Memory Systems of the Brain. Bob Clark 08/06/2012

Transcription

1 Memory Systems of the Brain Bob Clark 08/06/2012

2 LONG-TERM MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) EPISODIC (events) SEMANTIC (facts) SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCEDURAL (SKILLS & HABITS) PRIMING & PERCEPTUAL LEARNING NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING FEAR SOMATIC AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM STRIATUM NEOCORTEX REFLEX PATHWAYS Hippocampus/ Medial Temporal Lobe

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4 William B. Scoville, MD

5 H.M. Normal 8 cm Temporal lobe Cerebellum Hippocampus

6 Some Characteristics of Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia Impaired Anterograde Memory Impaired Retrograde Memory - Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia Intact Immediate or Working Memory Ability Intact Cognitive Abilities, motivation, personality, intelligence. Intact Perceptual Abilities

7 R L H.M. E.P.

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11 The Struggle to Develop an Animal Model of Human Amnesia Hippocampal lesions obviously do not impair learning in general, even when the learning involves retention for long periods of time. Thus, the animal and human data would appear to be in contradiction. This contradiction could be resolved by postulating that the hippocampus has a different basic function in man and beast. Such a solution to this problem is generally unacceptable to physiological psychologists, however. Another possible resolution of this paradox is that the recent memory loss in man is a secondary effect of a different type of primary disorder. The author has chosen the latter course, and suggests that the recent memory loss in man is a genuine phenomenon, but that it is a byproduct of interference during storage and not due to a lack of ability to store, per se (Douglas, 1967, p 424).

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13 Mishkin, M. (1978). Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus. Nature, 273, Delayed Nonmatching-to-Sample Task

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16 Percent Correct 100 Delayed Nonmatching to Sample N = MTL = 4 8s 15s 60s 10min Delay (sec)

17 Percent Correct * * * * N ( 1 0 ) 6 0 H ( 1 8 ) s 1 5 s 1 m 1 0 m 4 0 m D e l a y Zola SM, Squire LR, Teng E, Stefanacci L, Buffalo EA, Clark RE (2000) J. Neuroscience. 20:

18 Mean Percent Correct 100 Delayed Nonmatching to Sample A = 3 N = 7 70 H+ A = 3 H+ = 5 60 H++ = min Delay (sec)

19 S a m p l e A D e l a y A B C h o i c e A B - +

20 P e r c e n t C o r r e c t RAT DNMS * C o n t r o l H - I B O * s 3 0 s 1 m 2 m D e l a y s Clark, R.E., West, A.N., Zola, S.M., and Squire, L.R. (2001). Hippocampus, 11:

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26 % P r e f e r e n c e f o r N o v e l S t i m u l u s VPC Cross-Species Comparison H U M A N S M O N K E Y S R A T S A B C s e c 2 m i n 2 h r D e l a y 1 s e c 10 s e c 1 m i n 10 m i n D e l a y 10 s e c 1 m i n 10 m i n 1 h r D e l a y 2 4 h r McKee RD, Squire LR (1993) J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cog. 19: Zola SM, Squire LR, Teng E, Stefanacci L, Buffalo EA, Clark RE (2000) J. Neuroscience. 20: Clark, RE, Zola, SM and Squire, LR (2000). Journal of Neuroscience, 20:

27 HIPPOCAMPUS Schaffer C A 3 collaterals C A 1 mossy fibers D e n t a t e G r y u s perforant pathway temporoammonic pathway S U B I C E n t o r h i n a l C o r t e x I I I I I I V V medial lateral Parahippocampal/ Post rhinal Perirhinal Cortex Neocortical Spatial input Neocortical Visaul input

28 Parahippocampal / Postrhinal (rat) Perirhinal Entorhinal

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32 Some Characteristics of Medial Temporal Lobe Amnesia Impaired Anterograde Memory Impaired Retrograde Memory - Temporally Graded Retrograde Amnesia Intact Immediate or Working Memory Ability Intact Cognitive Abilities, motivation, personality, intelligence. Intact Perceptual Abilities

33 Théodule Armand Ribot ( )

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35 Phase I: Demonstrator Feeding Demonstrator Rat Cocoa (or Cinnamon) Cocoa (or Cinnamon)

