NanoKelvin Quantum Engineering

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1 NanoKelvin Quantum Engineering Few x 10 5 Yb atoms 250mm 400 nk 250 nk < 200 nk Control of atomic c.m. position and momentum. Today: Bose-Fermi double superfluid Precision BEC interferometry Ultracold Molecules Remove degrees of freedom Manipulate Controllably/usefully introduce complexity Address Q s in AMO, CM, nuclear, particle Subhadeep Gupta UW NSF-INT Phys REU, 2 nd July 2018

2 NanoKelvin Quantum Engineering Ultracold Molecules Two-Element Bose-Fermi double superfluid Precision BEC interferometry

3 Knobs for Quantum Engineering In ultracold, dilute gases, using e-m fields, can control (relatively) easily HIGH Temperature & density Dimensionality Magnetization Magnitude & sign of the charge Optical crystals (tunnel/on-site), CM models, new systems Chemical structure form molecules LOW

4 Quantum Degeneracy in a gas of atoms 1 atom per quantum state N atoms V volume T temperature Number of atoms = (Dx) 3 ~ V (Dp) 3 ~ (m k B T) 3/2 (available position space) (available momentum space) h 3 Quantum Phase Space Density n h 3 ~ 1 (m k B T) 3/2 (n=n/v) Air n ~ /cm 3, T c ~ 1mK Stuff n ~ /cm 3, T c ~ 0.1K Everything (except He) is solid Dilute metastable gases n ~ /cm 3 T c ~ 1mK!! Ultracold!! and ~ non-interacting

5 Laser cooling Evaporative cooling Relevant Ultracold Temperatures on the Log Kelvin Scale (80 s, Nobel 97) 10 3 surface of sun room temp. liquid Nitrogen BCS superconductors, 4 He superfluid, CMB fractional quantum hall effect 10-3 Atomic Clocks, GPS, Time Std, Sensors 10-6 (95, Nobel 01) superfluid 3 He dilute B p-wave threshold (l db ~ R ~ few nm) Degenerate Gas (l db ~ n -1/3 ~ few x 100nm) 10 6 trapped atoms 100 nk, /cm Zero point energy In trap

6 Different Quantum Matters F decreasing temperature Fermi Sea T = 0 Fermi Energy (k B T F ) classical gas cold B BEC

7 Boson degeneracy: Bose-Einstein condensate 174 Yb 25ms TOF Yb BEC

8 Fermion Degeneracy Gaussian fit Fermi-Dirac fit 3x Li fermions at T/T F = ms TOF Fermi pressure due to Pauli Exclusion principle nl 3 Quantum Degeneracy: db ~ 1 => T F ~ 1mK

9 Energy Controlling two-body interactions Feshbach resonance Closed Channel (molecular potential) Entrance Channel (incoming particles) Resonance between two free atoms and a molecule Control with external magnetic field Internuclear Distance Example Entrance channel Closed channel Triplet: + Singlet: +

10 Strongly interacting Fermi gases BEC of molecules Unitarity Strong interactions k F a >1 betw. 2 spin states BCS superfluid Unitary Fermi Gas ( 1 k F a = 0): Hydrogen Atom Harmonic Oscillator of many-body physics

11 Strongly interacting Fermi gases BEC of molecules Unitarity Strong interactions k F a >1 betw. 2 spin states BCS superfluid Unitary Fermi Gas ( 1 k F a = 0): Hydrogen Atom Harmonic Oscillator of many-body physics

12 Strongly interacting Fermi gases Source: BEC of molecules Unitarity Strong interactions k F a >1 betw. 2 spin states BCS superfluid Unitary Fermi Gas ( 1 k F a = 0): Hydrogen Atom Harmonic Oscillator of many-body physics

13 COLDER Fermionic Superfluidity Final Cooling at unitarity Observe condensation in TOF on the molecular side (adiabatic transfer from unitarity to BEC side 832G 690G) Condensation of paired fermions (T c ~ 0.17 T F ) Paired Fermi superfluid of 6 Li at T/T c = 0.55

14 174 Yb- 6 Li Bose-Fermi Superfluid Mixture Double Degeneracy Double Superfluidity Preparing and observing the double superfluid Demonstration of Elastic Coupling between superfluids Angular Momentum Exchange between superfluids

15 Bose-Fermi Double Superfluid 4 He- 3 He mixtures. Strong B-F repulsion. B-F superfluid not yet realized Recently B-F superfluids in atomic systems in 7 Li- 6 Li, 174 Yb- 6 Li, 41 K- 6 Li NEW QUANTUM SYSTEM! R.J. Roy et al. Phys Rev Lett 118, (2017)

