Particle Physics A short History

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Particle Physics A short History"

Transcription

1 Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics Heavily indebted to 1. Steve Lloyd Queen Mary s College, London Robert S. Orr University of Toronto Z. Vilakazi University of Cape Town For use of ideas/material from their lectures Among the many books I ve consulted the following were the ones I found most instructive Introduction to High Energy Physics D.H. Perkins Particle Physics B.R.Martin & G.Shaw The Fundamental Particles and Their Interactions William B. Rollnick

2 Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics Total of 12 Lectures over the next 4 weeks to Provide an understanding of the field of Particle Physics including Its history Techniques deployed mainly experimental but with the necessary mathematics & theory Experimental phenomena, discoveries and their significance

3 Introduction to Experimental Particle Physics Outline of the Course: 1. The History & Fundamentals 2. Special Relativity & Units 3. Accelerators 4. Detectors 5. Attributes & QPM 6. Forces Electromagnetic 7. Weak Force 8. CP Violation 9. Quantum Chromodynamics 10.ElectroWeak Unification 11.Neutrino Physics 12.Summary of SM & Brief Look Beyond

4 The Fundamentals Particle Physics studies the deepest elementary constituents of matter and the forces between them. Making use of the two most basic theoretical constructs of Physics Special Relativity Quantum Mechanics to Probe the Structure of Matter Large objects with our Eyes Receiving Light reflected/emitted by the objects limited by the wavelength of the visible range of the e.m. spectrum Go deeper see smaller structures within matter - Need probes (Waves) of much smaller wavelength (de Broglie s Particle-Wave Duality) de Broglie s relationship betweenmomentum (p) & Wavelength (λ): λ = h/p So for p = 1 Gev/c, λ = 1.2 fm with h= 197MeV fm

5 Different Levels of Matter as we know it:

6 The History: Up to 1930 known particles: Electron, photon and neutrino (postulated to explain the missing energy in β-decay), proton and neutron (inside Nucleus) The 1st Anti-particle the positron was discovered by Carl Anderson B X

7 The same year (1932) James Chadwick observes a free Neutron In 1933 Fermi sets out his Theory of Beta Decay n p e - υ e 1935 Yukawa proposes his Meson Hypothesis Nuclear force due to exchange of particles with mass (Mesons). Anderson & Seth Nedermeyer discover the Muon (assumed to be Yukawa s proposed Meson but) was far too penetrating in matter to be the required exchange particle between nucleons AND it decayed to an e ± at rest rather than being absorbed by the nucleus as a meson would be Cecil Powell discovers the Charged Pion observing the decay Neutral Pion seen in 1950 decaying to 2 Photons. π + µ + υ µ followed by µ + e + υ µ υ e

8 1947 Rochester & Butler see Strange long-lived in the Cloud Chamber K + µ + υ µ Neutral K 0 A New quantum Number Strangeness Chamberlain & Segre observe the antiproton in 1955 p p 8 Pions in the final state NO NUCLEON

9 1960/1970s saw observation of a whole zoo of long and short lived sub-atomic particles

10 A Real Mess that needed theoretical input to sort it out Gellman and Salam independently proposed an underlying structure the 8-fold way based on quaintly named quarks u, d, s - to explain the zoo of strongly interacting particles theory that led to the prediction of a new particle The Ω- made up of 3 strange quarks

11 D.H. Perkins

12 Theoretical Highlights 1950 sees advent of the Quantum Theory of Electromagnetism -QED describing the interaction of charged particles via photon exchange. The Architects: Richard Feynman Julian Schwinger Sin-itiro Tomonaga

13 Gellman s Quarks were followed in the 1970s with the Theory of Quantum Chromodynamics postulates a) New quantum numbers 3 Colours red, blue & green quarks carry colour b) Strong Interactions occur via exchange of gluons Progress in understanding the Weak Interaction as a manifestation of QED at high Energies - ElectroWeak Interaction exchange particles W +, W - and Z 0 as the Carriers of the Weak Force and the γ the carrier of the electromagnetic Force Sidney Glashow Abdus Salam Steven Weinberg

14 Back to Experimental Discoveries A new fourth Quark Charm (c) postulated by Glashow, Iliapolous & Maiani in (the GIM mechanism) in 1970 Discovered simultaneously at SLAC (Richter)& Brookhaven (Sam Ting) in 1974

15 SLAC e + e - Ψ hadrons Brookhaven p + Be J ( e + + e - )+ X dimuons e + e - M=3096MeV, Γ=91 KeV a narrow cc bound state D.H. Perkins

16 A new third charged Lepton Tau was discovered a year later (1975) at SPEAR (SLAC Positron Electron Collider) Martin Perl e + + e - τ + + τ - with τ + µ + + υ µ + υ τ and τ - e - + υ e + υ τ Event appears as e + + e - µ + + e - µ + e + τ + τ - e - e -

