Realizing Richard Feynman s Dream of a Quantum Simulator
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1 Realizing Richard Feynman s Dream of a Quantum Simulator IB, KITP Public Lecture 28 September,
2 Overview Motivation Matter as a Wave The Path to Ultracold Quantum Matter Optical Crystal Formed by Laser Light Applications Outlook
3 Introduction The Challenge of Many-Body Quantum Systems Understand and Design Quantum Materials - one of the biggest challenge of Quantum Physics in the 21st Century Technological Relevance High-Tc Superconductivity (Power Delivery) Magnetism (Storage, Spintronics...) Novel Quantum Sensors (Precision Detectors) Quantum Technologies (Quantum Computing, Metrology, Quantum Sensors,...) Many cases: lack of basic understanding of underlying processes Difficulty to separate effects: probe impurities, complex interplay, masking of effects... Many cases: even simple models not solvable Need to synthesize new material to analyze effect of parameter change
4 Introduction Quantum Complexity the ultimate hard drive Crystal of spins
5 Introduction Quantum Complexity the ultimate hard drive Crystal of spins
6 Introduction Quantum Complexity the ultimate hard drive Crystal of spins
7 Quantum Complexity Introduction Y = c1 c2n c2 AND AND 2N Configurations simultaneously! AND
8 Quantum Complexity Introduction Y = c1 c2n c2 AND AND 2N Configurations simultaneously! AND
9 Roadrunner Los Alamos 1.1 Petaflops/s 2000 t 3.9 MW State of the art: < 40 spins (2 40 x 2 40 ) (what does it take to simulate 300 spins?) each doubling allows for one more spin 1/2 only estimated number of protons in the universe
10 Intro The Challenge of Many-Body Quantum Systems Control of single and few particles Single Atoms and Ions Photons D. Wineland S. Haroche
11 Intro The Challenge of Many-Body Quantum Systems Control of single and few particles Single Atoms and Ions Photons D. Wineland S. Haroche Challenge:... towards ultimate control of many-body quantum systems R. P. Feynman s Vision A Quantum Simulator to study the dynamics of another quantum system. Ion Traps (R. Blatt, Innsbruck) Crystal of Atoms Bound by Light Superconducting Devices (J. Martinis, UCSB, Google)
12 Intro The Challenge of Many-Body Quantum Systems Control of single and few particles Single Atoms and Ions Photons D. Wineland S. Haroche Challenge:... towards ultimate control of many-body quantum systems R. P. Feynman s Vision A Quantum Simulator to study the dynamics of another quantum system. Ion Traps (R. Blatt, Innsbruck) Crystal of Atoms Bound by Light Superconducting Devices (J. Martinis, UCSB, Google)
13 Intro The Challenge of Many-Body Quantum Systems Control of single and few particles Single Atoms and Ions Photons D. Wineland S. Haroche Challenge:... towards ultimate control of many-body quantum systems R. P. Feynman s Vision A Quantum Simulator to study the dynamics of another quantum system. Ion Traps (R. Blatt, Innsbruck) Crystal of Atoms Bound by Light Superconducting Devices (J. Martinis, UCSB, Google)
14 Ultracold Quantum Gases
15 A Milestone of Quantum Physics
16 Centennial Nobel Prize in Physics! (2001) Original lab book entry from W. Ketterle!
17 Centennial Nobel Prize in Physics! (2001) Deborah Jin ( ) Original lab book entry from W. Ketterle!
18 What is Matter?
19 Matter Waves Matter is a Wave Louis-Victor de Broglie ( ) l = h p = h mv Erwin Schrödinger ( ) i h Y t = HY
20 What characterizes a wave? Wave is a periodic oscillation in space and time! Frequency (Oscillations per s) Propagation velocity:
21 1+1=2? or not? Matter Matter Twice as much matter
22 Superposition Principle for Waves Waves can enhance each other! Waves can eliminate each other! contructive interference when two waves are added in phase destructive interference when two waves are added λ/2 out of phase
23 Go To Interference Program...
24 Matter Waves When can we perceive this wave character? l Size of Object l Size of Object Propagation along straight lines Waves are diffracted!
25 Matter Waves debroglie Wavelength of Different Objects
26 What is interfering in the case of matter waves?
27 Single Electron on Double Slit A. Tonomura et al., Amer. J. Phys. 57 (1989) pp
28 Single Electron on Double Slit A. Tonomura et al., Amer. J. Phys. 57 (1989) pp
29 Interference Phenomena with Matter Waves (2)
30 Matter Waves STM Images of Electron Surface Waves Fe auf Cu (111)
31 Interference of C 60 Matter Waves
32 Matter Waves From a classical gas to a Bose-Einstein Condensate Classical Gas Coherent Matter Wave
33 Matter Waves Thermal Light & Laser Light Laser emits one one continuous wavetrain with a perfectly defined frequency!
34 Matter Waves Thermal Light & Laser Light BEC is for matter what the laser is for light! Laser emits one one continuous wavetrain with a perfectly defined frequency!
