;E Z #! Z 96 Z hg 0 0 "0 0 0D b@> fd#' $ (0.0! $ =; (7 D KL 7!,'.,' R@'( 0D 60 0G' Q0' 0 0,' ",,(' D G ;,D G( #$ R/c'.#;- E R#6D VB;+ i> VB;+ #@' (' (d 5'D,' 0 #B 5;]_( Q','.H #B +( j(,' 0 A #B g,'.h A #B

6

7 DML SQL DML SQL!"#» ER (97 - ) -$% $% «$% &#' (# ) * +'(' - Select SName From Student T,(Select S _ C.Sid From S _ C group By S _ C.Sid having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S _ C)) T Where T.Sid = T.Sid Select SName From Student T Where Exists (Select '' From S _ C Where T.Sid = S _ C.Sid group by S _ C.Sid having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S _ C)) Select SName From Student Where Sid in (Select Sid From S _ C group by Sid having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S _ C)) ( ( (

8 ( )!" #!" 4 Select SName From Student,S _ C Where Student.Sid = S _ C.Sid AND AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S _ C) /0 0! &%.!'( 4 ). - select * from student left outer join studentcourse -$% 5 ).% (97 - ) Student (Stid, StName,...) Course (Cid, CName,...) StudentCourse (Stid, Cid, grade) K+N- K+N ( K (4 K+N- K+N K>0 N>0 M>0 (4 K ( N ( (97 -IT ) -$% 5 ).%! &% 6. - select distinct Student.* from student,studentcourse Student (Stid, StName,...) Course (Cid, CName,...) StudentCourse (Stid, Cid, grade) K N M.$% &'() *!" 0 ( (4 K ( K.N ( (97 -IT ) -$% $% )78-4 /0! 0 ; )'< ( ='=5 n R. 8 (a n.$%. B%C $% &>? A $>? (b ).% ) Π R. α (R T) *BD ) (c.$% Select dstinct α From R.+ +, -, (.0 +, -, / (4 ( α (R)) α ( c(r) ) (d.+ +, -,. (.+ +, -, ( σc Π = Π σ

9 5 DML SQL

10 ( )!" #!" 6 DML SQL &.$% H'C? (4) F!78 - '4% 5,, 6 7" % S_C Course Student Sid SName s sn sn sn Student Sid s s Cid c c c S_C grade Cid CName c cn cn Course Select SName From Student T,(Select S_C.Sid From S_C Group By S_C.Sid Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_C)) T Where T.Sid=T.Sid K! F!78 I. 6. S_C< = %!89 * = > 6?!89! 9 0% *; % * 6 A,*) % Select AVG(grade) From S_C Sid s s Cid c c c grade A,*) % *$!" 5 % % BC,7" = = 5 6 <% S_C <,!<89 * = > 6! 9 *; % * % ",?'D/ + 6 A,*)

11 7 DML SQL 6! 9 S_C.Sid B*0 = % Sid s s Cid c c c grade ,*0 E 6 F> ",?'D/ *$!" %- 6 A,*) %!89 * = > Group By S_C.Sid S S S C 0 C 4 C 8 C C 6 C 0,*<H <% - < < <% Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG (grade),*0 +G, S S S From S _ C).!" /I -, % C 0 C 4 C 8 C C 6 C = > 5, = 5 > 5, = 9 > Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_ C).!" /I 70" HAVING,*0,*0< J* - KL0 M $ % * %.*$!" KL0! 9, N/ +G% - J7;,*0< J<* -<$ KL0 - % SELECT,*0 9 S_C.Sid,*0 +G, <6!G ) '!", * = >! 9,!" /I 70",*H % Having,Q<4" T!<89 * = > 6 O, P%" +.!89 * = > + 6 A,*) %!89 * = > 6!G! 9? %% + -$ Sid * - * -.!"! 9!,, - GROUP BY,*0

12 ( )!" #!" 8 Select SName From Student T, T Where T.Sid=T.Sid +$ R'*9, 6 * = > ",? %%!,< K <S 48/I E 6 F> *; * = >!G! 9 *; % * % + 6 A,*)% Q>*'>! % % T M $ SName sn 6 GC "!*EW»!.+ * A,*), -$ U " * = > P%" «.+ 0W'% -4W =, / A /?'4'" Select SName From Student T Where Exists (Select '' From S_C Where T.Sid=S_C.Sid Group by S_C.Sid Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_C)) K! F!78 I. 6. +< Correlated Subquery. *;!89 * = > 6 Exists,*0 * % * % 0% 6 ",*H %,%.!,9 * = > 6., + 6 %! = <> <%,!89 * = > 6!H $ = %!89 * = > 6 G0,<% 6 <% < *<, *< 78 ".*$!" E!, %!" T0"!,9 *.!"!89 78 ",*H %,%.!, ;, where,*0 J* SELECT SName FROM Student T WHERE EXISTS ( <$%!" <7".< <) Exists *8 M $ Student 6 % < <!" TRUE +< Exists B</ where *8 M $ *%!G 'Y!" Student.. %,?!" KL0 Student 6 5,*",!*E<W < *< = <>?< 4 B'% %.!" '> " Student G0 % < *<$!"!<G 'Y!"<4 0 >?.+!G 'Y BC % Exists %7" 0 >!" *<$!"!<G 'Y!,*), 7"? ).*$!G 'Y 0 >?, -$ B'% 7" ) = <> <4 A,@I %.$% 0W'% -4W =, / A /?'4'" 6 5,*" *EW "