17 Now 3 charged leptons, 2 neutrinos, 4 - (u,d) (c,s) quarks! Must be another neutrino to go with the Tau And for aesthetic symmetry another pair of quarks with the charged leptons and their neutral partners 1978 sees the discovery of the b-quark (b for beauty/bottom) at Fermilab p p e + e M=9.46GeV, Γ=53KeV again a narrow bb bound state. Open B-hadrons need GeV

18 Still missing the neutrino to go with the Tau lepton to complete symmetry since Leptons come in pairs Direct Observation ν τ +p τ + + Not Yet? Count the number of massless (low mass < 45 GeV) neutrinos One of the 1st Results to come from CERN LEP Collider Measure the missing width of the Z 0 i.e. to all invisible final states (pairs of neutrinos)

19 The b-quark must have a partner since quarks come in pairs a 17 year wait 1995 Fermilab discovers the t-quark (Truth/Top) pp WbW b 4-Jet Event Vilakazi 2006

20 The symmetry of matter is complete 3 pairs of quarks and 3 pairs of leptons What Remains Vector Bosons of Weak & Strong Interactions 1979 The Gluon at PETRA e + e - Collider in Hamburg in 3-Jet events 1983 W Z at CERN at SPS p p Collider at CERN

21 Various expts (1998 onwards) Search for neutrino oscillation indicate neutrinos NOT massless LEP II (105 GeV e + on 105 GeV e - ) indicates existence of the HIGGS Boson

22 Basic Building Blocks of Matter (at least ones we know of, so far!) 1) Quarks > Hadrons > Nuclei 3 Generations of quark-pairs each quark with J P = ½ + - each with a unique new Quantum Number Charge = 2/3 Charge = -1/3 Up-Down u d Protons & Neutrons I = ½ Charm-Strange I = 0 Top-Bottom I = 0 M = MeV c M = GeV C = 1 t M = GeV M = MeV s M = MeV S = -1 b M = GeV uds light quarks s-quarks with u/d produce strange particles cbt Heavy quarks - T = 1 B = -1

23 Basic Building Blocks of Matter (Cont.) 2) Leptons Again 3 generations of Lepton-pairs each Lepton with J = ½ Charged Neutral (Neutrino) e (Electron) M = 0.5 MeV, L e = 1 µ (Muon) M = MeV, L µ = 1 τ (Tau) M = 1.78 GeV, L τ = 1 ν e M < 3 ev, L e = -1 ν µ M < 0.19 MeV, L µ = -1 ν τ M < 18.2 MeV, L τ = -1 Each pair has a unique Lepton Quantum Number which is conserved within the Standard Model with Zero Mass Neutrinos.

A Brief History of Particle Physics

A Brief History of Particle Physics A Brief History of Particle Physics 1930s The known 'Elementary Particles' were : electron proton neutron (inside the nucleus) 'neutrino' (now anti-neutrino) in beta decay photon the quantum of the electromagnetic

More information

Introduction. Read: Ch 1 of M&S

Introduction. Read: Ch 1 of M&S Introduction What questions does this field address? Want to know the basic law of nature. Can we unify all the forces with one equation or one theory? Read: Ch 1 of M&S K.K. Gan L1: Introduction 1 Particle

More information

Overview. The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions.

Overview. The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions. Overview The quest of Particle Physics research is to understand the fundamental particles of nature and their interactions. Our understanding is about to take a giant leap.. the Large Hadron Collider

More information

Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:

Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large

More information

Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter:

Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Most of Modern Physics today is concerned with the extremes of matter: Very low temperatures, very large numbers of particles, complex systems Æ Condensed Matter Physics Very high temperatures, very large

More information

Nuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics. Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007

Nuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics. Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007 Nuclear and Particle Physics 3: Particle Physics Lecture 1: Introduction to Particle Physics February 5th 2007 Particle Physics (PP) a.k.a. High-Energy Physics (HEP) 1 Dr Victoria Martin JCMB room 4405

More information

High Energy Physics. QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013

High Energy Physics. QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013 High Energy Physics QuarkNet summer workshop June 24-28, 2013 1 The Birth of Particle Physics In 1896, Thompson showed that electrons were particles, not a fluid. In 1905, Einstein argued that photons

More information

Physics 424: Dr. Justin Albert (call me Justin!)

Physics 424: Dr. Justin Albert (call me Justin!) Physics 424: Dr. Justin Albert (call me Justin!) A Brief History of Particle Physics Discoveries (Or: Figuring out What the Universe is Made Of ) Looking Inside the Atom: e -, p, and n! 1897: J.J. Thomson

More information

Neutrino Physics. Kam-Biu Luk. Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Neutrino Physics. Kam-Biu Luk. Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Neutrino Physics Kam-Biu Luk Tsinghua University and University of California, Berkeley and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 4-15 June, 2007 Outline Brief overview of particle physics Properties of

More information

Particle Physics. All science is either physics or stamp collecting and this from a 1908 Nobel laureate in Chemistry

Particle Physics. All science is either physics or stamp collecting and this from a 1908 Nobel laureate in Chemistry Particle Physics JJ Thompson discovered electrons in 1897 Rutherford discovered the atomic nucleus in 1911 and the proton in 1919 (idea of gold foil expt) All science is either physics or stamp collecting

