Prepared By Prof. Dr Atef El-Emary

Transcription

1 JAZAN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Electrical Engineering Department Experimental Lab of EngE 511 Electrical Power System 2 Prepared By Prof. Dr Atef El-Emary

2 Contents 1) Admittance matrix formation by inspection 2) Load flow using Gauss-Seidel method based on P-Q bus 3) Load flow using Gauss-Seidel method based on P-V bus 4) Load flow using Newton-Raphson method based on P-V bus 5) Fast Decoupled load flow based on P-V bus 6) Steady State stability-1 7) Steady State stability-2 8) Transient stability -1 9) Transient stability -2

3 Lab1 Formation of YBUS By inspection The one line diagram of a simple three bus power system is shown in figure with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked on a 100 MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Construct the bus admittance matrix

4 % Forming Bus Admittance Matrix % Line code % Bus bus R X 1/2 B = 1 for lines % nl nr p.u. p.u. p.u. > 1 or < 1 tr. tap at bus nl linedata=[ ]; nl=linedata(:,1); nr=linedata(:,2); R=linedata(:,3); X=linedata(:,4); nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr)); Z = R + j*x; %branch impedance y= ones(nbr,1)./z %branch admittance Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero for k = 1:nbr; % formation of the off diagonal elements if nl(k) > 0 & nr(k) > 0 Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)) - y(k); Ybus(nr(k),nl(k)) = Ybus(nl(k),nr(k)); end end for n = 1:nbus for k = 1:nbr if nl(k) == n nr(k) == n Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n) + y(k); else, end end end fprintf(' admittance matrix\n') for n5 = 1:nbus for n6 = 1:nbus % formation of the diagonal elements fprintf('%9.3f',real(ybus(n5,n6))),fprintf('%9.3f',imag(y bus(n5,n6))) end end c=ybus

5 Lab 2 Load Flow by Gauss Seidel Method The one line diagram of a simple three bus power system is shown in figure with generation at bus 1. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. The scheduled loads at buses 2 and 3 are as marked on the diagram. Line impedances are marked on a 100 MVA base and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Required: a) Using the Gauss-Seidel method, the phasor values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 (P-Q buses) accurate to four decimal places. b) Find the slack bus real and reactive power c) Determine the line flows and line losses. Construct a power flow diagram showing the direction of line flow

6 % LF P-Q Buses % Lab 2 y12=10-j*20; y13=10-j*30; y23=16-j*32; V1=1.05+j*0; iter =0; S2= j*1.102; S3= j*.452; V2=1+j*0; V3=1+j*0; for I=1:10 iter=iter+1; V2 = (conj(s2)/conj(v2)+y12*v1+y23*v3)/(y12+y23); V3 = (conj(s3)/conj(v3)+y13*v1+y23*v2)/(y13+y23); disp([iter, V2, V3]) end V2=.98-j*.06; V3= 1-j*.05; I12=y12*(V1-V2); I21=-I12; I13=y13*(V1-V3); I31=-I13; I23=y23*(V2-V3); I32=-I23; S12=V1*conj(I12); S21=V2*conj(I21); S13=V1*conj(I13); S31=V3*conj(I31); S23=V2*conj(I23); S32=V3*conj(I32); I1221=[I12,I21] I1331=[I13,I31] I2332=[I23,I32] S1221=[S12, S21 (S12+S13) S12+S21] S1331=[S13, S31 (S31+S32) S13+S31] S2332=[S23, S32 (S23+S21) S23+S32]

7 Lab4 Load Flow by Newton Raphson Method (Voltage Controlled) The one line diagram of a simple three bus power system is shown in figure with generators at bus 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by Newton Raphson method including line flows and line losses.

8 % Lab 4 % Newton-Raphson method LF Voltage controlled V = [1.05; 1.0; 1.04]; d = [0; 0; 0]; Ps=[-4; 2.0]; Qs= -2.5; YB = [ 20-j*50-10+j*20-10+j*30-10+j*20 26-j*52-16+j*32-10+j*30-16+j*32 26-j*62]; Y= abs(yb); t = angle(yb); iter=0; pwracur = ; % Power accuracy DC = 10; % Set the maximum power residual to a high value while max(abs(dc)) > pwracur iter = iter +1 P=[V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))+v(2)^2*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)- d(3)+d(1))+v(3)^2*y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+... V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))]; Q= -V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))- V(2)^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(1,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(1,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(1,3)=V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)- d(2)+d(1))+2*v(2)*y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+... V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(2,1)=-V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2)); J(2,2)=V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))+... V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2)); J(2,3)=V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2)); J(3,1)=V(2)*V(1)*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))+... V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(3,2)=-V(2)*V(3)*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); J(3,3)=-V(1)*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d(2)+d(1))- 2*V(2)*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-... V(3)*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d(2)+d(3)); DP = Ps - P; DQ = Qs - Q; DC = [DP; DQ] J DX = J\DC d(2) =d(2)+dx(1);

