The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012
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1 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 Serge Haroche Collège de France and École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France David J. Wineland National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA For ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems. Kungl. Vetenskapsakademien
2 We never experiment with just one electron or atom or (small) molecule. In thoughtexperiments we sometimes assume that we do; this invariably entails ridiculous consequences E. Schrödinger Experiment with single atoms (ions) and with one or few photons
3 Ion in a trap Photon in a cavity Manipulation and observation with photons Manipulation och observation with atoms n=51 n=50 A two-level system is coupled to a quantized harmonic oscillator
4 1. Methods Background New techniques 2. Applications Within science For the future For today
5 Capturing and cooling an ion Ion trap technique 1970s Paul and Dehmelt, Nobel prize 1989 Doppler cooling (with laser light) proposed by Wineland and Dehmelt for ions 1975 demonstrated experimentally for ions 1978 Chu, Phillips, Cohen-Tannoudji, Nobel prize 1997
6 Ion traps Lasers Ions Electrodes Linear Paul trap Electric field + Radio frequency field NIST home page An ion trap
7 Observation of ions 2 P 3/2 F=3,m F =3 Be + 2 S 1/2 F=2,m F =2 5d 10 6s 6p 2 P 1/2 NIST home page Hg + 5d 9 6s 2 2 D 1/2 forbidden 5d 10 6s 2 2 S 1/2 Wineland s and Toschek s groups 1986
8 Sideband cooling > ω 0 ω 0 ω v ω v v=2 v=1 v=0 Quantized motion Cooling in the lowest energy state of the trap > v=2 v=1 v=0 Control of the internal and external states of the ion Wineland s group 1989 (1D) och 1995 (3D)
9 Control of the state of an ion > > ω 0 ω v v=1 v=0 v=1 v=0 ϕ 0 >= > 0> ϕ 1 >= (α > +β >) 0> Superposition of internal states Red sideband π pulse > 0> > 1> ϕ 2 >= α > 0>+β > 1> = > (α 0>+β 1>) Superposition of vibrational states Cirac, Zoller, theory,1995 Wineland s group, experiment 1995 Blatt s group, experiment for two ions 2003
10 Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (CQED) Properties of one atom in a cavity Kleppner, Walther, Haroche (1985) CQED in the optical domain: Kimble Circuit QED: using supraconducting circuits
11 Capture of microwave photons Q=4x T c = 130 ms 51,1 GHz km Supraconducting mirrors in niobium 0,8K Microwave photons ENS home page A half cavity
12 Experiment with photons n=51 51 GHz Rb, n=50 Circular Rydberg atom l= m =49 B: Preparation of Rydberg atoms R 1, R 2 : Resonant cavities where superpositions of and are created D: Field ionisation detector R 1, R 2, D: Ramsey interferometer C: Cavity
13 Measurement of 0 or 1 photon > z x > > + > > +e iφ > y >
14 Measurement of 0 or 1 photon > z x > > + > > + > > y 0 photon φ=0 >
15 Measurement of 0 or 1 photon > z x > > + > > - > 1 photon φ=π > > > y Phase shift Haroche s group, 1990, 1999, 2007
16 Measurement of 0 or 1 photon > > > > Many atoms see the same photon time (s)
17 Measurement of a few photons Observation of the progressive collapse of a wave function Quantum feedback (2011)
18 1. Methods Background New techniques 2. Applications Within science For the future For today
19 Schrödinger s cat 1935 Schrödinger Difficult to apply quantum mechanics to everyday s life! When does a superposition of states stop to exist and become one state or the other? Transition between the quantum and classical worlds
20 Decoherence of Schrödinger s cat ϕ 0 >= ( > + >) α> α Coherent field After the cavity: ϕ 1 >= > αe -iφ > +e iφ > αe iφ > Dead cat Living cat Entanglement between the atom and the field Decay of coherence Haroche s group 1996 Wineland s group 1996
21 Film of the decoherence of a Schrödinger s cat Wigner function Superposition Statistical mixture
22 Towards quantum computers Bits 0 1 Quantum bits 1> z x N qubits: superposition of 2 N states Parallelism interesting for some operations y Many systems proposed for quantum computers: Ions in a trap (14 qubits) Atoms in a cavity Superconducting circuits Atoms in optical lattices etc 0> First 2qubit quantum gate CNOT operation Wineland s group 1995
23 Optical Clocks Caesium atom Aluminium ion Microwave Visible 10 4 Precision of an optical ion clock 10-17
24 Optical clocks using quantum logic 3 P 1 F=3,m F = PHz 8 mhz bandwidth 27 Al + 2 P 3/2 Cooling och detection Quantum logic 1 S 0 No strong transition for cooling and detection Be + 2 S 1/2 F=2,m F =2 F=1,m F =1 Quantum logic spectroscopy technique Al-Be Wineland s group 2005
25 How does one measure the precision of optical clocks? Frequency comb technique: Hall and Hänsch 1999 NP:2005
26 Optical ion clocks 8 x10-18 Al + Mg + Difference in height 30 cm Wineland s group 2010 Difference in velocity: a few m/s
27 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012 Serge Haroche Collège de France and École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France David J. Wineland National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and University of Colorado Boulder, CO, USA For ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems.
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