More information

Leptons and Weak interactions

Leptons and Weak interactions PHY771, 8/28/2014 Tomasz Skwarnicki 1 Historical introduction to Elementary Particles: Leptons and Weak interactions Tomasz Skwarnicki Syracuse University Griffiths, 2 nd ed., 1.3-1.5,1.10 PHY771, 8/28/2014

More information

Weak interactions and vector bosons

Weak interactions and vector bosons Weak interactions and vector bosons What do we know now about weak interactions? Theory of weak interactions Fermi's theory of weak interactions V-A theory Current - current theory, current algebra W and

More information

Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles

Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 1.am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15 12.pm

More information

Quantum Numbers. Elementary Particles Properties. F. Di Lodovico c 1 EPP, SPA6306. Queen Mary University of London. Quantum Numbers. F.

Quantum Numbers. Elementary Particles Properties. F. Di Lodovico c 1 EPP, SPA6306. Queen Mary University of London. Quantum Numbers. F. Elementary Properties 1 1 School of Physics and Astrophysics Queen Mary University of London EPP, SPA6306 Outline Most stable sub-atomic particles are the proton, neutron (nucleons) and electron. Study

More information

Chapter 32 Lecture Notes

Chapter 32 Lecture Notes Chapter 32 Lecture Notes Physics 2424 - Strauss Formulas: mc 2 hc/2πd 1. INTRODUCTION What are the most fundamental particles and what are the most fundamental forces that make up the universe? For a brick

More information

INTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS

INTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS INTRODUCTION TO THE STANDARD MODEL OF PARTICLE PHYSICS Class Mechanics My office (for now): Dantziger B Room 121 My Phone: x85200 Office hours: Call ahead, or better yet, email... Even better than office

More information

Particle Physics Lectures Outline

Particle Physics Lectures Outline Subatomic Physics: Particle Physics Lectures Physics of the Large Hadron Collider (plus something about neutrino physics) 1 Particle Physics Lectures Outline 1 - Introduction The Standard Model of particle

More information

Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture)

Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture) 261352 Modern Physics: Standard Model of Particle Physics (Invited Lecture) Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen The Institute for Fundamental Study, Naresuan University 1 Informations Lecturer Pichet Vanichchapongjaroen

More information

Particle Physics Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes.

Particle Physics Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes. Particle Physics 12.3.1 Outline the concept of antiparticles and give examples 12.3.2 Outline the concepts of particle production and annihilation and apply the conservation laws to these processes. Every

More information

Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8. Natural Units

Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8. Natural Units Introduction to Elementary Particle Physics. Note 01 Page 1 of 8 Natural Units There are 4 primary SI units: three kinematical (meter, second, kilogram) and one electrical (Ampere 1 ) It is common in the

More information

Weak Interactions & Neutral Currents

Weak Interactions & Neutral Currents Weak Interactions & Neutral Currents Until the the mid-970 s all known weak interaction processes could be described by the exchange of a charged, spin boson, the W boson. Weak interactions mediated by

More information

Essential Physics II. Lecture 14:

Essential Physics II. Lecture 14: Essential Physics II E II Lecture 14: 18-01-16 Last lecture of EP2! Congratulations! This was a hard course. Be proud! Next week s exam Next Monday! All lecture slides on course website: http://astro3.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/~tasker/teaching/ep2

More information

Results from the Tevatron: Standard Model Measurements and Searches for the Higgs. Ashutosh Kotwal Duke University

Results from the Tevatron: Standard Model Measurements and Searches for the Higgs. Ashutosh Kotwal Duke University Results from the Tevatron: Standard Model Measurements and Searches for the Higgs Ashutosh Kotwal Duke University SLAC Summer Institute 31 July 2007 Why Build Accelerators? From Atoms to Quarks Scattering

More information

DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS

DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS DEVIL PHYSICS THE BADDEST CLASS ON CAMPUS IB PHYSICS LSN 7-3: THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER Questions From Reading Activity? Essential Idea: It is believed that all the matter around us is made up of fundamental

More information

M. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks

M. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks Quarks Quarks Quarks are s = ½ fermions, subject to all kind of interactions. They have fractional electric charges Quarks and their bound states are the only particles which interact strongly Like leptons,

More information

Lecture 02. The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Part I The Particles

Lecture 02. The Standard Model of Particle Physics. Part I The Particles Lecture 02 The Standard Model of Particle Physics Part I The Particles The Standard Model Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces Separates particles into categories Bosons (force carriers) Photon,

More information

Elementary Particle Physics Glossary. Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016

Elementary Particle Physics Glossary. Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016 Elementary Particle Physics Glossary Course organiser: Dr Marcella Bona February 9, 2016 1 Contents 1 Terms A-C 5 1.1 Accelerator.............................. 5 1.2 Annihilation..............................