9 d(3)=d(3) +DX(2); V(2)= V(2)+DX(3); V, d, delta =180/pi*d; end P1=V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)- d(1)+d(2))+ V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3)) Q1=-V(1)^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))- V(1)*V(2)*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d(1)+d(2))- V(1)*V(3)*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d(1)+d(3)) Q3=-V(3)*V(1)*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d(3)+d(1))- V(3)*V(2)*Y(3,2)*... sin(t(3,2)-d(3)+d(2))-v(3)^2*y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))

10 Lab 5 Fast Decoupled Load Flow (Voltage Controlled) The one line diagram of a simple three bus power system is shown in figure with generators at bus 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by Fast Decoupled load Flow method including line flows and line losses.

11 % Lab 5 % Fast decoupled method, Voltage Controlled V1= 1.05; V2 = 1.0; V3 = 1.04; d1 = 0; d2 = 0; d3=0; Ps2=-4; Ps3 =2.0; Qs2= -2.5; YB = [ 20-j*50-10+j*20-10+j*30-10+j*20 26-j*52-16+j*32-10+j*30-16+j*32 26-j*62]; Y = abs(yb); t=angle(yb); B =[-52 32; 32-62] Binv = inv(b) iter=0; pwracur = ; % Power accuracy DC = 10; % Set the max of power mismatch to a high value while max(abs(dc)) > pwracur iter = iter +1; P2= V2*V1*Y(2,1)*cos(t(2,1)-d2+d1)+V2^2*Y(2,2)*cos(t(2,2))+... V2*V3*Y(2,3)*cos(t(2,3)-d2+d3); P3= V3*V1*Y(3,1)*cos(t(3,1)-d3+d1)+V3^2*Y(3,3)*cos(t(3,3))+... V3*V2*Y(3,2)*cos(t(3,2)-d3+d2); Q2=-V2*V1*Y(2,1)*sin(t(2,1)-d2+d1)-V2^2*Y(2,2)*sin(t(2,2))-... V2*V3*Y(2,3)*sin(t(2,3)-d2+d3); DP2 = Ps2 - P2; DP2V = DP2/V2; DP3 = Ps3 - P3; DP3V = DP3/V3; DQ2 = Qs2 - Q2; DQ2V = DQ2/V2; DC =[DP2; DP3; DQ2]; Dd = -Binv*[DP2V;DP3V]; DV = -1/B(1,1)*DQ2V; d2 =d2+dd(1); d3 =d3+dd(2); V2= V2+DV; angle2 =180/pi*d2; angle3 =180/pi*d3; R = [iter d2 d3 V2 DP2 DP3 DQ2]; disp(r) end Q3=-V3*V1*Y(3,1)*sin(t(3,1)-d3+d1)-V3^2*Y(3,3)*sin(t(3,3))-... V3*V2*Y(3,2)*sin(t(3,2)-d3+d2); P1= V1^2*Y(1,1)*cos(t(1,1))+V1*V2*Y(1,2)*cos(t(1,2)-d1+d2)+... V1*V3*Y(1,3)*cos(t(1,3)-d1+d3); Q1=-V1^2*Y(1,1)*sin(t(1,1))-V1*V2*Y(1,2)*sin(t(1,2)-d1+d2)-... V1*V3*Y(1,3)*sin(t(1,3)-d1+d3); S1=P1+j*Q1 Q3

12 Lab 3 Load flow using Gauss-Seidel based on voltage controlled bus The one line diagram of a simple three bus power system is shown in figure with generators at bus 1 and 3. The magnitude of voltage at bus 1 is adjusted to 1.05 pu. Voltage magnitude at bus 3 is fixed at 1.04 pu with a real power generation of 200 MW. A load consisting of 400 MW and 250 Mvar is taken from bus 2. Line impedances are marked in per unit on a 100MVA base, and the line charging susceptances are neglected. Obtain the power flow solution by the Gauss- Seidel method including line flows and line losses.

