Optical Atomic Clock & Absolute-Zero Chemistry Probing Quantum Matter with Precision Light

Transcription

1 Optical Atomic Clock & Absolute-Zero Chemistry Probing Quantum Matter with Precision Light Jun Ye JILA, NIST & University of Colorado MURI 25 th Birthday, Washington DC, Nov. 9, 2011 Many-body quantum systems Optical atomic clocks

2 Optical Clocks: Fundamental aspects, practical issues and enabling technology Bergquist, Cundiff, Delfyett, Diels, Gibble, Hall, Hollberg, Jones, Kapteyn, Kimble, Ye (PI) JILA/Colorado, Caltech, Central Florida, New Mexico, NIST, Penn State (Peter Reynolds) ONR/MURI, 2001 Outside Collaborations MIT (the other MURI team)

3 Clocks are everywhere Space exploration, Defense & Homeland security ESA satellite to satellite comm Fiber-Laser Comb Telecommunications Transmit Fiber Standards for Industry Length Metrology Fundamental and Applied Science

4 Spectrum in optical frequency synthesis Log Frequency (Hz) Crystal oscillator (rf timer) Cs HCOOH HCN Microwave oscillators, Klystrons, etc. W-Si mwave diode H 2 O CH 4 CH 3 OH CO 2 OsO 4 Laser MIM or Schottky diode Molecular overtone Rb, Cs I2 Ca H, Hg + Visible

5 Spectrum in optical frequency synthesis Log Frequency (Hz) Crystal oscillator (rf timer) Cs HCOOH HCN Microwave oscillators, Klystrons, etc. W-Si mwave diode Molecular overtone H 2 O CH 4 CH 3 OH CO 2 OsO 4 Rb, Cs I2 Ca H, Hg + Visible Laser MIM or Schottky diode Harmonic frequency chains NRC; PTB;

6 An Optical Frequency Chain NBS (NIST): measurement of speed of light, 1972 J. Wells K. Evenson Hall & Ye, NIST 100th birthday, Optics & Photonics News 12, 44 (2001).

7 The age of atomic clocks - Chasing the SPEED! Faster oscillations More cycles Smaller errors Light ripples: cycles per second, & we count every one Precision: ± 1 Earth bacteria Sun

8 Linear Signal (a. u.) Long-term optical coherence ( 1 s) Ludlow et al., Opt. Lett. 32, 641 (2007). 10 s Cavity 2 Cavity 1 Laser 2 Laser Optical linewidth: 250 mhz Beat between two independent lasers Hz

9 A rainbow spectrum with precision Hall and Hänsch, 2005 Nobel Prize Optical frequency comb Cundiff and Ye, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 325 (2003). Radio freq. Optical freq. Optical coherence time > 1 s (<10-15 ), anywhere in the visible Schibli et al., Nature Photonics 2, 355 (2008).

10 A rainbow spectrum with precision signal amplitude (arb. units) Hall and Hänsch, 2005 Nobel Prize Optical frequency comb Cundiff and Ye, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 325 (2003) Radio freq. Optical freq. Counting the light ripple time (s) Optical coherence time > 1 s (<10-15 ), anywhere in the visible Schibli et al., Nature Photonics 2, 355 (2008). Da M W Y Ch R^ a0 a1 a2 a3 b

11 A rainbow spectrum with precision Hall and Hänsch, 2005 Nobel Prize Optical frequency comb Cundiff and Ye, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 325 (2003). Radio freq :1 Reduction Gear Optical Light freq. Radio frequency Light Optical coherence time > 1 s (<10-15 ), anywhere in the visible Schibli et al., Nature Photonics 2, 355 (2008).

12 Optical atomic clocks Oscillator Ultrastable laser Sr atoms Counter optical comb optical frequency counter

13 Optical lattice a many-body quantum system Science 331, 1043 (2011) Engineered quantum states eliminating motional effects Separation of internal and external degrees of freedom Isolation from environment Long coherence times Large atom numbers to increase signal and accuracy 3D 1D Lattice 2D Lattice

14 JILA Sr atomic clock Science 314, 1430 (2006); Science 319, 1805 (2008); Science 320, 1734 (2008); Science 324, 360 (2009); Science 331, 1043 (2011). 10, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 ± 1 (10-16 )

