(1-1) . In this case tension of the field. In denominator is made change R S 4 (1-2) 4 dt c S. d h. GM c. dt c dr S E G

Transcription

1 The Salar odel of the field of the gravity. SHestakov YU.I., The ussian sientifi entre "Kurhatovskiy institute" Mosow, ussia. e-ail The Salar odel of the field of the gravity is designed as alternative FOM. In weak floor all alulations oply with drawn near result FOM. In strong floor odel will with observed fat, gives the possible explanation bright heat radio soures, variable stars, stars with long life beside assive blak holes. The Nature enuerated objet has a no explanations within the fraework of FOM. Collapse within the fraework of odel greatly differs fro Collapse in FOM, he does not ollide with orrelation of the unertainties and does neither turn nor one physial value in infinity. The Model gives the heked foreast. PACS: 5, 5 Contents: 1. The soure postulates.. Potential.. Collapse. 4. Endless ways of the photon. 5. The Blak holes and their satellites. 6. The gravity waves. 7. Broughted flows. 8. Exhibits. 1. The soure postulates. The Model is a atheatial effet three soure postulates: 1. The Veloity of the light does not depend on paraeter of the field of the gravity.. Pulse of the photon under vertial fall is hanged in aordane with law of the worldwide gravity d h 4 GM h dt S (1-1) d d 4 GM or dt d S In denoinator is ade hange S 4. In this ase tension of the field 4GM E G (1-) S

2 will reain proportional density power line and in strong floor, where S 4. The Third postulate is forulated on base of the analysis onlusion fro (1-1) and experiental data. The Main onlusion fro (1-1) onsists in exponential dependeny of the energy of the photon, fro potential. exp (1-) 4 GM d S / exp (1-4) Non-diensional potential is inorporated / с The Attitude / z presents itself red offset for photon, going fro area with potential in area with zero potential. The Got equation (1-4) eans the refusal of notions "horizon event". The Exponential dependeny to energy fro potential brings about that that under any differenes potential field of the gravity, photon, flying to vertial diretion, will not squander whole its energy (fig. 1.) The Dependeny of the frequeny fro potential eans the orresponding to dependeny of the ove of tie fro potential. dt exp (1-5) dt Fro (1-5) is seen that in potential pit tie goes slowly, than in the field of with zero potential. We Use the reeived result for estiation of the delay of the signal, passing вблизи Sun in the known experient. adio signal oved to Venus and refleted was taken on the Land (fig..). Aounting delay (Exhibit 1) rg ev t ln (1-6) turned out to be exatly in two ties less experiental. So not diffiult was expet that not only tie slows its run, but also in suh proportions Fig. 1 lengthens the trak to aount of the hange the spatial sale. So the third postulate (1-7) eans that vetor of the sall displaeent in real spae with oordinate dx, dy, dz lengthens to vetor of the sae displaeent in flat spae with oordinate dx, dy, dz in suh nuber one, in what is slowed tie.

3 dx dy dz dt exp (1-7) dx dy dz dt The Fator of the transforation logistial to nae the loal sale fator sine within the fraework of odel sale fator has sae nature and is onneted with averaged by potential of Universe. Taking the third postulate has allowed to get the orret deisions for effet Einstein and Shapiro. (Exhibit. 1) dt r g d (1-8) rg ln ev t (1-9) Fig. The Equation (1-7) links the etris real spae with well known etris flat spae through potential. For reeption of the etris real spae neessary to find the spatial desription of the potential. The Equation (1-7) an be reorded in vetor for sine all oponents of the vetor hange pro rata. d dt exp (1-1) d dt Sine derivative (1-1) grows with depth of the potential pit, that equidistant spheres or orbits for external wather are paked down on easure of the approxiation to the gravity soure (Fig. ) Fig. Equidistant spheres in flat and real spae.