13 % Lab 3 %LF Voltage control y12=10-j*20; y13=10-j*30; y23=16-j*32; y33=y13+y23; V1=1.05+j*0; format long iter =0; S2=-4.0-j*2.5; P3 = 2; V2=1+j*0; Vm3=1.04; V3=1.04+j*0; for I=1:10; iter=iter+1 E2 = V2; E3=V3; V2 = (conj(s2)/conj(v2)+y12*v1+y23*v3)/(y12+y23) DV2 = V2-E2 Q3 = -imag(conj(v3)*(y33*v3-y13*v1-y23*v2)) S3 = P3 +j*q3; Vc3 = (conj(s3)/conj(v3)+y13*v1+y23*v2)/(y13+y23) Vi3 = imag(vc3); Vr3= sqrt(vm3^2 - Vi3^2); V3 = Vr3 + j*vi3 DV3=V3-E3 end format short I12=y12*(V1-V2); I21=-I12; I13=y13*(V1-V3); I31=-I13; I23=y23*(V2-V3); I32=-I23; S12=V1*conj(I12); S21=V2*conj(I21); S13=V1*conj(I13); S31=V3*conj(I31); S23=V2*conj(I23); S32=V3*conj(I32); I1221=[I12,I21] I1331=[I13,I31] I2332=[I23,I32] S1221=[S12, S21 (S12+S13) S12+S21] S1331=[S13, S31 (S31+S32) S13+S31] S2332=[S23, S32 (S23+S21) S23+S32]

14 Lab 6 Steady State Stability A 60 c/s synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 9.94 MJ/MVA and a \ transient reactance X d = 0.3 pu is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as shown in figure below. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is delivering real power of 0.6 pu, 0.8 power factor lagging to the infinite bus at a voltage of V = 1 pu. Assume the per unit damping power coefficient is D = 0.138, consider a small disturbance of Δδ = 10 o = radian. For example, the breakers open and then quickly close. Obtain equations describing the motion of the rotor angle and the generator frequency.

15 % Lab 6 E = 1.35, V= 1.0; H= 9.94; X=0.65; Pm=0.6; D=0.138; f0 = 60; Pmax = E*V/X, d0 = asin(pm/pmax) % Max. power Ps = Pmax*cos(d0) % Synchronizing power coefficient wn = sqrt(pi*60/h*ps) % Undamped frequency of oscillation z = D/2*sqrt(pi*60/(H*Ps)) % Damping ratio wd = wn*sqrt(1-z^2), fd = wd/(2*pi) %Damped frequency oscill. tau = 1/(z*wn) % Time constant th = acos(z) % Phase angle theta Dd0 = 10*pi/180; % Initial angle in radian t = 0:.01:3; Dd = Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t + th); d = (d0+dd)*180/pi; % Load angle in degree Dw = -wn*dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t); f = f0 + Dw/(2*pi); % Frequency in Hz figure(1), subplot(2,1,1), plot(t, d), grid xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('delta, degree') subplot(2,1,2), plot(t,f), grid xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('f, Hz') subplot(111) % using initial function state space equation A = [0 1; -wn^2-2*z*wn]; % wn, z and t are defined earlier Dp=0.2; du= 3.79; % small step change in power input B = [0; 0]; % Column B zero-input C = [1 0; 0 1]; % Unity matrix defining output y as x1 and x2 D = [0; 0]; Dx0 = [Dd0; 0]; % Zero initial cond., Dd0 is defined earlier [y,x]= initial(a, B, C, D, Dx0, t); Dd = x(:, 1); Dw = x(:, 2); % State variables x1 and x2 d = (d0 + Dd)*180/pi; % Load angle in degree f = f0 + Dw/(2*pi); % Frequency in Hz figure(2), subplot(2,1,1), plot(t, d), grid xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('delta, degree') subplot(2,1,2), plot(t, f), grid xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('f, Hz'), subplot(111)

16 Lab 7 Steady State stability The generator of lab 6 is operating in the steady state at δ o = o when the input power is increased by a small amount ΔP = 0.2 pu. The generator excitation and the infinite bus bar voltage are E ' = 1.35 pu and V= 1.0 pu. a) Obtain the step response for the rotor angle and the generator frequency b) Obtain the response using MATLAB step function c) Obtain a SIMULINK block diagram representation of the state space model and simulate to obtain the response.