35 Matter Waves Why is it hard to create a BEC? Conditions for BEC: z.b. Water For a typical density of water n H20 we obtain T c =1K Problem: Water is a block of 1K Solution: Density has to be lowered by several orders of magnitude to prolong timescale for solid formation!
36 Matter Waves Why is it hard to create a BEC? Conditions for BEC: z.b. Water For a typical density of water n H20 we obtain T c =1K Problem: Water is a block of 1K Solution: Density has to be lowered by several orders of magnitude to prolong timescale for solid formation! Even lower temperatures are needed!
37 de Broglie Wavelengths Thermal debroglie wavelengths 273 K (0 C, 32 F) Water freezes T (K) de Broglie Wavelengths of a typical atom 77K (-197 C, -323 F) Air liquifies 4K (-269 C, -452 F) He liquifies These are temperatures we need to reach to create macroscopic matter waves!
38 Matter changes at low temperatures! Matter can undergo a Phase Transition when lowering temperatures! Gas Liquid Liquid Solid Normal Conductor Superconductor Normal Liquid Superfluid Classical Gas Quantum Gas (BEC)
39 Superconductivity at Low Temperatures At very low temperatures some materials can lose all resistivity! They become superconductors!
40 Meissner Effect
41 Meissner Effect
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44 Radiation Pressure Komet Hale-Bopp A special way to cool!
45 Laser Cooling
46 Laser Cooling Nobel in Physics 1997 Steve Chu Claude Cohen-Tannoudji Bill Phillips
47 Matter Waves Laser Cooling some Facts Maximum Acceleration e.g. for 87 Rb Minimum Temperature g!
48 Dipole trap + Optical lattices
49 Laser Cooling at Work
50 Laser Cooling at Work
51 Matter Waves The Path to Bose-Einstein Condensation
52 Traps Magnetic Traps for Neutral Atoms Energy of an atom in an external magnetic field Force on an atom in an inhomogeneous magnetic field
53 Traps Magnetic Trap Zoology Cloverleaf Trap QUIC-Trap Miniaturized Magnetic Traps
54 Evaporative Cooling Tom Greytak Daniel Kleppner
55 Go To Evap Applet...
56 Time-of-Flight Imaging
57 Time-of-Flight Imaging
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59 Interference of Two Bose-Einstein Condensates Trapped BEC s BEC s after expansion time t
60 Interference of Two Bose-Einstein Condensates Trapped BEC s BEC s after expansion time t
61 we need a lot of optics!
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64 x10000
65 Introduction Optical Lattice Potential Perfect Artificial Crystals Laser Laser λ/2= 425 nm optical standing wave Perfect model systems for a fundamental understanding of quantum many-body systems
66 courtesey: T. Hänsch
67 courtesey: T. Hänsch
68 courtesey: T. Hänsch
69 courtesey: T. Hänsch
70 courtesey: T. Hänsch
71 courtesey: T. Hänsch
72 Single Atoms Seeing Single Atoms Premier point Ceci Cela Deuxième point Ceci lattice beams 1064 nm single 2D degenerate gas ~ Rb atoms (bosons) 4 µm mirror 1084 nm window 780 nm high-resolution objective NA = 0.68 z y x y x y x 16 µm resolution of the imaging system: ~700 nm
73 Snapshot of an Atomic Density Distribution BEC n=1 Mott Insulator n=1 & n=2 Mott Insulator J. Sherson et al. Nature 467, 68 (2010)
74 Snapshot of an Atomic Density Distribution Temperature sensitivity down to 50 pk!! BEC n=1 Mott Insulator n=1 & n=2 Mott Insulator J. Sherson et al. Nature 467, 68 (2010)
75 Single Site Addressing Ch. Weitenberg et al., Nature 471, (2011)
76 Addressing Coherent Spin Flips - Positive Imaging b c d 2 µm e f Subwavelength spatial resolution: 50 nm Ch. Weitenberg et al., Nature 471, (2011)
77 Single Atom Tunneling
78 Single Atom Tunneling
79 Addressing Motional State Affected? a b c d y x Probability x-position (lattice sites) 0.0 ms ms x-position (lattice sites) x-position (lattice sites) 1.5 ms ms x-position (lattice sites) see exp: Y. Silberberg (photonic waveguides), D. Meschede & R. Blatt (quantum walks)...