4 For deterination of the length of the irular orbits shall notie that in flat oordinate syste aiing paraeter is a radius of the orbit, but length of the orbit L. In real spae orbit is easured by ore short standard of the length and therefore gains ultiplier equal sale fator L exp (1-1) Surfae of the sphere aordingly ultiplies on square of the sale fator. S 4 exp (1-14). Potential Substituting (1-14) in forula for tension of the field (1-), shall get MG E G exp (-1) We shall solve equation (-1) for potential onsidering that d d d E G exp (-) d d d shall get equation for potential MG d d exp d r (-) с GM rg Inorporated indiation r (-4) r - Cofortable nae is the ass radius. Suh nae reflets the single paraeter, with whih is linear bound ass radius - a ass. The Index also reinds that r - iniu iportane to whih strives under ollapse effiient radius of the star. Integrating (-), shall get exp 1 r (-5) MG r ln 1 ln 1 (-6) The Got forula for potential with equation (1-7) gives the desription of the etris real spae. Substituting in (-1) etri expression (-5), shall get for the tension of the field expression, on the for oplying with equations of Newton. MG MG EG (-7) r Surfae of the sphere and length of the orbit also get siple expressions

5 S 4 r 4 (-8) L r eff (-9) In all expressions effiient radius is defined as aount (-1) r. Collapse. The Presene of the onstant value in expression for effiient radius brings about final liiting iportanes of all features of ollapsing objet. The Volue strives to value. 4 V r (-1) Interesting note that volue not proportional ass ollapsing objet, but grows pro rata ass in the third degree. So liit average density under ollapse (-) bak proportional square of the ass. av (-) 4Gr Change the sale fator under ollapse brings about that that big ass an not have big density. So hypothesis of the big blast not opatible with proposed by odel. The Phenoena of eoving of galaxies finds other explanation within the fraework of odel. The Dialet briefly, the Universe is found in late stage ollapse. Herewith observed eoving of galaxies is onneted with growing of the sale fator. Coing fro odern belief about density of the Universe and expeting that Universe was fored fro ore rarefying aterial, shall alulate the veloities an usual oving the galaxies to the entre of Universe disregarding rotations our Universe. The Distane of the galaxy fro the entre of Universe z ; z - Sale fator. esulting veloity with provision for hange the sale fator dz d dz d V z (-) dt dt dt dt For estiation we shall take dz for edge of Universe, supposing that dt to entre of Universe this value not will powerfully hange dz d r d 1 d d d 1 d d 1 1 r r r dt dt dt dt d d dt d (-4) d 1 1 r r r z dt r r

6 r d r d V z dt dt r r Here - an aiing paraeter of the external border of Universe. On supposed late stage of ollapse so (-5) d V (-6) r dt d Here - usual veloity of dt the rapproheent of the galaxies. The Expression (-7) presents the veloity of reoving, onditioned by hange the sale fator z or sale veloity. z r (-7) The Fator z / r shall nae sale onstant. Distribution usual veloities shall involve with potential Fig.4 reated by ball by radius (Fig.4) MG 4 G 4 G (-8) At 8 G (-9) 6 Substituting known value 1 kg / shall get the expression. 18 8G.6*1 (-1) New onstant G.6*1 с (-11) we shall nae the usual veloities onstant. Hereinafter, onsidering that resulting reoving galaxies is onneted with hange z, we shall write onstant of Hubble as aount of usual - and sale - onstant z.*1 с (-1) Thene z *1 с (-1) Shall Calulate soe paraeters of Universe. Fro (-7) shall get 8 *1 6 r.657* *1 (-14) z z

7 16 6 9*1 5 MU r.657*1.89*1 kg (-15) 11 G 6.67*1 Got value not powerfully differs fro odern estiation, thereby, ade suggestion about late stage ollapse quite not rough. The Detours fro law Hubble an be onditioned as drawn near by desription usual veloities, whih approah to veloities of the light *1 1.*1 so and spottiness of the global under potential and sine Universe is not sphere. You will eturn to forula (-) aording to whih average density strives to liit av. We shall Value density, whih 4Gr an be reahed for liit by Oppengeyer - Volkov, foring beside,5 asses Sun. The Estiation shows that density will not be able to превысить density atoi kernel done on 6. Suh oparatively rarefied substane already not apable to withstand the gravity pressure sine nuleus power is short ating.. If ass of the star liit Chandrasekhar less that average density under коллапсе ust was превысить density atoi kernel. However suh stars hange in white dwarves. Between naed liit, the star hange in neutron star. Thereby, does not exist the interval of the asses, in whih average density under ollapse has beoe ore then density of atoi kernel. We shall onsider the effets, resulting fro existene of the final liit gravity pressures (Exhibit ). Pg r ax av (-16) What shows the alulation (Exhibit ) exist the ondition to in proess of ollapse ounter pressure, onditioned by heating of ollapsing objet, has превысило the gravity pressure. The Heating of the objet is onditioned by absorption of the external radiation, whih power inreases in z one. Herewith in z one inreases the energy a photon and in z one dereases tie of the absorption fro for deelerations of tie in potential pit. Sine under ollapse grows unliited, that nearby stars apable war objet before the teperature, under whih pressure of the radiation will stop ollapse. 4 T P av (-17) Teperature of the stop will for (Exhibit ) 1.16*1 / (-18) TBal Here N M / M non-diensional ass. N