More information

Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles

Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles Department of Physics and Astronomy Option 212: UNIT 2 Elementary Particles SCHEDULE 26-Jan-15 13.00pm LRB Intro lecture 28-Jan-15 12.00pm LRB Problem solving (2-Feb-15 10.00am E Problem Workshop) 4-Feb-15

More information

Lecture PowerPoint. Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli

Lecture PowerPoint. Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli Lecture PowerPoint Chapter 32 Physics: Principles with Applications, 6 th edition Giancoli 2005 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the

More information

Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1

Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1 August 28, 2002 1 INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction Physics 4213/5213 Lecture 1 There are four known forces: gravity, electricity and magnetism (E&M), the weak force, and the strong force. Each is responsible

More information

The Standard Model. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces. Separates particle into categories

The Standard Model. 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces. Separates particle into categories The Standard Model 1 st 2 nd 3 rd Describes 3 of the 4 known fundamental forces. Separates particle into categories Bosons (force carriers) Photon, W, Z, gluon, Higgs Fermions (matter particles) 3 generations

More information

Hand of Anna Röntgen. From Life magazine,6 April 1896

Hand of Anna Röntgen. From Life magazine,6 April 1896 FROM ELECTRONS TO QUARKS The development of Particle Physics QUARKNET 2001, FSU Laura Reina Outline ffl What is Particle Physics? ffl The origins of Particle Physics: the atom (p,e ), radioactivity, and

More information

A few thoughts on 100 years of modern physics. Quanta, Quarks, Qubits

A few thoughts on 100 years of modern physics. Quanta, Quarks, Qubits A few thoughts on 100 years of modern physics Quanta, Quarks, Qubits Quanta Blackbody radiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe classical physics does not agree with the observed world Planck s idea: atoms

More information

Lecture 11. Weak interactions

Lecture 11. Weak interactions Lecture 11 Weak interactions 1962-66: Formula/on of a Unified Electroweak Theory (Glashow, Salam, Weinberg) 4 intermediate spin 1 interaction carriers ( bosons ): the photon (γ) responsible for all electromagnetic

More information

Outline. Charged Leptonic Weak Interaction. Charged Weak Interactions of Quarks. Neutral Weak Interaction. Electroweak Unification

Outline. Charged Leptonic Weak Interaction. Charged Weak Interactions of Quarks. Neutral Weak Interaction. Electroweak Unification Weak Interactions Outline Charged Leptonic Weak Interaction Decay of the Muon Decay of the Neutron Decay of the Pion Charged Weak Interactions of Quarks Cabibbo-GIM Mechanism Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa

More information

Outline. Charged Leptonic Weak Interaction. Charged Weak Interactions of Quarks. Neutral Weak Interaction. Electroweak Unification

Outline. Charged Leptonic Weak Interaction. Charged Weak Interactions of Quarks. Neutral Weak Interaction. Electroweak Unification Weak Interactions Outline Charged Leptonic Weak Interaction Decay of the Muon Decay of the Neutron Decay of the Pion Charged Weak Interactions of Quarks Cabibbo-GIM Mechanism Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa

More information

Particle physics today. Giulia Zanderighi (CERN & University of Oxford)

Particle physics today. Giulia Zanderighi (CERN & University of Oxford) Particle physics today Giulia Zanderighi (CERN & University of Oxford) Particle Physics Particle Physics is fundamental research, as opposed to many applied sciences (medicine, biology, chemistry, nano-science,

More information

Fundamental Particles and Forces

Fundamental Particles and Forces Fundamental Particles and Forces A Look at the Standard Model and Interesting Theories André Gras PHYS 3305 SMU 1 Overview Introduction to Fundamental Particles and Forces Brief History of Discovery The

More information

Particle physics: what is the world made of?

Particle physics: what is the world made of? Particle physics: what is the world made of? From our experience from chemistry has told us about: Name Mass (kg) Mass (atomic mass units) Decreasing mass Neutron Proton Electron Previous lecture on stellar

More information

Hc 5: Outline. Book by Tipler, chapter 12.2

Hc 5: Outline. Book by Tipler, chapter 12.2 Hc 5: Outline Introduc:on Produc:on and iden:fica:on of par:cles Basic concepts: par:cle- an:par:cle, leptons and hadrons Fundamental interac:ons and force carriers Conserva:on laws and symmetries The

More information

1 Introduction. 1.1 The Standard Model of particle physics The fundamental particles

1 Introduction. 1.1 The Standard Model of particle physics The fundamental particles 1 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the Standard Model of particle physics. In particular, it gives an overview of the fundamental particles and the relationship

More information

Evidence for the Strong Interaction

Evidence for the Strong Interaction Evidence for the Strong Interaction Scott Wilbur Scott Wilbur Evidence for the Strong Interaction 1 Overview Continuing search inside fundamental particles Scott Wilbur Evidence for the Strong Interaction

More information

The Discovery of the Higgs Boson: one step closer to understanding the beginning of the Universe

The Discovery of the Higgs Boson: one step closer to understanding the beginning of the Universe The Discovery of the Higgs Boson: one step closer to understanding the beginning of the Universe Anna Goussiou Department of Physics, UW & ATLAS Collaboration, CERN Kane Hall, University of Washington

More information

Weak Interactions. The Theory of GLASHOW, SALAM and WEINBERG

Weak Interactions. The Theory of GLASHOW, SALAM and WEINBERG Weak Interactions The Theory of GLASHOW, SALAM and WEINBERG ~ 1959-1968 (Nobel 1979) Theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction, transmitted by exchange of intermediate vector bosons mass

More information

1. What does this poster contain?

1. What does this poster contain? This poster presents the elementary constituents of matter (the particles) and their interactions, the latter having other particles as intermediaries. These elementary particles are point-like and have

More information

A brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.)

A brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.) Physics 557 Lecture 7 A brief history of accelerators, detectors and experiments: (See Chapter 14 and Appendix H in Rolnick.) First came the study of the debris from cosmic rays (the God-given particle

More information

M. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks

M. Cobal, PIF 2006/7. Quarks M. Cobal, PIF 2006/7 Quarks Quarks Quarks are s = ½ fermions, subject to all kind of interactions. They have fractional electric charges Quarks and their bound states are the only particles which interact

More information

Particle Physics. Tommy Ohlsson. Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Particle Physics. Tommy Ohlsson. Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden Particle Physics Tommy Ohlsson Theoretical Particle Physics, Department of Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden International Baccalaureate T. Ohlsson (KTH) Particle Physics 1/

More information

An Introduction to Modern Particle Physics

An Introduction to Modern Particle Physics An Introduction to Modern Particle Physics Mark Thomson University of Cambridge Y Z X Science Summer School: 30 th July - 1 st August 2007 1 Course Synopsis Introduction : Particles and Forces - what are

More information

1. Introduction. Particle and Nuclear Physics. Dr. Tina Potter. Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1

1. Introduction. Particle and Nuclear Physics. Dr. Tina Potter. Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1 1. Introduction Particle and Nuclear Physics Dr. Tina Potter Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 1 In this section... Course content Practical information Matter Forces Dr. Tina Potter 1. Introduction 2 Course

More information

The Particle World. This talk: What is our Universe made of? Where does it come from? Why does it behave the way it does?

The Particle World. This talk: What is our Universe made of? Where does it come from? Why does it behave the way it does? The Particle World What is our Universe made of? Where does it come from? Why does it behave the way it does? Particle physics tries to answer these questions. This talk: particles as we understand them

More information

From Nucleus to Quarks

From Nucleus to Quarks From Nucleus to Quarks Rutherford, having discovered the nucleus, next observed the first laboratory-initiated nuclear reaction in 1919. 4 α 2 + 14 N 7 1 p 1 + 17 O 8 In terms of nuclei this can be described

More information

Chapter 46. Particle Physics and Cosmology

Chapter 46. Particle Physics and Cosmology Chapter 46 Particle Physics and Cosmology Atoms as Elementary Particles Atoms From the Greek for indivisible Were once thought to be the elementary particles Atom constituents Proton, neutron, and electron

More information

The God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012

The God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012 The God particle at last? Science Week, Nov 15 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV Why is the Higgs particle

More information

Some fundamental questions

Some fundamental questions Some fundamental questions What is the standard model of elementary particles and their interactions? What is the origin of mass and electroweak symmetry breaking? What is the role of anti-matter in Nature?

More information

Modern physics 1 Chapter 13

Modern physics 1 Chapter 13 Modern physics 1 Chapter 13 13. Particle physics Particle studied within the ATLAS-project CERN In the beginning of 1930, it seemed that all the physics fundaments was placed within the new areas of elementary

More information

The God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012

The God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012 The God particle at last? Astronomy Ireland, Oct 8 th, 2012 Cormac O Raifeartaigh Waterford Institute of Technology CERN July 4 th 2012 (ATLAS and CMS ) A new particle of mass 125 GeV I The Higgs boson

More information

Discovery of the W and Z 0 Bosons

Discovery of the W and Z 0 Bosons Discovery of the W and Z 0 Bosons Status of the Standard Model ~1980 Planning the Search for W ± and Z 0 SppS, UA1 and UA2 The analyses and the observed events First measurements of W ± and Z 0 masses

More information

Discovery of c, b and t quarks and quarkonia Marco Schramm

Discovery of c, b and t quarks and quarkonia Marco Schramm Discovery of c, b and t quarks and quarkonia Marco Schramm 7. November 2013 Marco Schramm 1 Outline Introduction November Revolution / Discovery of the Charm Quark Quarkonium Discovery of the Bottom Quark

More information

FACULTY OF SCIENCE. High Energy Physics. WINTHROP PROFESSOR IAN MCARTHUR and ADJUNCT/PROFESSOR JACKIE DAVIDSON

FACULTY OF SCIENCE. High Energy Physics. WINTHROP PROFESSOR IAN MCARTHUR and ADJUNCT/PROFESSOR JACKIE DAVIDSON FACULTY OF SCIENCE High Energy Physics WINTHROP PROFESSOR IAN MCARTHUR and ADJUNCT/PROFESSOR JACKIE DAVIDSON AIM: To explore nature on the smallest length scales we can achieve Current status (10-20 m)

More information

Par$cles. Ma#er is made of atoms. Atoms are made of leptons and quarks. Leptons. Quarks. atom nucleus nucleon quark m m m m

Par$cles. Ma#er is made of atoms. Atoms are made of leptons and quarks. Leptons. Quarks. atom nucleus nucleon quark m m m m Par$cles Ma#er is made of atoms atom nucleus nucleon quark 10-10 m 10-14 m 10-15 m 10-18 m Atoms are made of leptons and quarks Leptons ν e e Quarks u d What Have We Learned? Rela?vis?c Quantum Mechanics

More information

The Four Fundamental Forces. The Four Fundamental Forces. Gravitational Force. The Electrical Force. The Photon (γ) Unification. Mass.

