Current knowledge tells us that matter is made of fundamental particle called fermions,
|
|
- Berenice Cole
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 1 Particle Physics 1.1 Fundamental Particles Current knowledge tells us that matter is made of fundamental particle called fermions, which are spin 1 particles. Our world is composed of two kinds of fermions: leptons and quarks. Both of these can be grouped into three families. Electron and the electron neutrino, ν e, make up the first family, whereas µ, τ and their associated neutrinos, ν µ,ν τ, compose the second and third family, respectively, for leptons. Each family is an identical copy of each other, except with different masses. νe e νµ µ ντ τ We also have six kinds of quarks. As is the case for leptons, these six quarks are also grouped into three families. 1
2 Table 1.1: Charge, Mass and Isospin of the Six Leptons. Lepton Symbol Charge Mass Mev/c weak isospin electron e / muon µ / tau τ / electron neutrino ν e 0 < / muon neutrino ν µ 0 < 0.7-1/ tau neutrino ν τ 0 < 31-1/ Table 1.: Charge, Mass and Isospin of the Six Quarks. Quark Symbol Charge Mass Gev/c Up u / Down d -1/ Charm c /3 0.3 Strange s -1/3 1.3 Beauty b /3 4.8 Top t -1/3 174 u d c s t b The masses and charges of the fermions can be summarized in Table 1.1 for leptons and in Table 1.1 for quarks. 99% of our world is made up of leptons and quarks in the first family. Leptons and quarks in the second and third families are largely produced at machines built for high energy experiments.
3 Table 1.3: Table of the Four Fundamental Forces Force Boson Symbol Charge Mass Gev/c Gravitation graviton g 0 0 Electromagnetic photon γ 0 0 Weak W W ± ± Z Z Strong Gluon g 0 0 Table 1.4: Theory Corresponds to the Four Fundamental Forces Force theory source typical lifetime Gravitation general relativity Masses Electro-magnetic Quantum Electrodynamics electric charge 10 6 Weak Quantum Flavor-dynamics Weak charge 10 8 Strong Quantum Chromodynamics color charge Fundamental Forces These fundamental particles interact with each other by exchanging intermediate vector bosons, field quanta with integral spin. Such processes give rise to the fundamental forces. Our understanding is that we have four kinds of fundamental forces: two long range interactions: gravitational and electromagnetic forces; and two forces with short range: weak and strong interactions. There is a physical theory to each of those forces. The theory describing gravitation is Einstein s General Theory of Relativity. A completely satisfactory quantum theory of gravity has not yet been worked out, and it is too weak to account for any important effects in particle physics. The electromagnetic, weak and strong forces account for the interactions in particle physics. The character of the field quanta in the four forces is summarized in Table 1.. In Table 1. we list the corresponding theories to describe them. 3
4 The fundamental particles described in the previous section experience different forces according to what kinds of charges they carry. The quarks are subject to electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions. The e,µ, andτ leptons are involved in both the electromagnetic and weak interactions, while the neutrinos, ν e,ν µ,ν τ, interact only through the weak interaction. 1.3 Standard Model The Standard Model SM provides a general description of fundamental particles and forces in a way that is accessible with modern high energy physics experiments. The theory is based on the gauge group, SU3 color SU L U1 Y electroweak. The quarks and leptons are grouped into left-handed weak isospin doublets and right-handed singlets. νe e, L νµ µ, L ντ τ,e R,µ R,τ R L u d, L c s L, t b,u R,c R,t R,d R,s R,b R L Each of the d, s and b is the combination of d, s, b quark states and will be explained in the next section. The SU L U1 Y portion of the gauge group introduces four massless gauge bosons: Wµ,W 1 µ,w µ 3 for SU L, B µ for U1 Y. The four gauge bosons coupled with a scalar Higgs field through a spontaneous symmetry breaking mechanism to become the massive W +,W,Z 0 bosons and a massless γ. The relationships between the four massless field quanta and the intermediate vector bosons are: 4
5 W ± µ = 1 W 1 µ ± iw µ Z µ = W 3 µcosθ w B µ sinθ W A µ = W 3 µsinθ w + B µ cosθ W The θ W is the Weinberg Angle in electroweak theory, which relates electromagnetic coupling and weak coupling strength. θ W is about 8.7 [3]. The dynamics of the interacting particles can be described in the Standard Model Lagrangian: L total = L f d + Lb d + L f,h cp + L b,h cp + L f int where: L f d is the dynamic term of the fermions. For example: fγ µ µ f L. L b d is the dynamic term of the gauge vector bosons: W ± µ,z 0,γ. For example: 1 4 W µν W µν 1 4 B µνb µν. L f,h cp is the fermions coupling with Higgs to give fermions mass. For example: G 1 LφR+ G Lφc R + h.c. L b,h cp is the vector boson-higgs coupling term which gives gauge bosons mass. For example: ı µ g 1 τ W µ g Y B µφ V φ. L f int is the interaction term for the fermions coupled with the intermediate vector bosons and/or the colored gluons. For example, fl γ µ ı µ g 1 τ W µ g Y B µf L. 5