8 9 1 So at z 1 objet, ass M 6.8*1 M beoes war before the 7 teperature T 1 K, and his spetru is displaed in range of radio waves, (Exhibit ) and will have an intensity orresponding to 16 to brightness teperature TBr 1 K. Exatly suh bright radio waves soures with heat spetru observe the astronoers. The Drawing 5 illustrates the ehanis of the arising the spetru bright radio waves soures to aount of the offset of the heat spetru in range of radio waves. Fig.5 a - a heat spetru; в - a heat spetru displaed in radio region; - a typial spetru of radio waves soure. The Differene experiental spetru fro aounting is explained being present reason of the inrease the width of the spetru and absorption in surrounding abiene. We shall pay attention to variable stars. Their features to brightness, speakers and spetru well with piture reversible ollapse. eally, at opression variable stars her spetru gets the red offset, but at expansion - violet and this will with orresponding to hange the potential to surfaes. Duration of the subersion in potential pit orresponds to the auulation to energy and explains the orrelation to brightness flash sine period between flash. For detailed explanation of the ehanis reversible ollapse see it is neessary to oprise of onsideration rotation stars. 4. Infinity paths of photon. Big iportane for understanding the nature bright радиоисточников has a fat of existene инфинитных path photon in strong floor.

9 For oving on irular Orbit, the entripetal speedup ust be equal tension of the field с MG (4-1) r r after transforations we get orrelation r 1 (4-) r whih is exeuted only under. This signifies that irular orbits for photon in entral field does not exist. The For path possible to understand at orner of the tubling of the pulse when oving the photon on short area of the irular path. (The ie.6) Inreentation radial pulse is a produt of power ating on photon for tie of the otion on length h MG Fig. 6 of the ar Fig.6 P (4-) P P r (4-4) Consideration in wave desription brings about the sae result that onfirs orretness to odels (the fig. 7). 1 dl d d r 1 r r r r t 1 t d d d z z r dl d dl d d d r r 1 1 r Fig.7 Fro (4-4) is seen that path of the photon is of the for of dispersing spirals. (ris.8) Any orbit of photon flown with surfaes of the star infinity. Fro red offset Fig.8 z exp (4-5) the stars with deep potential are pereived as "blak holes".

10 5. The Blak holes and their satellites. The Additional aknowledgeent to odels is an explanation of long existene of the stars - satellites beside assive blak holes[]. The Gradient of the field in the field of their findings not too great. deg deg d MG (5-1) d d d r 1 r 11 In the field of, where r *1 de G MG (5-) d For "blak hole" in the entre of the nebulas Androeda, the ass whih fors,8*1 8 kg, gradient to tension on distane of the half of the light year fors,5*1 19 se. For oparison, field of the gravity of the Moon has a gradient beside surfaes of the Land 4,5*1 14 se. Signifies, tidal ehanis does not disturb long existene of the stars - satellites. The Influene of the ehanis of the radiation гравитационных waves интереснее to onsider for stars - satellites, whih orbit has an aiing paraeter r, sine intensity гравитационного 6 radiations proportional. Fro (6-1) shall get deg MG 4 (5-) d r Signifies at field pratially unifor, for assive blak holes partiularly. So tidal ehanis does not disturb long existene of the stars - satellites and on deep orbit. We shall Calulate frequenies of the satellite. On irular Orbit entripetal speedup is a tension of the field sat MG r onsequently sat so at r r attitude 1 and we shall get sat с. If aiing paraeter r that veloities of the stars - satellites lose to veloities of the light (Exhibit 4). Period of the stars - satellites referening for all orbits r GM (5-4) r (5-5) So for blak hole in nearby galaxy 4.*1 se 1,5*1 Gravity radiation under suh frequeny allows to exist the stars - satellites around ~ illion years at loal tie or z for terrestrial wather. Sine this very big tie that great probability of