17 %Lab 7 %(a) Fault at the sending end. Both lines intact when fault is cleared Pm = 0.8; E= 1.17; V = 1.0; X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf; X3 = 0.65; eacfault(pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3) %(b) Fault at the mid-point of one line. Faulted line is isolated X2 = 1.8; X3 = 0.8; eacfault(pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3) function eacfault(pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3) % This program obtains the power angle curves for a one-machine system % before fault, during fault and after the fault clearance. % The equal area criterion is applied to find the critical clearing angle % for the machine to stay synchronized to the infinite bus bar % if exist('pm')~=1 Pm = input('generator output power in p.u. Pm = '); else, end if exist('e')~=1 E = input('generator e.m.f. in p.u. E = '); else, end if exist('v')~=1 V = input('infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V = '); else, end if exist('x1')~=1 X1 = input('reactance before Fault in p.u. X1 = '); else, end if exist('x2')~=1 X2 = input('reactance during Fault in p.u. X2 = '); else, end if exist('x3')~=1 X3 = input('reactance aftere Fault in p.u. X3 = '); else, end Pe1max = E*V/X1; Pe2max=E*V/X2; Pe3max=E*V/X3; delta = 0:.01:pi; Pe1 = Pe1max*sin(delta); Pe2 = Pe2max*sin(delta); Pe3 = Pe3max*sin(delta); d0 =asin(pm/pe1max); dmax = pi-asin(pm/pe3max); cosdc = (Pm*(dmax-d0)+Pe3max*cos(dmax)-Pe2max*cos(d0))/(Pe3max-Pe2max); if abs(cosdc) > 1 fprintf('no critical clearing angle could be found.\n') fprintf('system can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n') return else, end dc=acos(cosdc); if dc > dmax fprintf('no critical clearing angle could be found.\n') fprintf('system can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n') return else, end Pmx=[0 pi-d0]*180/pi; Pmy=[Pm Pm]; x0=[d0 d0]*180/pi; y0=[0 Pm]; xc=[dc dc]*180/pi; yc=[0 Pe3max*sin(dc)]; xm=[dmax dmax]*180/pi; ym=[0 Pe3max*sin(dmax)];

18 d0=d0*180/pi; dmax=dmax*180/pi; dc=dc*180/pi; x=(d0:.1:dc); y=pe2max*sin(x*pi/180); y1=pe2max*sin(d0*pi/180); y2=pe2max*sin(dc*pi/180); x=[d0 x dc]; y=[pm y Pm]; xx=dc:.1:dmax; h=pe3max*sin(xx*pi/180); xx=[dc xx dmax]; hh=[pm h Pm]; delta=delta*180/pi; if X2 == inf fprintf('\nfor this case tc can be found from analytical formula. \n') H=input('To find tc enter Inertia Constant H, (or 0 to skip) H = '); if H ~= 0 d0r=d0*pi/180; dcr=dc*pi/180; tc = sqrt(2*h*(dcr-d0r)/(pi*60*pm)); else, end else, end %clc fprintf('\ninitial power angle = %7.3f \n', d0) fprintf('maximum angle swing = %7.3f \n', dmax) fprintf('critical clearing angle = %7.3f \n\n', dc) if X2==inf & H~=0 fprintf('critical clearing time = %7.3f sec. \n\n', tc) else, end h = figure; figure(h); fill(x,y,'m') hold; fill(xx,hh,'c') plot(delta, Pe1,'-', delta, Pe2,'r-', delta, Pe3,'g-', Pmx, Pmy,'b-', x0,y0, xc,yc, xm,ym), grid Title('Application of equal area criterion to a critically cleared system') xlabel('power angle, degree'), ylabel(' Power, per unit') text(5, 1.07*Pm, 'Pm') text(50, 1.05*Pe1max,['Critical clearing angle = ',num2str(dc)]) axis([ *Pe1max]) hold off;

19 Simulink of Lab DU=60*pi/(H*0.2) x' = Ax+Bu y = Cx+Du 180/pi Rad to degree delta0 Sum delta Step State-Space 1/(2*pi) rps to HZ 60 frequency Dem ux f0 Sum Simulink Block Diagram with step input disturbance, Lab 7

20 Lab 8 Transient Stability In the system of lab 7 a three phase fault at the middle of one line is cleared by isolating the faulted circuit simultaneously at both ends. a) The fault is cleared in 0.3 second. Obtain the numerical solution of the swing equation for 1.0 second using the modified Euler method with a step size of Δt = 0.01 second. From the swing curve, determine the system stability. b) Repeat part if fault is cleared in 0.5 second. c) Obtain a SIMULINK block diagram model for the swing equation, and simulate for a fault clearing time of 0.3 and 0.5 second. Repeat the simulation until a critical clearing time is obtained.