6 We are interested in the interaction term, L f int, which gives the strong and electroweak interactions: L f int = L ew int + L strong int L ew int = L ec int + Lcc int + Lnc int where, L ew int is the Lagrangian for electroweak interaction. L em int is the electromagnetic current Lagrangian. L cc int L nc int is the weak charge current interacting Lagrangian. is the weak neutral current interacting Lagrangian. L strong int is the strong color force Lagrangian. The individual form of those interacting Lagrangian can be written as follows: L em int = L cc int = L nc int = f=l,q L st int = g 3 eq f fγ µ fa µ e sinθ w [ f=l,q Lγ µ LW + µ +Hermition.Conjugate] e [ f sinθ w cosθ L γ µ f L Tf 3 Q f sin θ w + f R γ µ f R Q f sin θ w ]Z µ w f=l,q f α γ µ λ a αβf β G a µ f=q 6
7 1.4 Weak Interaction Weak Interaction is the primary reason why we divide these fundamental particle species into three families for leptons and quarks. The lepton generations were grouped in the way that its three families are orthogonal to each other in weak eigenspace. There is no weak interaction involving leptons from different families under current experimental limits. However, weak eigenspace and strong eigenspace does not coincide with each other. For the case of the quarks, which not only interact weakly but also experience the strong interaction, such effects lead to the phenomenon that a quark could decay into another quark in another family through weak interaction. This is not seen in leptons. The reason for quark crossfamily decay is that quarks were grouped as an eigenvector in the strong Hamiltonian, H strong, but not in the weak Hamiltonian, H weak, where [H strong,h weak ] does not commute. For this purpose, a matrix materializing the cross-family quark decays called the Cabibbo- Kobayashi-Maskawa CKM Matrix is devised. The d, s,b in our previous section can be written: d s b = V CKM d s b The V CKM is: V CKM = V ud V us V ub V cd V cs V cb V td V ts V tb The CKM matrix can be parameterized in terms of the four rotation angle θ 1,θ,θ 3 and δ as: V CKM = c 1 c 3 s 1 s 1 s 3 s 1 c c 1 c c 3 s s 3 e iδ c 1 c s 3 + c 3 s e iδ s 1 s c 1 c 3 s c s 3 e iδ c 1 s s 3 + c c 3 e iδ where c i = cosθ i, s i = sinθ i [1] and the phase, δ, is within the range 0 - π. A popular approximation to the CKM matrix is given by Wolfenstein [] in the following: 7
8 1 λ λ Aλ 3 ρ iη V CKM = λ 1 λ Aλ Aλ 3 1 ρ iη Aλ 1 The strength of the quark coupling between generations can be understood in terms of the power of λ 0.. As can be seen from above, the coupling strengths for quark mixing in the 1 st nd, nd 3 rd and 1 st 3 rd families are given by λ, λ,λ 3, respectively. Assuming the unitarity of CKM matrix, the measured values of the elements within the CKM matrix up to date are [3]: V CKM = The electroweak interaction Hamiltonian H int can be obtained through the weak interaction Lagrangian terms, L cc int and L nc int, as follows: H W int = LW int 0 φ 0 φ L W int H W int = H cc int + H nc int. where, H cc int = i g J µ W + µ + J µ W µ g Hint nc = i φf cosθ w γ µ [ 1 1 γ5 T 3 sin θ w Q]φ f Z µ The charged current in leptonic sector, J µ lepton, can be written as: νe ν µ ν 1 τ γµ 1 γ 5 8 e µ τ
9 γ f e _ d Z 0 f _ W _ ν _ e u _ a. Neutral Current b. Charged Current Figure 1.1: The Electroweak currents The charged current for quarks is similar, except for the additional factor of V CKM. J µ quark is: ū c t 1 γµ 1 γ 5 V CKM d s b Figure 1.1 shows the electroweak currents. Figure 1.1a shows the photon and Z boson carrying the neutral current between a fermion and its anti-fermion. Figure 1.1b demonstrates the W boson as the charged current carrier. We are studying the charged weak current in this analysis. 9
10 5 σ e + e - Hadronsnb ϒ1S ϒS ϒ3S ϒ4S Mass GeV/c B Meson Figure 1.: The cross section of Υ1S to Υ4S state The b quark was discovered in 1977 where the narrow Υ1S resonance, a b b state, was detected [6, 7] at Fermilab by the Columbia-Fermilab-Stony Brook collaboration. The B meson was discovered through the establishment of the Υ4S resonance J pc =1 in CLEO [8] and CUSB [9] collaboration at CESR storage ring. Its charge assignment favored 1/3. With the discovery of the τ lepton in 1975 [10, 11], the quark content within the Υ resonance was assigned as the bottom quark. The Υ4S sits right above the mass threshold of the two lightest B mesons: B0 b d and B bū. In addition to Υ4S, there are other b b resonances bottomonion from e + e collisions at lower energy regions: Υ1S, ΥS andυ3s. In Figure 1. we can see the cross section of the different Υ1S toυ4s states. 10