11 the finding stars - satellites. Got iportane s for frequeny and period are loal. For wather on the Land frequeny will derease in z one. The Sign for identifiation of the stars - satellites is an equality of the offsets of the frequeny of the address z and frequenies of the radiation / z. 6. The gravity waves. Salar for potential allows expeting existene only longitude waves. Let there is indignation of the potential in spae x with oordinate. Moving the hosenned volue by size x ours under the law Newton d d dt dx (6-1) In aordane with (1-7) size hosenned area is hanged on value x x x x (6-) So that and we get wave equation d (6-) dx 1 d d (6-4) dt dx fro whih follows that gravity waves spread in spae at the speed of light. Calulation to intensities gravity waves (Exhibit 5) gives 6 4 GM r1 I (6-5) 5 that oplies with result FOM. 7. The Broughted flows. Neessary to note that divergene of the vetor in forula Ostrogradski divadv AdS gains the new sense in strong floor. V S She does not haraterize density of the soures or sewer in strong floor. For instane, for stationary flow of the liquids on vertial pipe, nuber of the oths, running for seond in different setions will be different fro for differenes of the ove of tie. At soures or sewers are absent. For the sae reason in long vertial solenoid urrent in lower whorl ore than in upper. Aordingly agneti

12 indution different in different setions of the solenoid. However forula Ostrogradski saves the forer sense for brought flow equal usual flow, done on sale fator. The Siilar onlusion is orret and for olded Grina and Stoksa. For brought flow div dv ds z (7-1) z V 8. Exhibits Exhibit 1 The Delay radio signal in field Sun.(The et Shapiro) Known experient on passing radio signal fro the Land to Venus and bak lose Sun has registered the delay of the signal, aused by influene of the field of the gravity Sun in aordane with FOM. rg ev t ln We shall Calulate sae effet in our odels. We shall Dispose begin oordinates in the entre of the star and shall ath the free point M radius in real spae (Fig.1) and radius in flat spae. S Fig. 1 In aordane with hypothesis about unifor opression spae, eleents of the length are bound by orrelation d d exp For photon on eah area exists orrelation ds d exp d (1) In aopanying oordinate syste so 1 d exp d For external wather 1 dt exp d Let begin oordinates is loated on ray in point nearest to Sun. - a distane fro the entre Sun before ray. Point with radius - a vetor shall put(deliver) in orrespondene to orner

13 aros herewith we shall get d d os ; d d exp os In aopanying oordinate syste passing this area orresponds to tie d d d exp os For terrestrial wather passing this area orresponds to tie d dt d exp exp os Substituting MG os ln 1 we get d MG os d MG os dt 1 1 os с os In absene of the field of the gravity d dt os Delay of the signal d MG os MG d rg d t os os os Considering that i d i ln tg os 4 i i Where i tg i 4 Considering double passage of the signal, definitively get rg ev t ln () in full orrespondene to with FOM Defletion of the ray in field of the gravity.(effet Einstein) Using forula (1-) easy get orner of the defletion of the ray fro orrelation dt r g () d t Here delay is taken into aount for one passage.

14 This is one ore obvious orrespondene to with FOM. We shall Get ditto orrelation for photon - a partile. For this shall alulate in the first approxiations additional transverse pulse. where; F P F ; dt MGh MGh os os os P MGh 4MGh os * d d dt os rg h whene P r g P Thereby, alike result is reeived and in wave and in partile presentation. Exhibit. The Conditions of the stop ollapse. Maxiu pressure in entre of the star shall value on forula where G G (1) P E d E zd E G GM We shall Value ass of the ball on forula М 4av z d The Tension of the field in point of the alulation integral. GM 4 Gav EG z d Considering inreasing the odule of the potential, but with hi and fator to entre of the star, shall write inequality 4 G 4 EG z d zg z z - it pertains to surfaes of the star - an aiing paraeter of the point inwardly stars. Here in integral is ade hange z z, to aount what dereased the integral.