13 9 DML SQL 0<W'% -4<W =, </ A </?'4'" 6 GC "!*EW *.+ * A,*), -$ U " * = > P%".!" Z L0, + -4<W =, </ A </?'4<'" 6 Sn Select AVG(grade) From S_C = = 5 6 *EW " '!" -W",*HB/.+ 0W'% + 6 A,*) % exists,*0 *8, **" A,@I 4 B'% -4W =, / A /?'4'" 6 A,*) % *$!" 5 % % BC,7" R, *; % * % + 6 A,*) % Select '' From S_C Where T.Sid=S_C.Sid Group by S_C.Sid Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_C) Exists,*0 *8, **" A,@I?'D/ %.!" T0" Student! Z,9 J'(" % T.Sid = S _ C.Sid,*0 J* 0% 6 S_C ",*H %,%. Student 6, [$ P%".!"!, % T M $ % * % G0 R, T.Sid S = S_ C.Sid S T M $ % * % Student 6 % 0% Sid SName s sn sn sn Student Sid s s Cid c c c S_C grade Cid CName c cn cn Course 6! 9 S_C.Sid B*0 = %,*0 E 6 F> ",?'D/ *$!" %- 6 A,*) %!89 * = > Group By S_C.Sid

14 ( )!" #!" 0 S C 0 C S C 0 C.!" /I Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade),*0 +G, From S_ C).!" /I -, % HAVING,*0 0 + = > 5 Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade)? %<%.!" R, T.Sid From S_ C) FALSE exists S = S_ C.Sid Sid SName s sn sn sn Student S 6! 9 S_C.Sid B*0 = % S C 4 C 6,*0< J* - KL0 M $ % * %.*$!/ KL0! 9, N/ +G S - +W>, where M $? %%!G % % Exists *8.*$!/ - N/! 9, Student 6 T M $ % * % Sid s s Cid c c c S_C grade Student 6 % Cid CName c cn cn Course,*0 E 6 F> ",?'D/ *$!" %- 6 A,*) %!89 * = > Group By S_C.Sid.!" /I Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade),*0 +G, From S_ C).!" /I -, % HAVING,*0

15 DML SQL S C 4 C = 5 > 5 Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade)? %<%.!" R, T.Sid S From S_ C) FALSE exists = S_ C.Sid S Sid SName s sn sn sn Student 6! 9 S_C.Sid B*0 = % S C 8 C 0,*0< J* - KL0 M $ % * %.*$!/ KL0! 9, N/ +G S - +W>, where M $? %%!G % % Exists *8.*$!/ - N/! 9, Student 6 T M $ % * % Sid s s Cid c c c S_C Student grade * % ", Cid CName c cn cn Course,*0 E 6 F> ",?'D/ *$!" %- 6 A,*) %!89 * = > Group By S_C.Sid S C 8 C 0.!" /I Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade),*0 +G, From S_ C).!" /I -, % HAVING,* = 9 > 5

16 ( )!" #!" Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_ C),*0 J* - KL0 M $ % * %.*$!" KL0! 9, N/ +G S - 70<",*<H % Having,*0 J* -$ KL0 - % SELECT,*0 9 '',*0 *< = > 6!G! 9? %% '!", * = >! 9,!" /I + 6 A,*) % S - 6 %!89. <!" TRUE exists (no column name) +<W>, where M <$? %<% <!<G 'Y <% % Exists *8.*$!" - N/! 9, Student 6 *? %% + 6 A,*) % *; * = >!G! 9 *; % * % SName sn 6 GC "!*EW»!.+ * A,*), -$ U " * = > P%" «.+ 0W'% -4W =, / A /?'4'" Select SName From Student Where Sid in (Select Sid From S_C Group by sid Having avg(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_C)) K! % F!78 I. 6.!< +< Normal Subquery.< *;!89 * = > 6 in,*0 * % * % <%!,<9 *<= > F\!" W'/ %,%.!89 *= > 6 0%.!" -]0!89 *= > 6 7" 6 *9 6., + 6!<, % in *<8 <I*/E" Student < 6, + 6 % *; *= >, 6 5,*" +$,. '9,, I*/E"? 9 Sid C!".*$!" - N/! 9, Student SELECT SName FROM Student WHERE in Sid ( )!<, % $%!" 7". ) in *8 I*/E" 6 ;, Student where,*0 J* 6 %

17 DML SQL *<8 M <$ -<4C *% in *8 I*/E" Sid 9, **" Sid!"!" KL0 Student 6 5,*"!" TRUE + in B/ where.<!" <'> " Student G0 % Student.. %,? in <%7" <0 >,!", Student 6!*EW * = >? 4 B'% %?'4<'" 6 <GC <" <!*E<W * * = > 4 A,@I %.,,, -$ U " * = > P%".!" Z L0, + 0W'% -4W =, / A /.+ * A,*) -4<W =, </ A </?'4<'" 6 Sn *EW " '!" -W",*HB/.+ 0W'% S_C< = %!89 * = > 6?!89! 9 0% *; % * 6 A,*) % Sid s s Cid c c c grade Select AVG(grade) From S_C 6 A,*) % *$!" 5 % % BC,7" = = 5 6 <% S_C <,!<89 * = > 6! 9 *; % * % ",?'D/ + 6 A,*) = <> <6!< 9 Sid B*0 = % Sid Cid grade s c 0 s c 4 6 c 8 0,*0 E 6 F> ",?'D/ *$!" %- 6 A,*) %!89 * Group By Sid