The Four Fundamental Forces. The Four Fundamental Forces. Gravitational Force. The Electrical Force. The Photon (γ) Unification. Mass. The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? The Four Fundamental Forces What are the four fundamental forces? Weaker Stronger Gravitational, Electromagnetic, Strong and Weak Nuclear

More information

Particle Physics: Problem Sheet 5

Particle Physics: Problem Sheet 5 2010 Subatomic: Particle Physics 1 Particle Physics: Problem Sheet 5 Weak, electroweak and LHC Physics 1. Draw a quark level Feynman diagram for the decay K + π + π 0. This is a weak decay. K + has strange

More information

The Large Hadron Collider, and New Avenues in Elementary Particle Physics. Gerard t Hooft, Public Lecture, IPMU Tokyo, April 16, 2015

The Large Hadron Collider, and New Avenues in Elementary Particle Physics. Gerard t Hooft, Public Lecture, IPMU Tokyo, April 16, 2015 The Large Hadron Collider, and New Avenues in Elementary Particle Physics Gerard t Hooft, Public Lecture, IPMU Tokyo, April 16, 2015 CERN European Center for Nuclear Research LHC Large Hadron Collider

More information

Matter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons

Matter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Name The Standard Model of Particle Physics Matter: it s what you have learned that makes up the world Protons, Neutrons and Electrons Just like there is good and evil, matter must have something like

More information

OUTLINE. CHARGED LEPTONIC WEAK INTERACTION - Decay of the Muon - Decay of the Neutron - Decay of the Pion

OUTLINE. CHARGED LEPTONIC WEAK INTERACTION - Decay of the Muon - Decay of the Neutron - Decay of the Pion Weak Interactions OUTLINE CHARGED LEPTONIC WEAK INTERACTION - Decay of the Muon - Decay of the Neutron - Decay of the Pion CHARGED WEAK INTERACTIONS OF QUARKS - Cabibbo-GIM Mechanism - Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa

More information

FYS3510 Subatomic Physics. Exam 2016

FYS3510 Subatomic Physics. Exam 2016 FYS3510 Subatomic Physics VS 2015 Farid Ould-Saada Exam 2016 In addition to the items marked in blue, don t forget all examples and related material given in the slides, including the ones presented during

More information

PH5211: High Energy Physics. Prafulla Kumar Behera Room: HSB-304B

PH5211: High Energy Physics. Prafulla Kumar Behera Room: HSB-304B PH5211: High Energy Physics Prafulla Kumar Behera E-mail:behera@iitm.ac.in Room: HSB-304B Information Class timing: Wed. 11am, Thur. 9am, Fri. 8am The course will be graded as follows: 1 st quiz (20 marks)

More information

The Exchange Model. Lecture 2. Quantum Particles Experimental Signatures The Exchange Model Feynman Diagrams. Eram Rizvi

The Exchange Model. Lecture 2. Quantum Particles Experimental Signatures The Exchange Model Feynman Diagrams. Eram Rizvi The Exchange Model Lecture 2 Quantum Particles Experimental Signatures The Exchange Model Feynman Diagrams Eram Rizvi Royal Institution - London 14 th February 2012 Outline A Century of Particle Scattering

More information

A Tour of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Fields

A Tour of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Fields A Tour of the Standard Model of Elementary Particles and Fields What Do We Know About the Fundamental Structure of Nature and How Do We Know It? Dr. Michael G. Strauss The University of Oklahoma Elementary

More information

Particle Physics Lecture 1 : Introduction Fall 2015 Seon-Hee Seo

Particle Physics Lecture 1 : Introduction Fall 2015 Seon-Hee Seo Particle Physics Lecture 1 : Introduction Fall 2015 Seon-Hee Seo Particle Physics Fall 2015 1 Course Overview Lecture 1: Introduction, Decay Rates and Cross Sections Lecture 2: The Dirac Equation and Spin

More information

Lecture 10: Weak Interaction. 1

Lecture 10: Weak Interaction.   1 Lecture 10: Weak Interaction http://faculty.physics.tamu.edu/kamon/teaching/phys627/ 1 Standard Model Lagrangian http://pdg.lbl.gov/2017/reviews/rpp2017-rev-standard-model.pdf Standard Model Lagrangian

