Evolution of High Efficiency. Silicon Solar Cell Design
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1 Australian Centre for Advanced Photovoltaics Evolution of High Efficiency Silicon Solar Cell Design Martin A. Green University of New South Wales
2 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
3 Conventional space cell Vanguard I (1958)
4 Conventional space cell Efficiency, %
5 Violet cell (1972) Light top diffusion (no dead layer) 20 Efficiency, %
6 Violet cell (1972) Light top diffusion (no dead layer) 2. Photolithographically defined top contacts 20 Efficiency, %
7 Violet cell (1972) Light top diffusion (no dead layer) 2. Photolithographically defined top contacts 3. Rear Al BSF (back surface field) Efficiency, %
8 Violet cell (1972) Light top diffusion (no dead layer) 2. Photolithographically defined top contacts 3. Rear Al BSF (back surface field) 4. Higher index AR coating Efficiency, %
9 Violet cell (1972) Efficiency, % Light top diffusion (no dead layer) 2. Photolithographically defined top contacts 3. Rear Al BSF (back surface field) 4. Higher index AR coating (also less absorbing, thinner giving violet colour
10 Violet cell (1972) Efficiency, % Light top diffusion (no dead layer) 2. Photolithographically defined top contacts 3. Rear Al BSF (back surface field) 4. Higher index AR coating (also less absorbing, thinner giving violet colour 5. Higher doped substrate (2 ohm_cm)
11 Black cell (1974) Efficiency, %
12 Black cell (1974) Efficiency, %
13 Black cell (1974) Efficiency, %
14 Black cell (1974) Efficiency, %
15 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
16 Can treat light & dark separately! Superposition
17 Can treat light & dark separately! emitter base Superposition
18 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
19 Re-cap: pn junction theory
20 Re-cap: pn junction theory
21 surface Re-cap: pn junction theory
22 Re-cap: pn junction theory
23 Re-cap: pn junction theory
24 Re-cap: pn junction theory
25 Re-cap: pn junction theory
26 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
27 Dark/Light Reciprocity Fig. 8.1 Red book Generation rate p n Depletion region n G Region 1 Region 2 p x 1 Generation only at this plane x x' (a) Distance from surface (b)
28 Dark/Light Reciprocity Fig. 8.1 Red book Depletion n region Generation rate Fig. 8.3 Red book p n Depletion region p n p Collection probability, f c e _ x'/ln G e _ x'/le Region 1 Region 2 Figure 8.3 x 1 Generation only at this plane Distance into cell, x x x' (a) x' x Distance from surface (b)
29 Dark/Light Reciprocity N p Fig. 8.1 Red book n p f c = sinh [(W P x) / L e ] sinh (W P / L e ) Generation only at this plane (a) Collection probability, f c f c = cosh [(W P x) / L e ] cosh (W P / L e ) e Depletion n W N _ x'/ln W W P x' region Generation rate G Distance into cell, x Fig. 8.3 Red book p n Depletion region x e p _ x'/le Region 1 Region 2 Figure 8.3 x Distance from surface (b) x 1 x'
30 Re-cap: pn junction theory f c = cosh [(W P x) / L e ] cosh (W P / L e ) f c = sinh [(W P x) / L e ] sinh (W P / L e )
31 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
32 MINP cell (1983) First 20% cell Efficiency, %
33 PESC cell (1984) First 20% cell Efficiency, %
34 µg-pesc cell (1985) First 20% cell Efficiency, %
35 Improved efficiency: 20% and beyond 25 Efficiency, % First 20% cell Front side fixed
36 Improved efficiency: 20% and beyond Tech Transfer Trina, Solarfun CTO Suntech/ Sunergy/ JA Solar/ Sunrise Global ANU CoE PV CoE/ Suntech CTO China Sunergy CTO CSG Solar CEO PV Centre of Excellence (PV CoE)
37 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
38 Light trapping
39 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
40 Improved efficiency: 22% cells 25 Stanford Uni Rear Junction Cell 20 First 20% cell Efficiency, %
41 Improved efficiency: 22% cells First 20% cell Efficiency, %
42 Improved efficiency: 25% PERL cells First 20% cell Efficiency, %
43 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
44 Shockley-Queisser Shockley-Queisser Limit η max = 31% (global) = 41% (direct) Ω P = qv E G {N BB (6000K) exp(qv/kt) N BB (300K)} dedω
45 Other recombination paths
46 Black bodies (Planck) Energy distribution (kw/µm 2 /micron). E S. S S. E C. S C 2.5 Hemispherical emissive power (10 8 W-m 2 /µm) K T A. W T c K black body Q 4500 K AM0 (3X) radiation.. S = Q/T A AM1.5 radiation 3000 K (10 X) Wavelength (µm) microns
47 Shockley-Queisser η max = 31% (global) = 41% (direct) Ω P = qv E G {N BB (6000K) exp(qv/kt) N BB (300K)} dedω
48 Blackbody 300K
49 Blackbody 300K
50
51 Actual efficiency: Si cells First 20% cell Efficiency, %
52 Blackbody LED Photon Flux Emission = EQE(PV) * BB * exp(qv/kt) IQE EQE 80 Uwe Rau Physical 60 Review B 76, , 2007 EQE, IQE, R (%) Uwe Rau Physical Review B 76, , Wavelength, nm R Wavelength, nm
53 Blackbody LED 10 9 Emission = EQE(PV) * BB * exp(qv/kt) IQE EQE 80 Uwe Rau Physical Review B 76, , EQE, IQE, R (%) Photon Flux R Wavelength, nm Wavelength, nm
54 Blackbody LED 10 9 Emission = EQE(PV) * BB * exp(qv/kt) IQE EQE 80 Uwe Rau Physical Review B 76, , EQE, IQE, R (%) Photon Flux R Wavelength, nm Wavelength, nm
55 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The (near)future -Questions-
56 Improved efficiency: LDSE p- type substrate
57 Improved efficiency: 20.3% Pluto cell p- type substrate
58 Other approaches: HIT cell
59 Other approaches: EWT cell
60 Other approaches: MWT cell
61 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The (not so near)future -Questions-
62 Thermodynamic efficiency limits η (1-T A S s /E s ) = 93.3% (direct) = 73.7% (global)
63 Third generation options
64 Auger recombination c-si tandem Exp Free choice or Si
65 Si wafer-based tandem stack
66 Outline Lecture 2 1. Enter the modern era 2. Principle I Dark/Light Superposition 3. Improving emitters 4. Principle II Dark/Light Reciprocity 5. Evolution of Si cell design I 6. Light trapping 7. Evolution of Si cell design II 8. Principle III PV/LED Reciprocity 9. The future -Questions-
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