18 ( )!" #!" 4 S S S C 0 C 4 C 8 C C 6 C 0,*<H <% - < < <% Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) S S S From S_ C).!" /I -, % C 0 C 4 C 8 C C 6 C = > 5, = 5 > 5, = 9 > Having AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_ C),*0< +G,.!" /I 70" HAVING,*0,*0 J* - KL0 M $ % * %.*$!" KL0! 9, N/ +G% - J7; Having,*0 J* -$ KL0 - % SELECT,*0 9 Sid,*0 +G, = <> <6!G ) '!", * = >! 9,!" /I 70",*H % <%!<89 *< = <> 6!G! 9? %% + D".!89 * Select SName From Student Where Sid in (S) - - Sid * - * A,*).!"! 9!,, - GROUP BY,*0 +$ R'*9, 6 * = > ",? %%.< <) < in *<8 <I*/E" < Student 6 % R'0],*/ in *<8 <I*/E" Sid 9, **" Sid!"!, % $%!" 7" < 6 <5,*<" < <!" TRUE + in B/ where *8 M $ -4C *% < G0 % Student.. %,?!" KL0 Student, Student < 6!*E<W < *< = <>? 4 B'% %.!" '> " Student

19 5 DML SQL < 6 <% in.,, in%7" 0 >,!" <48/I <E 6 F<> *; * = >!G! 9 *; % * % + 6 A,*) % Student SName sn 6 GC "!*EW»!.+ * A,*), -$ U " * = > P%" «.+ 0W'% -4W =, / A /?'4'" Select SName From Student,S_C K! L F!78 I. 6. Where Student.Sid = S_C.Sid AND AVG(grade) > (Select AVG(grade) From S_C),*<" +<, <(", `<_ +/< 6 AVG I ^%,G_ * = >,, < Select <9 <% Where *<8, <I ^<%*!8,*H % + 0;, -]0 < 8<\" *< 6 +< *( 9,,G_ *= >? %%. '4% *< < < < ; % *!",G_ -$ Ua) ;.!/.$%.$% H'C? (4 ) F!78 -. B NL 5 OCP (<D?'D/.!",! 9, BQ! R@S, c 0W" B*0!'@H (b " 48/I? Q<>*'> < <'8 BC <% -ai ".!",! 9,, Q>*'> '8 c 0<W" <'Y B*0< <% +b?,!",! 9, ', `_ +/.!", NULL,7" +, +/ SQL NL 5 OCP (<D Q>*'> '8?'D/.!",! 9,, c 0W" B*0 48/I?, ', `_ +/ Q>*'> '8 BC % -ai ".!",! 9,,, NULL,7" +, +/ B*0 / % +b?,!",! 9.!".' + SQL `_!,9 (b 48/I A] % '4% 5,, 6 0 ; %

20 ( )!" #!" 6 Stid s StName sn sn sn Student K>0 Stid s Cid c grade 0 StudentCourse M>0 Cid c CName cn cn Course!<G <!< <$% ]<) 6 0W'% % d e ; P%" select * from student left outer join studentcourse N>0.$@ R, * A,*), -$ U " * = > P%" -<$ Ua<) ;, *( 9!/ * A,*), -$ U " * = > 0@b + 6 A,*) % BC select * from student left outer join studentcourse on student.stid= studentcourse.stid <48/I <T M <$ * A,*), -$ U " * = > -$ Ua) ;, Ua<) < +$ *( 9. * A,*), -$ U " * = >.+;, ON.$ 0 +<b, *< A,*), -$ U " * = >! 9 *; % * % + 6 A,*) % Left Outer Join 48/I E 6 F> Stid StName Stid Cid grade s sn s c 0 sn NULL NULL NULL sn NULL NULL NULL *% *9, % 6 %,? %% Cardinality min (student left outer join studentcourse) = K =.+;,! 9,,% stid c 0W" B*0 *;! 9, ' + '4% 5,, 6 /0 ; %

21 7 DML SQL Stid s StName sn sn sn Student K>0 Stid s s Cid c c c grade StudentCourse M>0 Cid c CName cn cn Course N>0 /0 +<b, *< A,*), -$ U " * = >! 9 *; % * % Stid s s StName sn sn sn sn sn sn + 6 A,*) % Stid s s Cid c c c Left Outer Join grade /I E 6 F> *% *9, % 6 %,? %% Cardinality max (student left outer join studentcourse) = K N = = 6 a<i g> B*I %, 0% *9 'b '8,,*W f6*"c NE B"6 'hi< % g> B*I %,,G_ e*i, *9 5!G '8, F\ */.+ - E,!0, /I ai +@" <9 *< <'b <$!" jq< <% &S 'b % d?!g '8,.* A,*), &'() * I 'b * A,*), 8\" select * from Student CROSS JOIN StudentCourse select * from Student, StudentCourse.$% H'C? (4) F!78 - ( TU) CROSS JOIN S S

22 ( )!" #!" 8. '!", R,, / CROSS JOIN, '4% 5,, 6 0 ; % Stid StName Stid Cid grade Cid CName s sn c cn sn StudentCourse cn sn Course Student < <!<,< * %!"b d e ; P%".$% (!G 'Y) 0W'% (!G) ]) *!" + 6 A,*) % 0 +b, * A,*), -$ U " * = >! 9 select distinct Student.* from student, studentcourse Stid StName Cardina lity min ( student,studentcours e) 0 *% *9, % 6 %,? %% = '4% 5,, 6 /0 ; % Stid StName Stid Cid grade Cid CName s sn s c 0 c cn sn s 0 cn sn b 0 Course Student b 40 b 50 B 60 StudentCourse + 6 A,*) % /0 +b, * A,*), -$ U " * = >! 9 select distinct Student.* from student, studentcourse Stid StName s sn sn sn