36 Phase II: Interaction CS 2 Food odor Subject Rat Demonstrator Rat

37 ? Subject Rat Cocoa Cinnamon

38 Phase III: Test Subject Rat Cocoa Cinnamon

39 P e r c e n t F a m i l i a r F o o d E a t e n A c q u i s i t i o n o f a S o c i a l l y - Acq uired F o o d P r e f e r e n c e C O N H Clark, et al. (2002)., J. Neuroscience, 22(11):

40 P e r c e n t F a m i l i a r F o o d E a t e n Long Retention Intervals are Possible with the Social- Transmission of Food Preference Task Week 1-Month 3-Month Retention Interval Clark, et al. (2002)., J. Neuroscience, 22(11):

41 P e r c e n t F a m i l i a r F o o d E a t e n C O N H 1 - D a y D a y D a y T r a i n i n g - S u r g e r y I n t e r v a l Clark, et al. (2002)., J. Neuroscience, 22(11):

42 LONG-TERM MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) EPISODIC (events) SEMANTIC (facts) SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCEDURAL (SKILLS & HABITS) PRIMING & PERCEPTUAL LEARNING NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING FEAR SOMATIC AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM STRIATUM NEOCORTEX REFLEX PATHWAYS Hippocampus/ Medial Temporal Lobe

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45 LONG-TERM MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) EPISODIC (events) SEMANTIC (facts) SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCEDURAL (SKILLS & HABITS) PRIMING & PERCEPTUAL LEARNING NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING FEAR SOMATIC AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM STRIATUM NEOCORTEX REFLEX PATHWAYS Hippocampus/ Medial Temporal Lobe

46 Priming Priming is a memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences a response to a later stimulus. For example, if a person reads a list of words including the word table, and is later asked to complete a word starting with tab, the probability that he or she will answer table is greater than if not so primed.

47 LONG-TERM MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) EPISODIC (events) SEMANTIC (facts) SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCEDURAL (SKILLS & HABITS) PRIMING & PERCEPTUAL LEARNING NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING FEAR SOMATIC AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM STRIATUM NEOCORTEX REFLEX PATHWAYS Hippocampus/ Medial Temporal Lobe

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56 response? spatial

57 LONG-TERM MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) EPISODIC (events) SEMANTIC (facts) SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCEDURAL (SKILLS & HABITS) PRIMING & PERCEPTUAL LEARNING NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING FEAR SOMATIC AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM STRIATUM NEOCORTEX REFLEX PATHWAYS Hippocampus/ Medial Temporal Lobe

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60 LONG-TERM MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) EPISODIC (events) SEMANTIC (facts) SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCEDURAL (SKILLS & HABITS) PRIMING & PERCEPTUAL LEARNING NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING FEAR SOMATIC AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM STRIATUM NEOCORTEX REFLEX PATHWAYS Hippocampus/ Medial Temporal Lobe

61 Classical Conditioning A simple form of associative learning Delay CS US

62 E n g r a m R e q u i r e m e n t s a n d C i r c u i t P h i l o s o p h y T o n e C S U S M o d i f i a b l e E l e m e n t C R A i r p u f f U R E y e b l i n k

63 Mauk et al. (1982)

64 Mauk & Thompson, (1987).

65 McCormick & Thompson (1984)

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67 Lavond et al. (1985)

68 p a r a l l e l f i b e r P u r k i n j e c e l l C e r e b e l l a r C o r t e x g r a n u l e c e l l Interpositus Nucleus C e r e b e l l u m C S h a i r c e l l s p i r a l g a n g l i o n c o c h l e a r n u c l e u s p o n t i n e n u c l e i C R P a t h w a y B r a i n s t e m s e m i l u n a r g a n g l i o n i n f e r i o r o l i v e r e d n u c l e u s U S t r i g e m i n a l U R P a t h w a y a c c e s s o r y a b d u c e n s N M R e s p o n s e Clark & Lavond (1993).

69 LONG-TERM MEMORY DECLARATIVE (EXPLICIT) NONDECLARATIVE (IMPLICIT) EPISODIC (events) SEMANTIC (facts) SIMPLE CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PROCEDURAL (SKILLS & HABITS) PRIMING & PERCEPTUAL LEARNING NONASSOCIATIVE LEARNING FEAR SOMATIC AMYGDALA CEREBELLUM STRIATUM NEOCORTEX REFLEX PATHWAYS Hippocampus/ Medial Temporal Lobe