11 Υ4S has a broader resonance compared with other lower Υ resonant states. This is the sign of B meson production that is not existent from Υ1S toυ3s. B mesons are produced in pairs in Υ4S decay. The mass spectrum of B meson can be seen at Figure 1.3. Besides B 0 d and B+ u mesons, b quark can combine with a heavier anti-quark or vice versa to form other kinds of B meson. Bs meson, a b s quark-anti-quark pair, has been discovered at a higher energy experiment at LEP [4]. Up to now, B c meson, a b c quark pair, has not yet been seen. The following discussion will focus on B 0 and B produced at the CLEO experiment. In CLEO, B meson pairs are produced at the Υ4S resonance from the collision of e + e at center-of-mass energy GeV/c. e + e γ Υ4S B 0 B 0,B B + Under the Υ4S energy region, there are other processes in addition to the B meson production. It can also decay into other lighter quark-antiquark pair: e + e γ c c, s s, d d, uū The above production is referred as continuum. CLEO runs the experiment approximately /3 of its time atop the Υ4S energyregionon resonance and 1/3 of its time at an energy about 60 MeV below the resonance Off resonance to simulate the continuum production. B mesons can decay through the weak interaction of the b quark: b cw or a more suppressed b uw channel. We will discuss some of these findings in the next chapter. 11
12 Figure 1.3: The B meson mass spectrum 1
Lecture 12 Weak Decays of Hadrons
Lecture 12 Weak Decays of Hadrons π + and K + decays Semileptonic decays Hyperon decays Heavy quark decays Rare decays The Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix 1 Charged Pion Decay π + decay by annihilation
More informationLecture 11. Weak interactions
Lecture 11 Weak interactions 1962-66: Formula/on of a Unified Electroweak Theory (Glashow, Salam, Weinberg) 4 intermediate spin 1 interaction carriers ( bosons ): the photon (γ) responsible for all electromagnetic
More informationAntonio Pich. IFIC, CSIC Univ. Valencia.
Antonio Pich IFIC, CSIC Univ. alencia Antonio.Pich@cern.ch Fermion Masses Fermion Generations Quark Mixing Lepton Mixing Standard Model Parameters CP iolation Quarks Leptons Bosons up down electron neutrino
More informationParticle Physics: Problem Sheet 5
2010 Subatomic: Particle Physics 1 Particle Physics: Problem Sheet 5 Weak, electroweak and LHC Physics 1. Draw a quark level Feynman diagram for the decay K + π + π 0. This is a weak decay. K + has strange
More informationOverview. The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions.
Overview The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions. Our understanding is about to take a giant leap.. the Large Hadron Collider
More informationWeak Interactions: towards the Standard Model of Physics
Weak Interactions: towards the Standard Model of Physics Weak interactions From β-decay to Neutral currents Weak interactions: are very different world CP-violation: power of logics and audacity Some experimental
More informationThe Scale-Symmetric Theory as the Origin of the Standard Model
Copyright 2017 by Sylwester Kornowski All rights reserved The Scale-Symmetric Theory as the Origin of the Standard Model Sylwester Kornowski Abstract: Here we showed that the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST)
More informationShahram Rahatlou University of Rome
Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix and CP Violation in Standard Model Shahram Rahatlou University of Rome Lecture 1 Lezioni di Fisica delle Particelle Elementari Many thanks to Vivek Sharma (UCSD) And Achille
More informationPhysics 4213/5213 Lecture 1
August 28, 2002 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1 There are four known forces: gravity, electricity and magnetism (E&M), the weak force, and the strong force. Each is responsible
More informationNuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics. Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007
Nuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007 Particle Physics (PP) a.k.a. High-Energy Physics (HEP) 1 Dr Victoria Martin JCMB room 4405
More informationParticle Physics. Tommy Ohlsson. Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
Particle Physics Tommy Ohlsson Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden International Baccalaureate T. Ohlsson (KTH) Particle Physics 1/
More informationIX. Electroweak unification
IX. Electroweak unification The problem of divergence A theory of weak interactions only by means of W ± bosons leads to infinities e + e - γ W - W + e + W + ν e ν µ e - W - µ + µ Divergent integrals Figure
More informationLecture 02. The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Part I The Particles
Lecture 02 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Part I The Particles The Standard Model Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces Separates particles into categories Bosons (force carriers) Photon,
More informationSECOND PUBLIC EXAMINATION. Honour School of Physics Part C: 4 Year Course. Honour School of Physics and Philosophy Part C C4: PARTICLE PHYSICS
A047W SECOND PUBLIC EXAMINATION Honour School of Physics Part C: 4 Year Course Honour School of Physics and Philosophy Part C C4: PARTICLE PHYSICS TRINITY TERM 05 Thursday, 8 June,.30 pm 5.45 pm 5 minutes
More informationFoundations of Physics III Quantum and Particle Physics Lecture 13
Foundations of Physics III Quantum and Particle Physics Lecture 13 Frank Krauss February 27, 2012 1 Construction of the Standard Model 2 The Standard Model: Tests and status 3 Beyond the Standard Model?