15 Estiation for pressure in entre of the star an be reorded so 4 g G G P E d E zd z G d 4z G d z G G it pertains to surfaes of the star. For greater degrees of the opression when r estiation looks else ore siply P 4G r () We shall Substitute in (1-) expression for fro (9-7) g () av M M V 4 r 4Gr g av 4 Pg 4G r 4Gr 4 Gr 4Gr P (4) P 4 g av (5) 4Gr Consequently, liiting pressure bak pro rata square of the ass For aking the heat pressure of suh value neessary kineti energy of proton of the order p. Protons with suh energy will be at teperature 7 16 p 1.67*1 9*1 1 T 1 K k 1.8*1 4 The Light pressure P T under high teperature exeeds the heat pressure P T nkt. We shall Value the ondition of the stop ollapse light pressure. 4 с T Bal (6) с с T 4 Bal (7) Average density ollapsing stars does not exeed fro density 17.8*1 16 atoi kernel. 4.7*1 6 So axiu teperature under whih light pressure will stop ollapse fors T 7*1 (8) 5.7*1 4 ax Bal 4.7*1 *1.16*1 8

16 The ore heavy blak holes have saller density and pressure so коллапс stops under saller teperature *1 If ass of the blak hole fors M N M that and N 1 teperature of the stop will for T.16*1 / (9) In partiular, under Bal N.6*1 / 1 6.8* TBal 1 K In this ase light pressure apable to stop ollapse assive blak 7 hole at teperature 1 K If this starry enirleent apable to war heavenly body in zero potential before T 17K (Exhibit 6) then for heating before 1 7 required teperature T.16*1 / N 1 K it will take Under the law N 1 7 T 1,16*1 1 T N T 1,7*1 z 1.9*1.9*1,9*1 ax *1 / N 1 Displaed radiation will have 1.9*1.16*1 z (1) N ax T 9 1 zax 1 *.9*1.9 Thereby, axiu of the spetru turned out to be in radio range. The Intensity of the spetru in radio range orresponds to 16 brightness a teperature Tbr 1 K in aordane with that that observe the astronoers. It Is Seen fro (1) that ore light "blak holes" dawn on ore long wave. Follows to expet that at observation in the field of ore long waves, for instane zax aount radio soures will uh 8 ore sine be in this area get the soures with ass M 7*1 M. 6 On, will shine the soures with ass M 7*1 M Collapse solitary of the star. Fro ondition of the balane with pressure of the radiation teperature stops 4,1*1 49 /,16*1 1 T / Bal N N Assue, lose to blak hole of no other stars, and shall take into aount only reli radiation, having teperature,75 K. Under 1 9

17 коллапсе red offset z grows while lasts коллапс, unliited. Aordingly power reli radiations absorbed by star grows pro rata z and the teperature equivalent stove grows as 4 z z. So teperature of the star not less then T in.75 z For ahieveent of the teperature T 1.16*1 / N neessary to have 1 T,16*1 z N Under the law 4.6*1 /.9*1.9 *1 N 15 ax 1.4*1 N 1 T,16*1 With provision for red offset axz 1.4*1 N *.6*1 / N.84*1 / N (11) 1 Even for over heavy blak holes M axz.84*1 / N.84*1 Thereby, the waves too uh oe to terrestrial wather for registration of the length. So blak holes, not having stars - satellites, does not anage to observe in own radiation. M N Exhibit. The Bright radio radiation soures with heat spetru. The Possible explanation get the powerful osi soures of the heat radiation in radio range. In offered to odels, stars with big odulo potential provide the observed radiation. Intensity of the radiation, expressed through nuber photon h N T, exp 1 (1) kt The ed offset z brings about that, what is a nuber photon exists on frequeny dis z. So for reeption of the displaed spetru in brought forula neessary to hange z dis. Considering that interval of the frequenies at offset equal z grows shorter in z one, density photon on interval of the frequenies will inrease in z one and forula of the distribution photon will gain type 1 hz dis T, dis z dis exp 1 N () kt 1

