Tales From The Dark Side of Particle Physics (The Dark-Light Connection) William J. Marciano

Transcription

1 Tales From The Dark Side of Particle Physics (The Dark-Light Connection) Based on H. Davoudiasl, H-S Lee &WJM Viewer Discretion Advised Beware the Ides of March! William J. Marciano The Best of Times or The Worst of Times? (March 15, 2012)

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4 Elementary Particle Physics Visible Matter SU(3) C xsu(2) L xu(1) Y Standard Model 8 gluons + W ±, Z, γ (spin 1) gauge bosons 3 generations of quarks & leptons (mix->cp violation) e,ν e,u,d µ,ν µ,c,s τ,ν τ,t,b (m t /m ν >10 13!!) Scalar (spin 0) Doublet: S ±,S 0,H source of mass Almost Complete! Where s the Higgs (H)? Remnant of Particle Mass Origin How did we arrive at the Standard Model? What Else Is There? New Particles? Interactions? How does dark matter fit in?

5 Ancient History - At a Glance Maxwells Equations (E&M) Electron Discovered Quantum Mechanics (γ photon) Special Relativity 1919 Proton Discovered Spin, Atomic Physics (magnetic moment µ e =g e e/2m e S), g e = The Dirac Equation The Genius of Dirac QM+Special Rel.+Spin+EM Gauge Invariance First Order Equation i( µ - iea µ (x))γ µ ψ(x) = m e ψ(x), g e =2 (automatic!) 4x4 γ µ (Dirac) matrices: γ µ γ ν + γ ν γ µ = 2g µν I Dirac predicts positron, antiproton, antihydrogen

6 1929 Electromagnetic Gauge Invariance H. Weyl 1930 Pauli Proposes the Neutrino (weak interactions) 1931 Neutron Discovered (strong interactions) 1932 Positron Discovered (Anti-Matter Exists!) Antimatter Discovery Dirac s crowning glory! Doubled Fermion Particle Spectrum (e - p + + e + p -) )! Why is the Universe Matter-Antimatter Asymmetric? What happened to the antimatter? Baryogenesis! Leptogenesis! New Physics Source of CP Violation Needed! Supersymmetry, 4th Generation, Multi-Higgs s Astronomers start to see Dark Matter Evidence! Jan Ort & Fritz Zwicky

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8 Post WWII Developments ( ) 1947 Lamb measures the 2P ½ -2S ½ splitting vacuum polarization, electron self-interaction 1948 Schwinger Calculates: a e =(g e -2)/2=α/2π (α=e 2 /4π=1/137) Agreed with measurement of Kusch & Foley! a e and Lamb shift start of QED (Quantum Electrodynamics) Current Status of a e =(g e -2)/2 a e (exp)= (28) g e (exp)= (56) 13 significant figures! QED tested at the (α/π) 5 level! α -1 (a e )= (51) Best Determination

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10 Muon Physics 1947 Muon established m µ 207m e Who ordered that? τ µ =2.2x10-6 sec very long Δa µ =a µ exp -a µ SM =287(63)(49)x10-11 (3.6σ!) very large deviation! Muonic Hydrogen Lamb Shift Exp QED deviates by 5-8σ! Signs of New Physics? Precision Measurements Probe: High and Low Scales Supersymmetry Dark Bosons

11 Electroweak Unification - Glashow & Weinberg 1954 Yang Mills SU(2) Theory (BNL Paper) 1957 Schwinger SO(3) (W +, γ, W - ) triplet It really doesn t matter what your thesis subject is. What counts is your choice of an advisor S.L. Glashow Glashow (1961) SU(2)xU(1) (W +, W 0, W - ) B 0 No Higgs Mechanism m W & m Z arbitrary (put in by hand) γ = Bcosθ + W 0 sinθ massless photon Z = W 0 cosθ - Bsinθ massive neutral gauge boson e=gsinθ birth of the weak mixing angle (Given Little Attention)

12 Weinberg(1967) SU(2)xU(1) + Higgs Mechanism m W =m Z cosθ & e=gsinθ generates W ± &Z masses spontaneous sym. Breaking via complex scalar doublet Z Boson: New Source of Parity Violation! Weak Neutral Currents Flavor Changing Weak Neutral Currents s dµ + µ - Largely ignored until thooft proved renormalizability (1971) Weak Neutral Currents Discovered (1972) Neutrino scattering! θ θ W Weinberg or Glashow or Weak Mixing Angle Most important Electroweak Parameter!