More information

6-8 February 2017 Hotel do Mar Sesimbra. Hands on Neutrinos

6-8 February 2017 Hotel do Mar Sesimbra. Hands on Neutrinos 6-8 February 2017 Hotel do Mar Sesimbra Hands on Neutrinos Hands on Neutrinos 1 I. BRIEF HISTORY OF NEUTRINOs The neutrinowas first postulated by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain how β particles emitted

More information

Quantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin

Quantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin Quantum ChromoDynamics (Nobel Prize 2004) Chris McLauchlin Outline The Four Fundamental Forces The Strong Force History of the Strong Force What These People Did Experimental Support 1 Fundamental Forces

More information

IX. Electroweak unification

IX. Electroweak unification IX. Electroweak unification The problem of divergence A theory of weak interactions only by means of W ± bosons leads to infinities e + e - γ W - W + e + W + ν e ν µ e - W - µ + µ Divergent integrals Figure

More information

Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University. What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries. January 27, 2007

Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University. What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries. January 27, 2007 Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Particles and Forces What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries January 27, 2007 Zooming in on the World around us Particles and Forces

More information

Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Dr. Rainer J. Fries

Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Dr. Rainer J. Fries Saturday Morning Physics -- Texas A&M University Particles and Forces What is Matter and what holds it together? Dr. Rainer J. Fries January 27, 2007 Zooming in on the World around us Particles and Forces

More information

FYS3510 Subatomic Physics. Exam 2016

FYS3510 Subatomic Physics. Exam 2016 FYS3510 Subatomic Physics VS 2015 Farid Ould-Saada Exam 2016 In addition to the items marked in blue, don t forget all examples and related material given in the slides, including the ones presented during

More information

Intro to Particle Physics and The Standard Model. Robert Clare UCR

Intro to Particle Physics and The Standard Model. Robert Clare UCR Intro to Particle Physics and The Standard Model Robert Clare UCR Timeline of particle physics Ancient Greeks Rutherford 1911 Rutherford Chadwick Heisenberg 1930 s Hofstader Gell-Mann Ne eman 1960 s Timeline

More information

Einige interessante Aspekte der in der Zielsetzung genannten Fragestellungen. Appetithappen -> Antworten spaeter in der Vorlesung.

Einige interessante Aspekte der in der Zielsetzung genannten Fragestellungen. Appetithappen -> Antworten spaeter in der Vorlesung. 0. Einführung Einige interessante Aspekte der in der Zielsetzung genannten Fragestellungen. Appetithappen -> Antworten spaeter in der Vorlesung. Folien auf Englisch (aus anderer Vorlesung ausgeliehen)

More information

Gian Gopal Particle Attributes Quantum Numbers 1

Gian Gopal Particle Attributes Quantum Numbers 1 Particle Attributes Quantum Numbers Intro Lecture Quantum numbers (Quantised Attributes subject to conservation laws and hence related to Symmetries) listed NOT explained. Now we cover Electric Charge

More information

Weak interactions, parity, helicity

Weak interactions, parity, helicity Lecture 10 Weak interactions, parity, helicity SS2011: Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics, Part 2 2 1 Weak decay of particles The weak interaction is also responsible for the β + -decay of atomic

More information

Flavour physics Lecture 1

Flavour physics Lecture 1 Flavour physics Lecture 1 Jim Libby (IITM) XI th SERC school on EHEP NISER Bhubaneswar November 2017 Lecture 1 1 Outline What is flavour physics? Some theory and history CKM matrix Lecture 1 2 What is

More information

High Energy Physics. Lecture 9. Deep Inelastic Scattering Scaling Violation. HEP Lecture 9 1

High Energy Physics. Lecture 9. Deep Inelastic Scattering Scaling Violation. HEP Lecture 9 1 High Energy Physics Lecture 9 Deep Inelastic Scattering Scaling Violation HEP Lecture 9 1 Deep Inelastic Scattering: The reaction equation of DIS is written e+ p e+ X where X is a system of outgoing hadrons

More information

PHY-105: Introduction to Particle and Nuclear Physics

PHY-105: Introduction to Particle and Nuclear Physics M. Kruse, Spring 2011, Phy-105 PHY-105: Introduction to Particle and Nuclear Physics Up to 1900 indivisable atoms Early 20th century electrons, protons, neutrons Around 1945, other particles discovered.

More information

Particles and Interactions. Prof. Marina Cobal Corso Particelle ed interazioni fondamentali 2013/2014

Particles and Interactions. Prof. Marina Cobal Corso Particelle ed interazioni fondamentali 2013/2014 Particles and Interactions Prof. Marina Cobal Corso Particelle ed interazioni fondamentali 2013/2014 What is the world made of? In the ancient time: 4 elements 19 century atoms Beginning 20 th century

More information

Lecture 23. November 16, Developing the SM s electroweak theory. Fermion mass generation using a Higgs weak doublet

Lecture 23. November 16, Developing the SM s electroweak theory. Fermion mass generation using a Higgs weak doublet Lecture 23 November 16, 2017 Developing the SM s electroweak theory Research News: Higgs boson properties and use as a dark matter probe Fermion mass generation using a Higgs weak doublet Summary of the