80 Addressing Motional State Affected? a b c d y x Probability x-position (lattice sites) 0.0 ms ms x-position (lattice sites) x-position (lattice sites) 1.5 ms ms x-position (lattice sites) see exp: Y. Silberberg (photonic waveguides), D. Meschede & R. Blatt (quantum walks)...
81 Addressing Higher Band Tunneling Probability x-position (lattice sites) 15 Excellent agreement with simulation. Interesting extension: Quantum walks of correlated atoms/spins...
82 Addressing Arbitrary Light Patterns Digital Mirror Device (DMD)
83 Addressing Arbitrary Light Patterns Measured Light Pattern Digital Mirror Device (DMD)
84 Addressing Arbitrary Light Patterns Measured Light Pattern Digital Mirror Device (DMD) Exotic Lattices Quantum Wires Box Potentials Almost Arbitrary Light Patterns Possible! Single Spin Impurity Dynamics, Domain Walls, Quantum Wires, Novel Exotic Lattice Geometries,...
85 Higgs Amplitude Mode in Flatland M. Endres, T. Fukuhara, M. Cheneau, P. Schauss, D. Pekker, E. Demler, S. Kuhr & I.B. M. Endres et al. Nature (2012) Chubukov & Sachdev, PRB 1993; Sachdev, PRB 1999; Zwerger, PRL 2004; Altman, Blatter, Huber, PRB 2007, PRL 2008; U. Bissbort et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2011); D. Podolsky, A. Auerbach, D. Arovas, PRB
86 Quantum Matter at Negative Absolute Temperature S. Braun, J.-P. Ronzheimer, M. Schreiber, S. Hodgman, T. Rom, D. Garbe, IB, U. Schneider S. Braun et al. Science 339, 52 (2013) A. Mosk, PRL 95, (2005),A. Rapp, S. Mandt & A. Rosch, PRL 105, (2010)
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90 The world best clocks:
91 Atomic Clocks Application of Atomic Clocks Navigation, Positioning GPS, GLONASS, deep space probes Geodesy Datation of millisecond pulsars VLBI Synchronisation of distant clocks IAT Fundamental physics tests Ex : general relativity Search for a drift of the fine structure constant α :
92 Clocks Measurement of Time Clock = Oscillator + Counter
93 Clocks Measurement of Time
94 Clocks Measurement of Time Sundial since 3500 v. Chr. One period per dat
95 Clocks Measurement of Time Sundial since 3500 v. Chr. One period per dat Pendulum clock since 1656 One period per second
96 Clocks Measurement of Time Sundial since 3500 v. Chr. One period per dat Quartz oscillator since periods per second Pendulum clock since 1656 One period per second
97 Clocks Measurement of Time Sundial since 3500 v. Chr. One period per dat Quartz oscillator since periods per second Pendulum clock since 1656 One period per second Cesium atomic clock since oscillations per second
98 Atomic Clocks Atomic Fountain Clocks 8 fountains in operation at SYRTE, PTB, NIST, USNO, Penn St, IEN, ON. 5 with accuracy at More than 10 under construction. BNM-SYRTE, FR PTB, D NIST, USA
99 Topic The best clock: atoms in optical lattices Premier point g> Ceci Cela Deuxième point Ceci e> 87 Sr 1 P nm (~ 5 ns) 1 S 0 3 P nm (~ 150 s) Quality factor > Op3cal dipole moment ~ Debye Boyd et al., Science 314, 1430 (2006). from: Jun Ye (JILA, Boulder)
100 Sr clock a new frontier for stability & accuracy Fractional Frequency Uncertainty Cs Beam / Cs Fountain Ion Clock Sr Optical Lattice Clock Yb Optical Lattice Clock Year
101 Sr clock a new frontier for stability & accuracy Cs Beam / Cs Fountain Ion Clock Sr Optical Lattice Clock Yb Optical Lattice Clock Bloom et al., arxiv: Fractional Frequency Uncertainty Sr: lowest uncertainty in all atomic clocks: 6.4 x Achieving this x 100 faster than ion clocks Year
102 Optical Lattice Clocks Accuracy The inaccuracy of such a clock corresponds to 1s over the entire lifetime of the universe!
103 Outlook Search for New Phases of Matter Extremely Strong Magnetic Field Physics Novel Quantum Magnets Controlled Quasiparticle Manipulations Non-Equilibrium Dynamics (Universality?) Thermalization in Isolated Quantum Systems Entanglement Measures in Dynamics Supersolids Cosmology - Black Hole Models? High Energy Physics/String Theory New clocks/navigation Quantitative testbeds for theory!
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The physics of cold atoms from fundamental problems to time measurement and quantum technologies. Michèle Leduc
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