16 Precision Contrast Interferometry with Yb BECs: a and Development of BEC-based precision sensors Scaling up Yb BEC CIFM to large momentum separation

17 Photon Recoil for the Fine-Structure Constant, a Test of QED and Standard Model ppb: hydrogen spectroscopy (Udem et al.,1997; Schwob et al.,1999) ~ 0.1 ppb: penning trap mass spec. (Bradley et al.,1999, Ed Myers 2012) e 2R h 2R a = = = c c m e c M M e h m 0.03 ppb: penning trap mass spec. (Sturm et al., 2014) a at 0.25 ppb (2008, 2012) Penning Harvard (Gabrielse) QED calculations by Kinoshita group Our target with Yb BEC is < 0.1 ppb in a = rec 1 2 m k Photon Recoil Measurement by light-pulse Atom Interferometry Rb (Paris 2011) 1.3 ppb Cs (Berkeley 2018) < 0.5 ppb 2

18 z Three-Path Atom Interferometry t SW (split) T SW (mirror) T readout time

19 PMT Signal z Three-Path Contrast Atom Interferometry t SW (split) T Contrast Signal: SW (mirror) T readout time TW (readout) Time S. Gupta et al. PRL 89, (2002) A. Jamison et al. PRA 90, (2014)

20 PMT Signal t z SW Three-Path Contrast Atom Interferometry Sensitive to photon recoil, a Symmetric geometry suppresses various systematics Sensitive to gravity gradients T Contrast Signal: SW T readout time TW (readout) Time S. Gupta et al. PRL 89, (2002) A. Jamison et al. PRA 90, (2014)

21 Contrast Interferometer with Yb BEC Slope = n 2 rec T/2 Outer arms separated by n recoil momenta Oscillation Phase F 34ms period

22 Scaling-up Contrast Interferometer to large momentum separation 4 photons (between outer paths) 76 photons (between outer paths) 1.4 mm Use sequence of 3 rd order (6 recoil) Bragg pulses for acceleration Improved readout

23 Three-Path contrast interferometer with large momentum separation High Visibility for > 100 photon recoils n = # photon recoils between path 1 and path 3 Signals are averages of between 20 and 100 shots Stability acquired from: - Interferometer symmetry - Atom-optics pulse control Largest momentum separation phase-stable interferometer Scaling promising for competitive a measurement Related large LMT works: Kasevich, Rasel, Muller groups Ben Plotkin-Swing et al. (arxiv: )

24 Diatomic Molecules (One atom too many?) New degrees of freedom: Scientific Advantages & Technical Challenges Can cool individual atomic species first and then combine them into ultracold molecules

25 Ultracold Polar Molecules Long range (d 2 /r 3 ) interaction for quantum Information processing Li Yb 1 Debye dipoles, 0.5mm lattice interact ~ d 2 /r 3 ~ hx1khz, k B x50nk. LiYb: low (0.2 D) and high (5 D) EDM calculated in different electronic states.

26 Ultracold Polar Molecules Long range (d 2 /r 3 ) interaction for quantum Information processing Li m Yb Precision Spectroscopies eg. m p /m e time variation Dipolar superfluids Quantum controlled chemical reactions 1 Debye dipoles, 0.5mm lattice interact ~ d 2 /r 3 ~ hx1khz, k B x50nk. LiYb: low (0.2 D) and high (5 D) EDM calculated in different electronic states. Micheli et al. Nat. Phys. 2, 341 Rev: Carr et al. New Jrnl Phys. 11, Pursued by several groups worldwide

27 Optical Feshbach Resonance Couple free atoms and molecules using a coherent 2-photon Raman process

28 Atom-Molecule Coherence Li Atom Number Li Atom Number 200x ( 2, W 2 ) ( 1, W 1 ) W 2 = PA beam 1 detuning detuning [MHz] [MHz] 350x10 3 YbLi> PL ( 2, W 2 ) ( 1, W 1 ) Dark State 3 level L-system YbLi*> Li+Yb> Alaina Green et al =E bind /h Atom-molecule Dark state. Signature of ground state molecules detuning [MHz]

29 NanoKelvin Quantum Engineering Ultracold Molecules Two-Element Bose-Fermi double superfluid Precision BEC interferometry

30 Laser Cooling z I s- s- P x s+ s+ s- y I s+ S Magneto-Optical Trap (MOT) Workhorse of laser cooling Atom Source ~ 600 K; UHV environment abs em => COOLING! (Need a 2 level system)

31 UW Ultracold Atoms Labs

32 UW Ultracold Atoms Group Ben Plotkin-Swing Ricky Roy Katie McAlpine Alaina Green Dan Gochnauer Khang Ton Jun Hui See Toh Xinxin Tang Camden Kasik DG ARO MURI AFOSR

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