More informationAdding families: GIM mechanism and CKM matrix
Particules Élémentaires, Gravitation et Cosmologie Année 2007-08 08 Le Modèle Standard et ses extensions Cours VII: 29 février f 2008 Adding families: GIM mechanism and CKM matrix 29 fevrier 2008 G. Veneziano,
More information1 Introduction. 1.1 The Standard Model of particle physics The fundamental particles
1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, it gives an overview of the fundamental particles and the relationship
More informationElectroweak Theory: 2
Electroweak Theory: 2 Introduction QED The Fermi theory The standard model Precision tests CP violation; K and B systems Higgs physics Prospectus STIAS (January, 2011) Paul Langacker (IAS) 31 References
More informationIntroduction to particle physics Lecture 13: The Standard Model
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 13: The Standard Model Frank Krauss IPPP Durham U Durham, Epiphany term 2010 1 / 23 Outline 1 The Standard Model: Construction 2 The Standard Model: Tests and status
More informationMost of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
More informationThe Standard Model. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces. Separates particle into categories
The Standard Model 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces. Separates particle into categories Bosons (force carriers) Photon, W, Z, gluon, Higgs Fermions (matter particles) 3 generations
More informationMost of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:
Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large
More informationElementary Particles, Flavour Physics and all that...
Elementary Particles, Flavour Physics and all that... 1 Flavour Physics The term Flavour physics was coined in 1971 by Murray Gell-Mann and his student at the time, Harald Fritzsch, at a Baskin-Robbins
More informationBeyond Standard Model Effects in Flavour Physics: p.1
Beyond Standard Model Effects in Flavour Physics: Alakabha Datta University of Mississippi Feb 13, 2006 Beyond Standard Model Effects in Flavour Physics: p.1 OUTLINE Standard Model (SM) and its Problems.
More informationBack to Gauge Symmetry. The Standard Model of Par0cle Physics
Back to Gauge Symmetry The Standard Model of Par0cle Physics Laws of physics are phase invariant. Probability: P = ψ ( r,t) 2 = ψ * ( r,t)ψ ( r,t) Unitary scalar transformation: U( r,t) = e iaf ( r,t)
More informationParticle Physics. Lecture 12: Hadron Decays.!Resonances!Heavy Meson and Baryons!Decays and Quantum numbers!ckm matrix
Particle Physics Lecture 12: Hadron Decays!Resonances!Heavy Meson and Baryons!Decays and Quantum numbers!ckm matrix 1 From Friday: Mesons and Baryons Summary Quarks are confined to colourless bound states,
More informationIntroduction to particle physics Lecture 6
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 6 Frank Krauss IPPP Durham U Durham, Epiphany term 2009 Outline 1 Fermi s theory, once more 2 From effective to full theory: Weak gauge bosons 3 Massive gauge bosons:
More informationParticle Physics. All science is either physics or stamp collecting and this from a 1908 Nobel laureate in Chemistry
Particle Physics JJ Thompson discovered electrons in 1897 Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911 and the proton in 1919 (idea of gold foil expt) All science is either physics or stamp collecting
More informationOption 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles
Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.00pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.00pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 10.00am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15
More informationElectroweak interactions of quarks. Benoit Clément, Université Joseph Fourier/LPSC Grenoble
Electroweak interactions of quarks Benoit Clément, Université Joseph Fourier/LPSC Grenoble HASCO School, Göttingen, July 15-27 2012 1 PART 1 : Hadron decay, history of flavour mixing PART 2 : Oscillations
More informationMay 7, Physics Beyond the Standard Model. Francesco Fucito. Introduction. Standard. Model- Boson Sector. Standard. Model- Fermion Sector
- Boson - May 7, 2017 - Boson - The standard model of particle physics is the state of the art in quantum field theory All the knowledge we have developed so far in this field enters in its definition:
More informationFermions of the ElectroWeak Theory
Fermions of the ElectroWeak Theory The Quarks, The eptons, and their Masses. This is my second set of notes on the Glashow Weinberg Salam theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions. The first set
More informationLepton Flavor Violation
Lepton Flavor Violation I. The (Extended) Standard Model Flavor Puzzle SSI 2010 : Neutrinos Nature s mysterious messengers SLAC, 9 August 2010 Yossi Nir (Weizmann Institute of Science) LFV 1/39 Lepton
More informationParticle Physics Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes.