23 9 DML SQL!< 9,,<%.< J7;, [,*, distinct Cardinality max (student, studentcourse) = K = 48/I 6 -]0 4 SQL,.*$!" l *% *9, % 6 %,? %%.$% H'C? () F! [$? % * A,*) m+ +,,*" -$ - -, % * % /0! 0 ; )'< ( ='=5 n R. 8 (a n.$%, <'8 %.< J<7; J<7;. '8 /, 6 + +, -,, <$% 0$ B*0 +?[/" a" '8 / %,., '8. R J7; J7;!<., '8. R J7; J7;, '8 %. J7; J7;. +b? <"., '8. '8 %. R, '8. '8 %. -<4C <$% <T'T9 n, R %, '8 /. +b % I +b, n.+. BC '8 %. B%C $% &>? A $>? (b +]),7" 6 BC,7" +!0]) (*>) P0W" +]) 6 + +, -,,!<b,<!,<9 * +**", +!0]) (*>) P0W" <$% *<( <''n <, <" BC 7"!0]).,C +% C B*!" b A,*) <*> +])!" ')* " A ''n 'b %? %%.!" K*(" P0W" *> BC % J@ " +]) P H 6 BC,7" '4, -]0,*" AIaH.%,, 6 +<; <5,, <b* g, +]) B*!"? % " %.!<" o<(b 6 BC,<7" +!0]) - +])? R'< <E!< <%, BC,<7" < "? % $%!W E.'"* - -< +]<).<!*EW -,/$ =, +]) " %.$% " ; 8)! 7" <E < <* <% $% -$ '[W - +]) _ 6 +!0]) p " +]).+ B0 q 6 =,C +]) ".$% - A]) *9 8) q $%!$.+ -$ '[W!0> ca> -,/$ _* B%'9 G$ ).% ) ΠR. α(r T) *BD ) (c.$% Select distinct α From R '4% 5, 6 A,*) %, T R.+ +, * -,

24 ( )!" #!" 40 a R b 4 c d e T '4% 5,, 6 * = > Π R.a (R T) + 6 A,*) %!89 0 > * = >! 9 a b 4 c d e <% *< = <>!G! 9 * > 48/I E Z,9 +/ % + 6 F> +G, *% *9 6 A,*)!< 9,,<%.< J<7;, [ > Π Select distinct R.a From R!< 9,,<%.< J7;, [,*, distinct ΠR. α (R T) = Select distinct α From R a a = a b c d e /I 6 -]0 4 l '4% 5,, 6 * = >?'D/ + 6 A,*) % * = >! 9 48/I 6 -]0 4 SQL,.*$!" l *% *9, % 6 %,? %%

25 4 DML SQL ( (R)) = ( (R)) σ c Π α Π α σ c!% +')9, M W" A,*) % Π σ 48/I 6 + +,,G_ -, <% M $ 6 I*/E" c B*0 6 I*/E" 6 α%,. R!8,*H %.0 <I*/E" <6 σ <48/I B*0< < +<, %!"6 6-4C $%, σ Π!.$% Π 48/I B*0 Πα ( σ c(r) ) = σc ( Πα (R)) '4% 5, 6 A,*) %, S / (d S# S S S ( = (S)) R =ΠS#,City σcity 'C' Sname City Sn C Sn C Sn C '4% 5,, 6 * = > + 6 A,*) %!89 0 > * = >! 9 S# Sname City S Sn C S Sn C <% *< = <>!G! 9 * > 48/I E Z,9 +/ % + 6 F> +G, *% *9 6 A,*) ( (S)) R =σcity = 'C' ΠS#,City S# City S C S C '4% 5,, 6 * = >?'D/ + 6 A,*) %!89 0 > * = >! 9 S# City S C S C S C % * = >!G! 9KL0 48/I E Z,9 +/ % + 6 F> +G, *% *9 6 A,*) S# City S C S C

26 ( )!" #!" 4 ( = (S)) = ( (S) ) ΠS#,City σ City 'C' = σcity 'C' ΠS#,City '4% 5, 6 A,*) %, +, % 6 %, F> S / ( = (S)) R = ΠS# σcty 'C' S# S S S Sname City Sn C Sn C Sn C '4% 5,, 6 * = > + 6 A,*) %!89 0 > * = >! 9 S# S S Sname Sn Sn City C C <% *< = <>!G! 9 * > 48/I E Z,9 +/ % + 6 F> +G, *% *9 6 A,*) ( (S)) R = σcity = 'C' ΠS# S# S S '4% 5,, 6 * = >?'D/ + 6 A,*) %!89 0 > * = >! 9 S# S S S <6 *<% <*L Q> B[" KL0 48/I E Z,9 +/ % + 6 F> +G,!< +<' S#!< Π <48/I B*0< <I*/E" <6 City!< σ <48/I B*0<? %<% +< -W KL0 Π 48/I J*!89 0 >, City B*0 ^,. City S#.+' Q>B[" CityB*0, % σ 48/I ( = (S)) = ( (S)) ΠS# σcity 'C' σcity 'C' ΠS# +, % 6 %, F>

27 9 DCL DDL SQL DCL DDL SQL. Clustered Index a T (97 - ).!"# $%&! ' " ( * * a )* -.*/ *0Range Query )* +*, (.!5/ # 4 * * a )* -.*/ *0Equality Query ) +, (.!5/ # 7."9%0!!5/ )0 (4 - Person (97 - ) "#$ %& ( ()* +&& ) -. -! - Create Table person ( personid int, managerid int, level int, Primary key (personid), Foreign key (managerid) References person(personid) on delete CASCADE on update RESTRICT, ) insert into person values (4,NULL,), (,4,), (,,), (,,), (5,,), (0,4,), (7,0,), (8,0,) Delete from person where level = 0 (4 ( 8 ( 6 ( # "#$ %& -. " 4"$ E E (97 -IT ) E E E "# "#$ %& - -!." # 6 &5/. "# "/0 K NM +&& K N M +&& E - Delete from E where id=5