15 total deviation JILA Sr atomic clock Science 314, 1430 (2006); Science 319, 1805 (2008); Science 320, 1734 (2008); Science 324, 360 (2009); Science 331, 1043 (2011). 10, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 ± 1 (10-16 ) Sr Yb standards Definition of SI SECOND Ludlow / Time & Freq time (s)

16 Precise distribution of ultra-stable signals Foreman, Holman, Hudson, Jones, and Ye, Cover Review, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 78, (2007). SYRTE, NIST, 100 km fiber: 1 x 1 s; 1 Hz optical linewidth; 0.1 fs jitter (20 MHz BW)

17 Phase-coherent radiations IR to XUV - Spectroscopy & Quantum Control Absorbance (cm -1 ) Phase-coherent synthesis of the electromagnetic Extreme Ultraviolet spectrum Nature, in press (2011). Ar: 82 nm x 10-3 N 2 O, 9 ppm, 100 torr, cm -1 (a) HITRAN database cm

18 Phase-coherent radiations IR to XUV - Spectroscopy & Quantum Control Absorbance (cm -1 ) Phase-coherent synthesis of the electromagnetic Extreme Ultraviolet spectrum Nature, in press (2011). Ar: 82 nm x 10-3 N 2 O, 9 ppm, 100 torr, cm -1 (a) HITRAN database cm

19 Direct Frequency Comb Spectroscopy Thorpe et al., Science 311, 1595 (2006). Chem. Rev. 2010; Phys. Rev. Lett

20 Chuang Côté Yelin (PI) DeMille Bohn Jin Ye AFOSR MURI - Cold Molecules (2009) Eyler Gould Stwalley Kotochigova Demler Ketterle Doyle

21 Ultracold gases Precise control of a quantum system applications: quantum computing atomic clocks precision measurements cold-atom-based sensors Control: A tool for understanding complexity. Build up strongly correlated many-body quantum systems Fermi superfluidity fermions or bosons in an optical lattice

22 Extend our capability to control quantum systems What s new (compared to ultracold atoms)? New internal degrees of freedom vibration, rotation Chemistry Why polar molecules? Long-range interactions E Exotic quantum matter

23 Atom vs. molecule 1995 Bose-Einstein Condensation T = 100 nk N = 10 6 atoms n = cm -3 Molecules: T = 100 mk, n = 10 6 cm -3

24 Ultracold molecules: The challenge Molecules are complex! trap depth 10 orders of magnitude 6000 K 100 K 0.1 K 38 μk 1 μk 200 nk vibration rotation hyperfine translation binding energy

25 Quantum gas of polar molecules Debbie Jin J. Ye Science 322, 231 (2008) Science 327, 853 (2010) Nature 464, 1324 (2010) 40 K Fermions 87 Rb Bosons

26 Light provides the answer Photons carry away the energy! Laser light Laser light

27 Chemistry near absolute zero (1) Molecules behave like waves (2) Angular momentum is quantized s p d 0 1ħ 2ħ (3) Quantum statistics matter Fermions c L = 1, p-wave collisions

28 New quantum phases and dynamics Revolution E ongoing! E Correlated Fermi pairs Bi-layer Bose condensation? Super solids? Zoller, Demler, Santos,

29 Over the years F. Adler (NIST) S. Blatt (Harvard) J. Bochinski (Faculty, NC State) M. Boyd (AO Sense, industry) G. Campbell (Faculty, U. Maryland) L. Chen (Faculty, WIPM) S. Foreman (Stanford U.) K. Holman (Staff, Lincoln Lab) E. Hudson (Faculty, UCLA) T. Ido (Senior staff, Tokyo NICT) D. Jones (Faculty, UBC) J. Jones (Faculty, U. Arizona) Y. Lin (Staff, Nat. Inst. Metrology) T. Loftus (AO Sense, industry) H. Lewandowski (Faculty, U. Colorado) A. Ludlow (Scientist, NIST) K. Moll (Precision Photon., industry) M. Notcutt (ATF, industry) B. Lev (Faculty, Stanford U.) S. Ospelkaus (Faculty, U. Hannover) A. Pe er (Faculty, Bar-Ilan U.) B. Sawyer (NIST) T. Schibli (Faculty, U. Colorado) M. Stowe (Staff, Lincoln Lab) M. Thorpe (NIST) D. Wang (Faculty, U. Hong Kong) X. Xu (Faculty, ECNU) T. Yoon (Faculty, Korea Nat. U.) T. Zanon (Faculty, Univ. Paris) T. Zelevinsky (Faculty, Columbia U.) & current group members