Particle Physics 12.3.1 Outline the concept of antiparticles and give examples 12.3.2 Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes. Every
More informationElementary (?) Particles
Elementary (?) Particles Dan Styer; 12 December 2018 This document summarizes the so-called standard model of elementary particle physics. It cannot, in seven pages, even touch upon the copious experimental
More informationInteractions... + similar terms for µ and τ Feynman rule: gauge-boson propagator: ig 2 2 γ λ(1 γ 5 ) = i(g µν k µ k ν /M 2 W ) k 2 M 2 W
Interactions... L W-l = g [ νγµ (1 γ 5 )ew µ + +ēγ µ (1 γ 5 )νwµ ] + similar terms for µ and τ Feynman rule: e λ ig γ λ(1 γ 5 ) ν gauge-boson propagator: W = i(g µν k µ k ν /M W ) k M W. Chris Quigg Electroweak
More informationS 3 Symmetry as the Origin of CKM Matrix
S 3 Symmetry as the Origin of CKM Matrix Ujjal Kumar Dey Physical Research Laboratory October 25, 2015 Based on: PRD 89, 095025 and arxiv:1507.06509 Collaborators: D. Das and P. B. Pal 1 / 25 Outline 1
More informationWeak Interactions & Neutral Currents
Weak Interactions & Neutral Currents Until the the mid-970 s all known weak interaction processes could be described by the exchange of a charged, spin boson, the W boson. Weak interactions mediated by
More informationPhoton Coupling with Matter, u R
1 / 16 Photon Coupling with Matter, u R Consider the up quark. We know that the u R has electric charge 2 3 e (where e is the proton charge), and that the photon A is a linear combination of the B and
More informationAstronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology
Astronomy, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Luis A. Anchordoqui Department of Physics and Astronomy Lehman College, City University of New York Lesson IX April 12, 2016 arxiv:0706.1988 L. A. Anchordoqui (CUNY)
More informationLecture 03. The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Part II The Higgs Boson Properties of the SM
Lecture 03 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Part II The Higgs Boson Properties of the SM The Standard Model So far we talked about all the particles except the Higgs If we know what the particles
More informationWeak interactions and vector bosons
Weak interactions and vector bosons What do we know now about weak interactions? Theory of weak interactions Fermi's theory of weak interactions V-A theory Current - current theory, current algebra W and
More informationStandard Model of Particle Physics SS 2013
ecture: Standard Model of Particle Physics Heidelberg SS 013 (Weak) Neutral Currents 1 Contents Theoretical Motivation for Neutral Currents NC Processes Experimental Discovery Measurement of the Weinberg
More informationM. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks
Quarks Quarks Quarks are s = ½ fermions, subject to all kind of interactions. They have fractional electric charges Quarks and their bound states are the only particles which interact strongly Like leptons,
More informationINTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS
INTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Class Mechanics My office (for now): Dantziger B Room 121 My Phone: x85200 Office hours: Call ahead, or better yet, email... Even better than office
More informationStandard Model & Beyond
XI SERC School on Experimental High-Energy Physics National Institute of Science Education and Research 13 th November 2017 Standard Model & Beyond Lecture III Sreerup Raychaudhuri TIFR, Mumbai 2 Fermions
More informationReview Chap. 18: Particle Physics
Final Exam: Sat. Dec. 18, 2:45-4:45 pm, 1300 Sterling Exam is cumulative, covering all material Review Chap. 18: Particle Physics Particles and fields: a new picture Quarks and leptons: the particle zoo
More informationInteractions and Fields
Interactions and Fields Quantum Picture of Interactions Yukawa Theory Boson Propagator Feynman Diagrams Electromagnetic Interactions Renormalization and Gauge Invariance Strong Interactions Weak and Electroweak
More informationLecture PowerPoint. Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli
Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the
More informationFermions of the ElectroWeak Theory
Fermions of the ElectroWeak Theory The Quarks, The eptons, and their Masses. This is my second set of notes on the Glashow Weinberg Salam theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions. The first set
More informationSECOND PUBLIC EXAMINATION. Honour School of Physics Part C: 4 Year Course. Honour School of Physics and Philosophy Part C C4: PARTICLE PHYSICS
754 SECOND PUBLIC EXAMINATION Honour School of Physics Part C: 4 Year Course Honour School of Physics and Philosophy Part C C4: PARTICLE PHYSICS TRINITY TERM 04 Thursday, 9 June,.30 pm 5.45 pm 5 minutes
More informationThe Standard Model (part I)
The Standard Model (part I) Speaker Jens Kunstmann Student of Physics in 5 th year at Greifswald University, Germany Location Sommerakademie der Studienstiftung, Kreisau 2002 Topics Introduction The fundamental