13 A Beautiful Relation SU(2) L xu(1) Y + Higgs Doublet + Renormalizability sin 2 θ 0 W =1-(m0 W /m0 Z )2 =(e 0 /g 0 ) 2 Natural Bare Relation Quantum (Loop) Corrections - Finite & Calculable! sin 2 θ W, m W, m Z, e, g interrelated α=e 2 /4π G µ = g 2 /4 2m 2 W (Fermi Constant) Precision Measurements probe quantum loops Δr(SM, New Physics ) MS = 1-πα/ 2G µ m W2 sin 2 θ W (m Z ) MS Δr(SM m H, New Physics )= 1-πα/ 2G µ m W2 (1-m W2 /m Z2 )

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15 New Precise Muon (µ + ) Lifetime τ µ+ = (22)x10-6 sec MuLAN at PSI (2010) (Most precise lifetime measurement ever!) Previous World Average τ µ+ = (210)x10-6 sec improved by a factor of 10! 1.8 sigma shift! τ µ -1 = Γ(µ + e + ν e ν µ (γ))=g µ2 m µ5 f(m e2 /m µ2 )[1+RC]/192π 3 RC =α/2π(25/4-π 2 )(1+α/π[2/3ln(m µ /m e )-3.7) ] Fermi Th. Other SM and New Physics radiative corrections absorbed into G µ. Eg. Top Mass, Higgs Mass, Technicolor, Susy, W* G µ = (7)x10-5 GeV -2 precise & important

16 Precision Parameters (status): Quantity 2006 Value 2011 Value Comment α (96) (51) g e -2 G µ (1)x10-5 GeV (7)x10-5 GeV -2 PSI m Z (21)GeV (21)GeV - *m t 171.4(2.1)GeV 173.2(0.9)GeV FNAL m W (32)GeV (25)GeV LEP2/FNAL sin 2 θ W (m Z ) (16) (16) Ave. m H =90GeV central prediction 114GeV<m H <140GeV 2012 shift m W = (25)GeV (19)GeV CDF (23)GeV DO

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19 What About sin 2 θ W? sin 2 θ W (Q 2 ) = Physical Running Angle Continuous Incorporates γz mixing loops: quarks, leptons, W ± Precision measurements at the Z Pole (e + e - Z ff) Best Determinations sin 2 θ W (m Z ) MS = (26) A LR (SLAC) sin 2 θ W (m Z ) MS = (29) A FB (bb) (CERN) (3.2 sigma difference!)

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21 Running sin 2 θ W (Q 2 )

22 Running of sin 2 θ W (Q)

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24 The Higgs Search Has Narrowed: 115GeV<m H <135GeV Hints of m H 125GeV at CERN H γγ, WW*, ZZ* Approx 75,000 H/exp!

25 What if m H =125GeV? Implies: m W = (10)GeV vs (17)GeV now sin 2 θ W (m Z ) = (10) vs (16) now Pretty Good Agreement! Not much room for New Physics So far: No direct evidence for Supersymmetry, Extra Dimensions, 4 th Generation, New Dynamics At The LHC! The Higgs Last Particle Ever Discovered?

26 The Dark Boson A Portal to Dark Matter Searches for Dark Matter Particles (Mainly WIMPS) Astrophysics - Possible Hints LHC (Supersymmetry) No sign yet Underground Scattering Conflicting Experiments Is dark matter just a single particle? Are there many dark particles (most unstable) Does Dark Matter have gauge symmetries? Dark Charge? What if U(1) d Z d 10MeV<m Zd <10GeV? (Sometimes called Dark Photon or Dark Z)

27 Z d coupling to our particle world Kinetic Mixing (Bob Holdom) U(1) Y & U(1) d ε/2 F µν Z d µν εez dµ J em µ no J NC µ coupling! ε few x 10-3 α /α = ε 2 10MeV m d few GeV ε 2x10-3 & m d MeV resolves a µ discrepency! produce in electron scattering detect Z d e + e - Experiments at JLAB and MAMI (Mainz)

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30 Z-Z d Mass Mixing H.Davoudiasl, H-S Lee & WJM arxiv: m Z 2 m Zd m Z δ M 2 = δ 2 <<1 m Zd m Z δ m 2 Zd Mixing angle m Zd /m Z δ <<1 Gives rise to: g/2cosθ W (m Zd /m Z δ)j µ NC Like a Z with smaller mass (10MeV-10GeV) and couplings

31 New Effects from δ New Parity Violation: Atomic PV & Polarized ee &ep Flavor Changing Decays K πz d, Z d e + e - or νν B KZ d H ZZ d Z d l + l - (l=e or µ) or missing energy Longitudinal Z d All are enhanced by E/m Zd overcomes m Zd /m Z suppression Experimental sensitivities δ below 10-3! (B & K decays) Should be pushed as far as possible!

32 Flavor Changing neutral current decays

33 H ZZ* Z l+l-

34 Conclusions Precision measurements seem to be starting to pinpoint m H GeV with little room for New Physics Standard Model Higgs Is that all there is? So far no real sign of New Physics at the LHC Where is supersymmetry? Strong Cosmic Evidence for Dark Matter We need Laboratory Evidence! Look for Z d wherever possible Portal to Dark Matter Parity Violation, Rare K, B & H Decays