21 Lab 8 %(a) Fault at the sending end. Both lines intact when fault is cleared Pm = 0.8; E= 1.17; V = 1.0; X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf; X3 = 0.65; eacfault(pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3) %(b) Fault at the mid-point of one line. Faulted line is isolated X2 = 1.8; X3 = 0.8; eacfault(pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3) Simulink of Lab 8 Step pi*60/5 omga dot 1 s Integrator omga 1 s Integrator1 Omga 180/pi Delta Gain1 Rad to degree Switch fault clear *sin(u) Clock During Fault 0.65*sin(u) To change clearing time change tolerance time from switch (Ex: 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 seconds )

22 Lab 9 Transient Stability Based on 3 Phase Fault A 60 c/s synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 5 MJ/MVA and a direct axis transient reactance X d \ = 0.3 pu is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as shown in figure below. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is delivering real power P e = 0.8 pu and Q = pu to the infinite bus as a voltage of V = 1 pu a) A temporary 3 phase fault occurs at the sending of the line at point F. when the fault is cleared, both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and the critical fault clearing time. b) A 3 phase fault occurs at the middle of one of the lines, the fault is cleared and the faulted line is isolated. Determine the critical clearing angle

23 Lab 9 Pm=0.8; E= 1.17; V= 1.0; X1=0.65; X2=1.8; X3= 0.8 %function eacfault(pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3) % This program obtains the power angle curves for a one-machine system % before fault, during fault and after the fault clearance. % The equal area criterion is applied to find the critical clearing angle % for the machine to stay synchronized to the infinite bus bar % if exist('pm')~=1 Pm = input('generator output power in p.u. Pm = '); else, end if exist('e')~=1 E = input('generator e.m.f. in p.u. E = '); else, end if exist('v')~=1 V = input('infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V = '); else, end if exist('x1')~=1 X1 = input('reactance before Fault in p.u. X1 = '); else, end if exist('x2')~=1 X2 = input('reactance during Fault in p.u. X2 = '); else, end if exist('x3')~=1 X3 = input('reactance aftere Fault in p.u. X3 = '); else, end Pe1max = E*V/X1; Pe2max=E*V/X2; Pe3max=E*V/X3; delta = 0:.01:pi; Pe1 = Pe1max*sin(delta); Pe2 = Pe2max*sin(delta); Pe3 = Pe3max*sin(delta); d0 =asin(pm/pe1max); dmax = pi-asin(pm/pe3max); cosdc = (Pm*(dmax-d0)+Pe3max*cos(dmax)-Pe2max*cos(d0))/(Pe3max- Pe2max); if abs(cosdc) > 1 fprintf('no critical clearing angle could be found.\n') fprintf('system can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n') return else, end dc=acos(cosdc); if dc > dmax fprintf('no critical clearing angle could be found.\n') fprintf('system can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n') return else, end Pmx=[0 pi-d0]*180/pi; Pmy=[Pm Pm]; x0=[d0 d0]*180/pi; y0=[0 Pm]; xc=[dc dc]*180/pi; yc=[0 Pe3max*sin(dc)]; xm=[dmax dmax]*180/pi; ym=[0 Pe3max*sin(dmax)]; d0=d0*180/pi; dmax=dmax*180/pi; dc=dc*180/pi; x=(d0:.1:dc); y=pe2max*sin(x*pi/180); y1=pe2max*sin(d0*pi/180); y2=pe2max*sin(dc*pi/180); x=[d0 x dc];

24 y=[pm y Pm]; xx=dc:.1:dmax; h=pe3max*sin(xx*pi/180); xx=[dc xx dmax]; hh=[pm h Pm]; delta=delta*180/pi; if X2 == inf fprintf('\nfor this case tc can be found from analytical formula. \n') H=input('To find tc enter Inertia Constant H, (or 0 to skip) H = '); if H ~= 0 d0r=d0*pi/180; dcr=dc*pi/180; tc = sqrt(2*h*(dcr-d0r)/(pi*60*pm)); else, end else, end %clc fprintf('\ninitial power angle = %7.3f \n', d0) fprintf('maximum angle swing = %7.3f \n', dmax) fprintf('critical clearing angle = %7.3f \n\n', dc) if X2==inf & H~=0 fprintf('critical clearing time = %7.3f sec. \n\n', tc) else, end h = figure; figure(h); fill(x,y,'m') hold; fill(xx,hh,'c') plot(delta, Pe1,'-', delta, Pe2,'r-', delta, Pe3,'g-', Pmx, Pmy,'b- ', x0,y0, xc,yc, xm,ym), grid Title('Application of equal area criterion to a critically cleared system') xlabel('power angle, degree'), ylabel(' Power, per unit') text(5, 1.07*Pm, 'Pm') text(50, 1.05*Pe1max,['Critical clearing angle = ',num2str(dc)]) axis([ *Pe1max]) hold off;