More informationParticle physics today. Giulia Zanderighi (CERN & University of Oxford)
Particle physics today Giulia Zanderighi (CERN & University of Oxford) Particle Physics Particle Physics is fundamental research, as opposed to many applied sciences (medicine, biology, chemistry, nano-science,
More informationFlavour Physics Lecture 1
Flavour Physics Lecture 1 Chris Sachrajda School of Physics and Astronomy University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK New Horizons in Lattice Field Theory, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil March
More informationBosons in the Zoo of Elementary Particles
Bosons in the Zoo of Elementary Particles Daniele Sasso * Abstract In this paper we want to raise the question concerning the physical identity of bosons and the function that they perform in the Non-Standard
More informationChapter 1. Introduction
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Fundamental Forces Particle physics is concerned with the fundamental constituents of matter and the fundamental forces through which the fundamental constituents interact among
More informationElectroweak Theory: 3
Electroweak Theory: 3 Introduction QED The Fermi theory The standard model Precision tests CP violation; K and B systems Higgs physics Prospectus STIAS January, 2011 Paul Langacker IAS 55 References Slides
More informationQuarks and Hadrons. Properties of hadrons Pions and nucleons Strange particles Charm and beauty Breit-Wigner distribution Exotics
Quarks and Hadrons Properties of hadrons Pions and nucleons Strange particles Charm and beauty Breit-Wigner distribution Exotics J. Brau Physics 661, Quarks and Hadrons 1 Quark Flavors 3 pairs Called generations
More informationMatter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
Name The Standard Model of Particle Physics Matter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Just like there is good and evil, matter must have something like
More informationLa Fisica dei Sapori Pesanti
La Fisica dei Sapori Pesanti Lina Barbaro Galtieri Simposio in onore di Romano Bizzarri Roma, La Sapienza, 10 Febbraio 2004 Lina Galtieri Simposio in onore di Romano Bizzarri, Roma 10 Febbraio 2004 1 Heavy
More informationThe Standard Model. Antonio Pich. IFIC, CSIC Univ. Valencia
http://arxiv.org/pd/0705.464 The Standard Model Antonio Pich IFIC, CSIC Univ. Valencia Gauge Invariance: QED, QCD Electroweak Uniication: Symmetry reaking: Higgs Mechanism Electroweak Phenomenology Flavour
More informationNeutron Beta-Decay. Christopher B. Hayes. December 6, 2012
Neutron Beta-Decay Christopher B. Hayes December 6, 2012 Abstract A Detailed account of the V-A theory of neutron beta decay is presented culminating in a precise calculation of the neutron lifetime. 1
More informationLecture 10: Weak Interaction. 1
Lecture 10: Weak Interaction http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/teaching/phys627/ 1 Standard Model Lagrangian http://pdg.lbl.gov/2017/reviews/rpp2017-rev-standard-model.pdf Standard Model Lagrangian
More informationFundamental Symmetries - 2
HUGS 2018 Jefferson Lab, Newport News, VA May 29- June 15 2018 Fundamental Symmetries - 2 Vincenzo Cirigliano Los Alamos National Laboratory Plan of the lectures Review symmetry and symmetry breaking Introduce
More informationRemainder of Course. 4/22 Standard Model; Strong Interaction 4/24 Standard Model; Weak Interaction 4/27 Course review 5/01 Final Exam, 3:30 5:30 PM
Remainder of Course 4/22 Standard Model; Strong Interaction 4/24 Standard Model; Weak Interaction 4/27 Course review 5/01 Final Exam, 3:30 5:30 PM Practice Final on Course Web Page See HW #12 (not to be
More informationElementary particles and typical scales in high energy physics
Elementary particles and typical scales in high energy physics George Jorjadze Free University of Tbilisi Zielona Gora - 23.01.2017 GJ Elementary particles and typical scales in HEP Lecture 1 1/18 Contents
More informationNeutrino Physics. Kam-Biu Luk. Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Neutrino Physics Kam-Biu Luk Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 4-15 June, 2007 Outline Brief overview of particle physics Properties of
More informationA Two Higgs Doublet Model for the Top Quark
UR 1446 November 1995 A Two Higgs Doublet Model for the Top Quark Ashok Das and Chung Kao 1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA Abstract A two Higgs doublet
More informationDiscrete Transformations: Parity
Phy489 Lecture 8 0 Discrete Transformations: Parity Parity operation inverts the sign of all spatial coordinates: Position vector (x, y, z) goes to (-x, -y, -z) (eg P(r) = -r ) Clearly P 2 = I (so eigenvalues
More informationParticle Physics. Dr Victoria Martin, Spring Semester 2012 Lecture 1: The Mysteries of Particle Physics, or Why should I take this course?