28 ( )!" # $"# 9 create table E( id int, primary key(id)) create table E( id int, a int, primary key(id), foreign key(a) references E(id) on delete cascade) create table E( id int, b int, primary key(id), foreign key(b) references E(id) on delete restrict) (97 -IT ) *7 '"*; AB! M = M, N = N,K = K M < M, N = N,K = K ( (4 M = M, N = N,K = K M < M, N < N,K = K " (Indexing) 89(7" B +. " / Range Query ) +, Tree index (." )! " 7 $& <7" "#5/ '"; 0 (."9%0 " / Range Query ) +, Hash =5# > 0 ( Insert * "* *4 '"*; $*& 0!"? )@0 (4.!5/ ( ( -4

29 9 DCL DDL SQL DCL DDL SQL &. <=> () 9 - *! D ' 0!! C&,! &> ' % DE F"0 '! *C#'HG I0*7 *</ *.* )*JG F*K/! &5;)G*E '! ' * &> ' N*.!5*/ G*K/ )JG AH / I07 ) 9/ '"; >/# -5 (?.) &5M/ *."* ="* Index *& P Q& RG O' 0!57 $ $ 47' *.!5*/! >! 5E 4 &7 ' 0!! &> )S9& $*&! T* 0!57 AB $7 ) 0!! C&, &&"/ % )7!! A *0."&/ I&HG 05; ' U, ) +, P Q& ) ' "97/ ",!&> N&G ' (5*%; "* D7) "* D7 "*V/ $&!57 0! )7 &0!57 '.!5/ "XC#!! N&G 0!57 VW9/ U!B."*997/! 0!&! > 0!! C&, &&"/ 0% PDY ZD[/ 0 %/! QS/ \. ] ) )4& > ^5W!"? Q&4! \ ]* )4& > ZD[/ 0 %/! QS/ \ Q 9_0 '." '/ ] )4& > )*@0. %0 );5/ B + Tree ' B Tree ' A>5/! -& Q&! )7 " A%S& A*/> )S &#B >.!5/!& \7 ' QX,!!5 4! 0 );! Q*X,! `, AB 9X,! \ ) )%' 4! $&!! ' B Tree 0*!5*/ 5*%; * I&H*G a!&! \7 ' B + )* +, Tree index."9%0!&> 9X, ' 7 \ &0! ' "#5*/ * $%&!!0 ' 0. " / Equality Query ' B + Tree Range Query."997/ FK/ )JG ; " D7. <=> () 9 -."& C J#! &> '"; PersonID ManagerID Level Person

30 ( )!" # $"# 94.! / O!!5/ '"; $& A'! b. & '"; A / b. ; " D7 c*9/! c9/ "V/ $& dv O! "& ; " D7 $&!!5;5/ "V/ 0 > ) )*.* NULL =;! ; " D7 &5/ 5E Q& Y! " )!!5;' AB." &!V/ )5/&> "& 50 ; " D7 &!V/ C&! A A5*9 )* )ef*%/ Q& " )! NULL =; "&.# C_ 0 )W $&! ; " D7 $&. /#/ 5@" %" "A AB ' 9/ )W "/! D!?/; A5#O $& "* "*KV/! c9/ "V/! "&!!!5;' ; " D7! )7 "V/ 0.% # g!e AB `S e' " Z&? Person '"; ' &> 5! Foreign key (managerid) References person (personid) on delete CASCADE "*&"#7 "* D7 (F*) * i )* ManagerID A5* 9?& Person '"; ; " D7 9?& *O! "*0! A*4# I97' ' " U% cascade G ) PersonID A5 9?& Person '";!5* *# *; *?/; A5#*O j* ' *& * "& a* Person '"*;! ;* "* D7 Z*&? )W' ) Person Person '";! B )7 " 97 '";! C8D Q 9_0 Person '"*; Person )* Person '"*; > *; *?/; A5#*O j X;!!5/! % Q& /." U% Person '";! (F) i ) cascade G ) 50 9/ )7!5 F Person '";!!57 9?& cascade `9; > Person '"; Person '"*;! H* # C&!!57 F AB!5 Person '";! C&!!57 F ).!5/ )G&, ;?/; A5#O j X;! H # " Z&? Person '"; ' &> 5! Q 9_0 Foreign key (managerid) References person(personid) on update RESTRICT "*&"#7 " D7 (#>') i ) ManagerID A5 9?& Person '"; ; " D7 9?& A*4# I9*7' ' "* U% restrict(no action) G ) PersonID A5 9?& Person '"; *# *; *?/; A5#O j ' & "& Person '"*;! ; " D7 Z&? )W' ) Person Person '";! B )7 " 97 O! "0! '";! 5" - Q 9_0!5 '"*; Person )* Person '"*; > *; *?/; A5#*O j* *X;!!5/ a Q*& */." U% Person '";! (#>') i ) restrict G ) 50 Person Person '"*;!!5*7 * *9?& * restrict `9*; > Person '"*;! *%!57 #>' AB!5 Person '";! C&!!57 #>' 9/ )7!5 #>'.!5/! '!5# )G&, ;?/; A5#O j X;! Person '";! C&!