18 Here offset z there is in the third degree. Considering also that tie to far fro surfaes of the soure goes quiker in z one, density photon will be desribed by forula hz dis T, dis z dis exp 1 N () kt in whih one again in the seond degree. 7 o If expet T 1 K, then for hit of the axiu of the spetru in 9 radio range, neessary to z 1. For radio frequenies h kt, and forula (1) for area radio range takes type kt N T, h Herewith in forula of the displaed spetru in the field of radio 9 range 1 h dis kt and forula () for radio range will get type N T, dis z dis For reeption on radio to frequeny dis in not displaed spetru suh density photon on single interval of the frequeny as in displaed spetru, happened to raise teperature before value T Br oing fro equality ktbr z h 18 9 z h dis 1 h 1 9 h 9 16 TBr 1 1 T 1 k k k Exatly suh brightness teperature has observed radio soures. dis 1 Exhibit 4. The Energy of the satellite. We shall Define the energy of the fopanion(satellite) on irular MG орбите. The Centripetal speedup is a tension of the field onsequently r we get the expression. E, or sat с 1 r. For energy of the satellite r r

19 Considering what exp 1 shall get r r E exp sat z Let *1 exp( ) 1. Then Esat 1 *1 9*1 1.8*1 On easure of the onsuption to energy on radiation of the gravity satellite oves to orbits with ore deep potential. Herewith his(its) relative ass is onneted with potential by orrelation e l exp z For greater z so satellite veloities lose to с. Interesting onsider the effets, resulting fro natural suggestion that blak hole is fored fro lived stars possessing oent aount otion. All settling on star aterial on late stage of the shaping the blak hole these satellites. The Moent aount otion satellite provides their zero gravity. The Star, whih the ain ass is auulated to aount of the absorption satellite, revolves at the speed of, whih opensates power to gravity. Collapse of suh stars will be quite intelligent. Possible that variable stars apable to oe out of ollapse due to rotation and inreasing the teperature. Exhibit 5. The Power of the radiation of the waves of the gravity. Let two bodies of the equal ass M revolve around the general enter of gravity on irular orbit by radius r1 r. where r - a distane between body. A total potential have On distane r1 in r approah the weak field will MG r sin sin t r sin sin t 1 1 or after transforations MG r 1 sin sin t 1 (1) where - a orner between diretion of the oent of the syste two elestial tell and diretion of the radiation. Constant part of potential MG () presents itself usual field of the still soure on far ry. Variable part of potential

20 ~ r1 sin sin t () We shall Calulate field in wave zone where сnt n (4) ~ r1 sin sin t (5) 4 n с Tension on far ry d ~ r1 E G sin sin t (6) d 4 n Density to energy 4 6 r1 4 W keg k sin sin t (7) n For averaging on tie we shall take into aount that average sin x Avt. 5 Density of the flow 4 6 r1 4 S W k sin n 1 MG with substitution k and 8G M G r1 4 S sin G n definitively where 4 6 M G r1 4 S sin (8) n MG (9) 4r 1 We shall Calulate integral on sphere by radius, where eleent of the spherial belt ds sin d or substituting 1 r 6 4 GM r1 5 1 GM sin d n n 6 4 r1 I (1) r, shall get GM I 5 Got expression differs fro orresponding to expressions provided in [1] (str.455 proble 1.) by onstant fator, n 6 4 r1

21 whih ontains the free paraeter and an be noralized in aordane with observed data. Interesting value the intensity of the radiation for satellite of the blak hole in M1. 11 We shall Plae r r *1, ass of the satellite shall plae M 1 kg *1 * ,67 *1 *1 I 6,4. *1 4 4*1 Exhibit 6. The Setion of the absorption photon by blak hole. As it is shown in p. 4, all started with surfaes of the star photons have spiral, endless paths. d GM r r d r Under greater orners brought equality is exeuted approxiately. In liit /. For deterination of the aiing paraeter, under whih photon leaves in area low potential, liit estiation d r d r r z 4 z 4 1 r r / s r / The List of the literature: [1] L.D. Landau, E.M.LIFSHIC, t., Theory of the field, Mosow, "Siene", []