Particle Physics Dr Victoria Martin, Spring Semester 2012 Lecture 1: The Mysteries of Particle Physics, or Why should I take this course? Contents: Review of the Standard Model! What we know! What we don
More information1. Introduction. Particle and Nuclear Physics. Dr. Tina Potter. Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1
1. Introduction Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1 In this section... Course content Practical information Matter Forces Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 2 Course
More informationParticle Physics Lecture 1 : Introduction Fall 2015 Seon-Hee Seo
Particle Physics Lecture 1 : Introduction Fall 2015 Seon-Hee Seo Particle Physics Fall 2015 1 Course Overview Lecture 1: Introduction, Decay Rates and Cross Sections Lecture 2: The Dirac Equation and Spin
More informationParity violation. no left-handed ν$ are produced
Parity violation Wu experiment: b decay of polarized nuclei of Cobalt: Co (spin 5) decays to Ni (spin 4), electron and anti-neutrino (spin ½) Parity changes the helicity (H). Ø P-conservation assumes a
More informationModern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture)
261352 Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture) Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen The Institute for Fundamental Study, Naresuan University 1 Informations Lecturer Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen
More informationEssential Physics II. Lecture 14:
Essential Physics II E II Lecture 14: 18-01-16 Last lecture of EP2! Congratulations! This was a hard course. Be proud! Next week s exam Next Monday! All lecture slides on course website: http://astro3.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~tasker/teaching/ep2
More informationIoP Masterclass FLAVOUR PHYSICS. Tim Gershon, University of Warwick April 20 th 2007
IoP Masterclass FLAVOUR PHYSICS Tim Gershon, University of Warwick April 20 th 2007 The Standard Model Tim Gershon, IoP Masterclass, April 20 th 2007 2 Some Questions What is antimatter? Why are there
More informationGian Gopal Particle Attributes Quantum Numbers 1
Particle Attributes Quantum Numbers Intro Lecture Quantum numbers (Quantised Attributes subject to conservation laws and hence related to Symmetries) listed NOT explained. Now we cover Electric Charge
More informationLecture 18 - Beyond the Standard Model
Lecture 18 - Beyond the Standard Model Why is the Standard Model incomplete? Grand Unification Baryon and Lepton Number Violation More Higgs Bosons? Supersymmetry (SUSY) Experimental signatures for SUSY
More informationLecture III: Higgs Mechanism
ecture III: Higgs Mechanism Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking The Higgs Mechanism Mass Generation for eptons Quark Masses & Mixing III.1 Symmetry Breaking One example is the infinite ferromagnet the nearest
More informationThe weak interaction Part II
The weak interaction Part II Marie-Hélène Schune Achille Stocchi LAL-Orsay IN2P3/CNRS Weak Interaction, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine 1 The K -K system The CKM mechanism Measurements
More informationAn Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics
An Introduction to the Standard Model of Particle Physics W. N. COTTINGHAM and D. A. GREENWOOD Ж CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Contents Preface. page xiii Notation xv 1 The particle physicist's view of Nature
More informationNovember 24, Scalar Dark Matter from Grand Unified Theories. T. Daniel Brennan. Standard Model. Dark Matter. GUTs. Babu- Mohapatra Model
Scalar from November 24, 2014 1 2 3 4 5 What is the? Gauge theory that explains strong weak, and electromagnetic forces SU(3) C SU(2) W U(1) Y Each generation (3) has 2 quark flavors (each comes in one
More informationElectroweak Theory: 5
Electroweak Theory: 5 Introduction QED The Fermi theory The standard model Precision tests CP violation; K and B systems Higgs physics Prospectus STIAS (January, 2011) Paul Langacker (IAS) 162 References
More informationBeyond the Quark Model: Tetraquarks and. Pentaquarks
Beyond the Quark Model: Tetraquarks and Pentaquarks in completion of Drexel University s Physics 502 Final Tyler Rehak March 15, 2016 The Standard Model of particle physics is continually being tested
More informationNATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA
NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY COURSE CODE: PHY 409 COURSE TITLE: ELEMENTARY PARTICLE PHYSICS Course Title Course Developer Course Code PHY 409 ELEMENTARY PARTICLE
More information9.2.E - Particle Physics. Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks
+ 9.2.E - Particle Physics Year 12 Physics 9.8 Quanta to Quarks + Atomic Size n While an atom is tiny, the nucleus is ten thousand times smaller than the atom and the quarks and electrons are at least
More informationPar$cles. Ma#er is made of atoms. Atoms are made of leptons and quarks. Leptons. Quarks. atom nucleus nucleon quark m m m m
Par$cles Ma#er is made of atoms atom nucleus nucleon quark 10-10 m 10-14 m 10-15 m 10-18 m Atoms are made of leptons and quarks Leptons ν e e Quarks u d What Have We Learned? Rela?vis?c Quantum Mechanics
More informationTesting universality of lepton couplings
Department for physics Seminar I b - 1st year, nd cycle Testing universality of lepton couplings Author: Andraž Lipanje Mentor: prof. dr. Svjetlana Fajfer Co-Mentor: asist. dr. Nejc Košnik Ljubljana, 14th
More informationThe Four Fundamental Forces. The Four Fundamental Forces. Gravitational Force. The Electrical Force. The Photon (γ) Unification. Mass.
The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? Weaker Stronger Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong and Weak Nuclear
More informationFlavor oscillations of solar neutrinos
Chapter 11 Flavor oscillations of solar neutrinos In the preceding chapter we discussed the internal structure of the Sun and suggested that neutrinos emitted by thermonuclear processes in the central
More informationPARTICLE PHYSICS Major Option
PATICE PHYSICS Major Option Michaelmas Term 00 ichard Batley Handout No 8 QED Maxwell s equations are invariant under the gauge transformation A A A χ where A ( φ, A) and χ χ ( t, x) is the 4-vector potential
More informationPhysics 7730: Particle Physics
Physics 7730: Particle Physics! Instructor: Kevin Stenson (particle physics experimentalist)! Office: Duane F317 (Gamow tower)! Email: kevin.stenson@colorado.edu! Phone: 303-492-1106! Web page: http://www-hep.colorado.edu/~stenson/!
More informationElectron-positron pairs can be produced from a photon of energy > twice the rest energy of the electron.
Particle Physics Positron - discovered in 1932, same mass as electron, same charge but opposite sign, same spin but magnetic moment is parallel to angular momentum. Electron-positron pairs can be produced
More informationFundamental Particles and Forces
Fundamental Particles and Forces A Look at the Standard Model and Interesting Theories André Gras PHYS 3305 SMU 1 Overview Introduction to Fundamental Particles and Forces Brief History of Discovery The
More informationIntroduction to particle physics Lecture 12: Weak interactions
Introduction to particle physics Lecture 12: Weak interactions Frank Krauss IPPP Durham U Durham, Epiphany term 2010 1 / 22 Outline 1 Gauge theory of weak interactions 2 Spontaneous symmetry breaking 3
More informationFlavour physics Lecture 1
Flavour physics Lecture 1 Jim Libby (IITM) XI th SERC school on EHEP NISER Bhubaneswar November 2017 Lecture 1 1 Outline What is flavour physics? Some theory and history CKM matrix Lecture 1 2 What is
More informationCosmology and particle physics
Cosmology and particle physics Lecture notes Timm Wrase Lecture 5 The thermal universe - part I In the last lecture we have shown that our very early universe was in a very hot and dense state. During
More informationContents. 3 Protons and Other Hadrons in Quark Model Probing the Parton Structure in the Proton 37. iii
Contents 1 Introduction to QCD and the Standard Model 1 1.1 Quarks............................................ 1 1.2 Gluons and Quantum Chromodynamics......................... 3 1.3 Force Between Quarks,
More informationRecent V ub results from CLEO
Recent V ub results from CLEO Marina Artuso Representing the CLEO Collaboration Beauty 2005, Assisi, June 20-25, 2005 1 Quark Mixing Weak interaction couples weak eigenstates, not mass eigenstates: CKM
More informationParticle Physics A short History
Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics Heavily indebted to 1. Steve Lloyd Queen Mary s College, London 2004 2. Robert S. Orr University of Toronto 2007 3. Z. Vilakazi University of Cape Town -2006
More information