31 95 DCL DDL SQL &> 5E ) Delete 5! # - EFA Person Delete from person where level = ; " D7 '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G."& C J#! &> '"; PersonID ManagerID NULL Person Level Card(Person) = 8 &> 5E ) Delete 5! # -! Person ; " D7 '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G PersonID 4 ManagerID NULL Person Level Card(Person) = G N e! ) C#B!5 F Person '"; > (,4,) W Delete 5! ; > `, "V/ ManagerID A5! )7 &0W "& Person ) Person '"; cascade % '!5* F* Person '"*; > H # (5,,) ' (,,) (,,) 0W N/ "#! F* Person '"*; > (0,4,) W* * Delete 5*! ; > `, Q 9_0.!5/ A5! )7 &0W "& Person ) Person '"; cascade % G N e! ) C#B!5 F Person '"; > H # (8,0,) ' (7,0,) 0W N/ "#! 0 "V/ ManagerID &> 5E ) "#// X#! )_#B '!5/ '!5

32 ( )!" # $"# 96 PersonID 4 ; " D7 ManagerID NULL Person Level. <=> () 9 - NS Q& ) 5 5E *0 0W*!"? '!5 &> 5! \W/ E ' E E 0'"; S " 97 kg ' E E 0'"*; 0W!"? &> 5! ; > `,." K ' N M P ) "7 l"0! m "#5#!5/ "7. K ' N M P ) E Delete from E where id=5 M = M,N = N,K = K (."& C J#! &> '";."0! m "#5# ' )9&H ; " D7 ; " D7 id 5 a 5 id 8 6 b 8 id E E.! / O!!5/ '"; A / b. ; " D7 c*9/! c9/ "V/ $& dv O! "& ; " D7 $&!!5;5/ "V/ 0 > ) )*.* NULL =;! ; " D7 &5/ 5E Q& Y! " )!!5;' AB." &!V/ )5/&> "& 50 ; " D7 &!V/ C&! A A5*9 )* )ef*%/ Q& " )! NULL =; "&.# C_ 0 )W $&! ; " D7 $&. /#/ 5@" %" "A AB ' 9/ )W "/! D!?/; A5#O $& "* "*KV/! c9/ "V/! "&!!!5;' ; " D7! )7 "V/ 0.% # g!e AB `S e' " Z&? E '"; ' &> 5! foreign key(a) references E(id) on delete cascade *9?& E '"*; "*&"#7 "* D7 (F*) i ) a A5 9?& E E '"; ; " D7 9?&

33 97 DCL DDL SQL )* E '";! n! )7 " 97 O! "0! A4# I97' ' " U% cascade G ) id A5 )W*' )* E '"*;! F* */ % # C&! '"; I97' ) > # '!! - o!5 > *; *?/; A5#*O j* *X;!!5*/ a* E '";! ; " D7 Z&? U*% E '"*;! (F) i ) cascade G ) 50 E '"; E ) E '"; E '"*;!!5*7 * 9?& cascade `9; > E '";! % Q& /." j* *X;! H* # E '"*;! F AB!5 E '";! F ) 9/ )7!5 F.!5/ )G&, ;?/; A5#O " Z&? E '"; ' &> 5! Q 9_0 foreign key(b) references E(id) on delete restrict *9?& E '"*; "*&"#7 "* D7 (F*) i ) b A5 9?& E '"; ; " D7 9?&! n! )*7 "* 97 *O! "0! A4# I97' ' " U% restrict(no action) G ) id A5 )* E '";! F / % # C&! '"; I97' ) > # '!! - o!5 ) E '"; ;?/; A5#O j X;!!5/ a E '";! ; " D7 Z&? )W' U*% E '";! (F) i ) restrict G ) 50 E '"; E ) E '"; > E '"*;!!5*7 * *9?& restrict `9; > E '";! % Q& /." A5#*O j* X;! E '";! F AB!5 E '";! F ) 9/ )7!5 F.!5/! '!5# )G&, ;?/; *&> 5E ) Delete 5! # - EFA E' E E '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G Delete from E where id = 5 ; " D7 ; " D7 id 5 a 5 id 8 6 b 8 id E E E Card(E) = M =, Card(E) = N =, Card(E) = K = *&> 5E ) Delete 5! # -! E' E E '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G

34 ( )!" # $"# 98 ; " D7 ; " D7 id 5 a 5 id 8 6 b 8 id E E E Card(E) = M = M =, Card(E) = N = N =, Card(E) = K = K = p *0 *0!57!"*?! * i '!5# F!57 p 0 Delete 5! ; > `, $*& *!5* F '"; )0 ' W!5 O )7 e!.!5#!& '"; > $& *G N* e! )* *C#B!5* F* E '"*; > (5) W* *.!5 7 '"; )0 > W * Q 9_0.!5 F E '"; > H # (5,8) W "& E ) E '"; cascade % W E ) E '"; restrict % G N e! ) C#B!5 F E '"; > (5,8) W *4> NS* ) ;?/; A5#O j X;! '.!5# F E '"; > (8,) *; *?/; A5#*O j* X;! Q 9_0!5# F E '"; > 0 (5,8) W.!5# F E '"; > 0 (5) W ; " D7 M = M, N = N,K = K."& C J#! &> '";."0! m "#5/ '! )9&H ; " D7 ( id 7 a 7 id 8 6 b 8 id *&> 5E ) E Delete Delete from E where id=5 5! # - EFA E E E' E E '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G