More information

2007 Section A of examination problems on Nuclei and Particles

2007 Section A of examination problems on Nuclei and Particles 2007 Section A of examination problems on Nuclei and Particles 1 Section A 2 PHYS3002W1 A1. A fossil containing 1 gramme of carbon has a radioactivity of 0.03 disintegrations per second. A living organism

More information

Hadron Physics & Quantum Chromodynamics Adnan Bashir, IFM, UMSNH, Mexico August 2013 Hermosillo Sonora

Hadron Physics & Quantum Chromodynamics Adnan Bashir, IFM, UMSNH, Mexico August 2013 Hermosillo Sonora Hadron Physics & Quantum Chromodynamics Adnan Bashir, IFM, UMSNH, Mexico August 2013 Hermosillo Sonora Hadron Physics & QCD Part 1: First Encounter With Hadrons: Introduction to Mesons & Baryons, The Quark

More information

NEUTRINOS. Concha Gonzalez-Garcia. San Feliu, June (Stony Brook-USA and IFIC-Valencia)

NEUTRINOS. Concha Gonzalez-Garcia. San Feliu, June (Stony Brook-USA and IFIC-Valencia) NEUTRINOS (Stony Brook-USA and IFIC-Valencia San Feliu, June 2004 Plan of Lectures I. Standard Neutrino Properties and Mass Terms (Beyond Standard II. Neutrino Oscillations III. The Data and Its Interpretation

More information

Particle Physics. experimental insight. Paula Eerola Division of High Energy Physics 2005 Spring Semester Based on lectures by O. Smirnova spring 2002

Particle Physics. experimental insight. Paula Eerola Division of High Energy Physics 2005 Spring Semester Based on lectures by O. Smirnova spring 2002 experimental insight e + e - W + W - µνqq Paula Eerola Division of High Energy Physics 2005 Spring Semester Based on lectures by O. Smirnova spring 2002 Lund University I. Basic concepts Particle physics

More information

Particle Physics. Dr Victoria Martin, Spring Semester 2012 Lecture 1: The Mysteries of Particle Physics, or Why should I take this course?

Particle Physics. Dr Victoria Martin, Spring Semester 2012 Lecture 1: The Mysteries of Particle Physics, or Why should I take this course? Particle Physics Dr Victoria Martin, Spring Semester 2012 Lecture 1: The Mysteries of Particle Physics, or Why should I take this course? Contents: Review of the Standard Model! What we know! What we don

More information

The Goals of Particle Physics

The Goals of Particle Physics The Goals of Particle Physics Richard (Ryszard) Stroynowski Department of Physics Southern Methodist University History of Elementary Particles Science as a field of study derives from the Western Civilization

More information

Beyond Standard Model Effects in Flavour Physics: p.1

Beyond Standard Model Effects in Flavour Physics: p.1 Beyond Standard Model Effects in Flavour Physics: Alakabha Datta University of Mississippi Feb 13, 2006 Beyond Standard Model Effects in Flavour Physics: p.1 OUTLINE Standard Model (SM) and its Problems.

More information

Y2 Neutrino Physics (spring term 2017)

Y2 Neutrino Physics (spring term 2017) Y2 Neutrino Physics (spring term 2017) Lecture 5 Discoveries of the leptons Dr E Goudzovski eg@hep.ph.bham.ac.uk http://epweb2.ph.bham.ac.uk/user/goudzovski/y2neutrino Previous lecture In 1940s, nuclear

More information

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com 1 Q1. (a) The K meson has strangeness 1. State the quark composition of a meson... State the baryon number of the K meson... (iii) What is the quark composition of the K meson?.... The figure below shows

More information

Essentials of Particle Physics

Essentials of Particle Physics Essentials of Particle Physics Kajari Mazumdar Department of High Energy Physics Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Mumbai http://www.tifr.res.in/~mazumdar Kajari.Mazumdar@gmail.com KSTA Lecture Series

More information

Books: - Martin, B.R. & Shaw, G Particle Physics (Wiley) (recommended) - Perkins, D.H. Introduction to High Energy Physics (CUP) (advanced)

Books: - Martin, B.R. & Shaw, G Particle Physics (Wiley) (recommended) - Perkins, D.H. Introduction to High Energy Physics (CUP) (advanced) PC 3 Foundations of Particle Physics Lecturer: Dr F. Loebinger Books: - Martin, B.R. & Shaw, G Particle Physics (Wiley) (recommended) - Perkins, D.H. Introduction to High Energy Physics (CUP) (advanced)

More information

The discovery of W ± and Z 0 vector-bosons

The discovery of W ± and Z 0 vector-bosons The discovery of W ± and Z 0 vector-bosons Giulia De Zordo April 15, 2014 Abstract This article is about the discovery of the W ± and Z 0 vector-bosons, the carriers of weak interaction. The discovery

More information

Weak Interactions: towards the Standard Model of Physics

Weak Interactions: towards the Standard Model of Physics Weak Interactions: towards the Standard Model of Physics Weak interactions From β-decay to Neutral currents Weak interactions: are very different world CP-violation: power of logics and audacity Some experimental

More information