35 99 DCL DDL SQL ; " D7 ; " D7 id 7 E a id E b id 8 E *&> 5E ) Card(E) = M =, Card(E) = N =, Card(E) = K = Delete 5! # -! ; " D7 E' E E '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G ; " D7 id 7 E a id E b id 8 E Card(E) = M = M =, Card(E) = N = N =, Card(E) = K = K = p *0 *0!57!"*?! * i '!5# F!57 p 0 Delete 5! ; > `, F* "05[ )7!"# (5) "V/ W E E '"; A5@.!5#!& '"; > $&.!5 M < M, N < N,K = K."& C J#! &> '";."0! m "#5/ 5 )9&H ( ; " D7 ; " D7 id 5 7 a 7 5 id 8 6 b 8 id *&> 5E ) E Delete 5! # - EFA E E E' E E '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G

36 ( )!" # $"# 00 Delete from E where id=5 ; " D7 ; " D7 id 5 7 E a id E b id 8 E *&> 5E ) Card(E) = M =, Card(E) = N =, Card(E) = K = Delete 5! # -! ; " D7 E' E E '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G ; " D7 id 7 a 7 id 8 b 8 id E E E Card(E) = M =, Card(E) = N =, Card(E) = K = % G N e! ) C#B!5 F E '"; > (5) W Delete 5! ; > `, * Q 9_0.!5/ '!5 F E '"; > H # (5,6) W "& E ) E '"; cascade."97#!& E '"; ' % F Q&!5 F E '"; > (5,6) W Card(E) = M < M, Card(E) = N < N, Card(E) = K = K M < M, N = N,K = K."& C J#! &> '";."0! m "#5/ X@ )9&H (4 ; " D7 ; " D7 *&> 5E ) id 5 7 E Delete a 7 5! # - EFA id 8 6 E E' E E b 8 E id '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G

37 0 DCL DDL SQL Delete from E where id=5 ; " D7 ; " D7 id 5 7 E a id E b id 8 E *&> 5E ) Card(E) = M =, Card(E) = N =, Card(E) = K = Delete 5! # -! ; " D7 E' E E '"; 0!57!"? ' '"; G ; " D7 id 7 a 7 id 8 6 b 8 id E E E Card(E) = M =, Card(E) = N =, Card(E) = K = *% F Q& C#B!5 F E '"; > Card(E) = M < M, Card(E) = N = N, Card(E) = K = K (5) W Delete 5! ; > `,."97#!& E '"; '. <=> () 9-4 *! D ' 0!! C&,! &> ' % DE F"0 '! *C#'HG I0*7 *</ *.* )*JG F*K/! &5;)G*E '! ' * &> ' N*.!5*/ G*K/ )JG AH / I07 ) 9/ '"; >/# -5 (?.) &5M/ *."* ="* Index *& P Q& RG O' 0!57 $ $ 47' *.!5*/! >! 5E 4 &7 ' 0!! &> )S9& $*&! T* 0!57 AB $7 ) 0!! C&, &&"/ % )7!! A *0."&/ I&HG 05; ' U, ) +, P Q& ) ' "97/ ",!&> N&G ' (5*%; "* D7) "* D7 "*V/ $&!57 0! )7 &0!57 '.!5/ "XC#!! N&G 0!57 VW9/ U!B

38 ( )!" # $"# 0."*997/! 0!&! > 0!! C&, &&"/ 0% PDY ZD[/ 0 %/! QS/ \. ] ) )4& > ^5W!"? Q&4! \ ]* )4& > ZD[/ 0 %/! QS/ \ Q 9_0 '." '/ ] )4& > + )*@0. *%0 );5/ B Tree ' B Tree ' A>5/! -& Q&! )7 " A%S& A*/> )S &#B >.!5/!& \7 ' QX,!!5 4! 0 );! Q*X,! `, AB 9X,! \ ) )%' 4! $&!! ' B Tree 0*!5*/ 5*%; * I&H*G a!&! \7 ' )* +*, B + Tree index."9%0!&> 9X, ' 7 \ &0! + B Tree ' "#5*/ * $%&!!0 ' 0. " / Equality Query ' Range Query."997/ FK/ )JG

39 9! R (97 - ) F = {A BCD, BC DE, B D, D A} R(A,B,C,D, E, F) $" " # - (4 ( ( 4 ( &'"# " % (97-IT) R(A,B,C, D,E) $&' - F = {A BC, CD E, B D, E A}.... {C, B} {C,D} {C,D} {E} {E} {B} {E} {A} ( ( ( (4

40 (#$$ #%&)! 40.&' -./ () )* -. *+ ""# $ % ( & '(#) -., -. - / '0 -. ' # 5 -. = 5 &""# $ &6 '0 '$0 &""# $+ 4$5 -. n R [('0) = i= yi (<;) x i ] %" &? AB?/?? [('0) y (<;) x ] =>. A BC BC A = BC i i.d/ 6 EF?G?D L'?0 7 &6 EFG D H/ I JK0 A BCD BC DE B D D A (&. $ JK0 I L / M# ; 7 &6 O R(A,B,C,D, E, F) M & J NM/ &6 5+ A/ BC / / D/ EF / A BC DE = F '0 =( F =K(. -. R$G F 'K( PQ M + { F} = { F}? -. BQ F 'K( UV L / *+ F T0 BQ LF 'K( LPQ S0. $ / ' %' # T?0?# L(? I) T?W AXK+ A(G L -. JD??-. Y?? L? Y ; LZ/ 5 L '0 %/ Y L *+

41 4? LH &6 =K( Y L W [\/ L & /$+ Y L.D C + $ -.? L??00 A?W L? K( LTW Y ]M/ Y^$.' _ 65 L?6?W F -. A 'K( D '0 `X av L0 'W $?? AF =K?( Y? L *+ T0 $ L +/ (A F) =K( &b$. # R 5 '0 =( AF =K( + { AF} = { A,F,B,C,D,E}?? LAF =K?( U?V L?/?*+ T0 $ LAF =K( LPQ S0.'0., -. > LJDc 'W?? O? (D, F)?""# d?+ T?+/ U?V L D A 5T Y^$. B+ 5 Y & &6? O (D, F) UV L / *+ T0 $ '0 (A, F) W T; A 'K?( LD 'K( L D A 6 ]> '7 L / *+ T0 $ '0.D/ A >+ (A, F) (D, F) / '0 =( (D, F) =K( + = { D,F} { D,F,A,B,C, E}? (D, F) =K?( U?V L?/?*+ T0 $ L (D, F) =K( LPQ S0.'0., -. > LJDc 'W &6 O (B, F) ""# d+ T+/ UV L B D 5T Y^$. B+ 5 Y &? O (B, F)UV L / *+ T0 $ '0 (D, F) W T; D 'K( LB 'K( L B D6 ]> '7 L / *+ T0 $ '0.D/ A >+ (D, F) (B, F) / '0 =( (B, F) =K( + { B, F} = { B, F,D, A,C,E}? (B, F) =K?( U?V L?/?*+ T?0 $ L (B, F) =K( LPQ S0.'0

42 (#$$ #%&)! 4 LJ? J M Y., -. > LJDc 'W Y F -. LM0 0 TW ]M/ '0 # ' & L4$C/. W [\/ 0.&' -./ () )* -. *+ ""# $ % ( & '(#) -., -. - / '0 -. ' # 5 -. = 5 &""# $ &6 '0 '$0 &""# $+ 4$5 -. n R [('0) = i= yi (<;) x i ] %" 5.D/ & AB/ [('0) y (<;) x ] =>. A BC BC A = BC i i 6 EF?G?D L'?0 7 &6 EFG D H/ I JK0 A BC CD E B D E A A/ BCDE / / / / A BCDE = 7+. $ JK0 I L / M# ; 7 &6 O R(A,B,C, D,E) M & J NM/ &6 5+ ' %7! #?%/ Y? LD 7+ L( I) TW AXK+ A(G L -. JD /?$+ Y? L?\/? -. c L Y ; PQ 5 L '0?.$C/ &? ]?W?0???? Y. 5 T & + = { B} { B, D}.D e\ 6

43 4? LB 'K( UV L / *+ D B &T0 BQ LB 'K( LPQ S0. # 0 f0v HD Y. $ + { A} = { A,B,C, D,E}? LA 'K?( UV L / *+, -. T T0 $ LA 'K( LPQ S0. / O & B/ e\ '75 \D Ab / =( L'0 E 'K( UV. / *+ A T0 LE 'K( + { E} = { E,A,B,C,D}? LE 'K?( UV L / *+, -. T T0 $ LE 'K( LPQ S0. / =( L'0 CD =K( UV. / *+ E T0 LCD =K( + { CD} = { C,D,E, A,B} LCD =K?( U?V L / *+, -. T T0 $ LCD =K( LPQ S0. / =( L'0 CB =K( UV. / *+ D T0 LB 'K( + { CB} = { C, B,D,E, A} LCB =K?( U?V L / *+, -. T T0 $ LCB =K( LPQ S0. / L?\/ -. c LM0 7; TW ]M/ L/ J \/ T$. 5 PQ & /$+ Y

44 89 R (97 -IT ) #!"!" R. (. NF (.!" NOT NULL R (.!" )* R $ & $(& $%!"&' ( (4 -

45 ( )!" #$!"% "&'$% 90 (.!" )*+ () %& -,-. / & 0 0* %7.& && 5 85 ( & 85& ( R & 9 R &. -.% ( ' ; 85& ; <;= ' <;= ' > 85 ' >? ' ;.&!. A0! /- BC 85 &. 5 <= ' <= $;(. 5 <= ' <= ' 85& <= ' <= ' > DE /. ; 5 ; 85 ; ' ; C5 E ' 5 85 ' 85&,F E ' ; 5 ; 85 ; ' ; 85& ;,F ;E $D' > / G ; ' ;> ; ;& <;= ;DE /; ; ; 5 ; 85 ' C5 E ' A" ' 85& ( 85 ' 5 0 ' " ; 85&.&!. 85 * 5 (A0!) )*? $I 5. = && &!. J? 0KL 5 85& '..!" NF 0 ( A7 ;.& && 5 85 ( & 85& ( 5$!DE? ' ;F NF ; ; DE' 5 85 ' ' >. 5 A &? 0* & 0 ' > /!. F N'. A0$ $85 0M &..& ' & ' >..& $D=! $%!"&' F & ' > $D;=! $%!"&' % 85 P )DO & 85 P )DO $%!"&' $ QR 0>' $ST& $%!"&' 85 ' > ' > DE $D;=! $%!"&' 85 ' > ' > DE / G. F& '. 0 QR NOT NULL R ( A7 ;.& && 5 85 ( & 85& ( 5$!DE? 0 ' ;> ; DE' 5 85 ' ' >

46 9 $;ST& I 6%G 0>0 (> A0F U( V&..& NOT NULL & R..&!. NULL = 5 85?.%67 <+ R. 678 (4 ;.& ;&& 5 85 ( & 85& ( 5$!DE? W $%!;"&' ;( ;DE ' 5 85 ' ' > A7 $ ;& P $%!;"&' X ; 85 ' >.!" )* R $ & $(& 0>' Y0-( $(& $%!"&' ' $D=! $(& $%!"&' $ST& $(& $%!"&' A0G ($ &).!" )* R $ & $(& $%!"&' ( $(.