The Gravitation As An Electric Effect

Transcription

1 The Gravitation As An Eletri Effet Hans-Jörg Hoheker Donaustr Hannover e-ail: Web-Site: Abstrat: The eletri fores are iensely great in oparison with the gravitational fores There have already been any attepts to explain the gravitation by the iense eletri fores Thanks to the quantization of the eletrial energy I have sueeded in it here now And this in onfority with general relativity Keywords: gravitation, eletri field, quantu ehanis, speial and general relativity PACS: 040-q, 0350De, 0365-w, 0330+p Prefae The eletri fores [1-3] are iensely great in oparison with the gravitational fores There have already been any attepts to explain the gravitation by the iense eletri fores Thanks to the quantization of the eletrial energy I have sueeded in it here now And this in onfority with general relativity [4-6] In the first part (of this work) I show that the gravitation is an eletri effet Thereby I desribe the quanta of the eletrial energy In the seond part I try to desribe in whih way the quanta of the eletrial energy are reated Part 1 The gravitation as an eletri effet 1 Iense fores Ordinary, everyday atter onsists of exatly as any positively harged protons as negatively harged eletrons This eans that ordinary atter is eletrially neutral The eletri fields of the protons and eletrons anel out (eah other utually) Most of us have learned, already in the shool lessons, that the eletri fore is uh grater than the gravitational fore For instane, at Bohr's ato odel the gravitational fores of the asses of the harges an be negleted The differene of the fores is iense For instane, the ratio of the eletri fore to the gravitational fore is at the hydrogen ato, whih onsists of a proton and an eletron: q q p+ e 4πε 0r G p e r where q p+ qe = = πε G q, q,, 0 p e p+ e p e are the harges and asses of the eletron and the proton, 0 39, ε is the eletri perittivity of free spae, G is the gravitational onstant and r is the distane between the harges 1 Sine both the eletri fore and the gravitational fore obey, r anels out, whih eans that r the ratio of the fores is independent of the distane between the harges 39 At all events the result is aazing: 41 10! This is a giganti nuber These fats are already known for a long tie and therefore see trivial, but, nevertheless, I would still like to show soe 1

2 exaples here to the larifiation The earth with all her grate ass of kg exerts a fore of 10N on a test ass of 1 kg, whih is on her surfae, therefore in the distane of fro the earth's entre How any eletri harges does one need probably to obtain the sae fore in the sae q1q distane? Well, this is easy: = 10N If, to begin with, we assue that the two harges are 4πε r equally grate ( q q = q = ), we get: q ( 6 10 ) C 00C πε (C = Coulob) And, how any unit harges does one need for suh a harge quantity? Well, this is also easy: The unit harge is C, this yields unit harges Ordinary atter (that is eg no ions, isotopes and no anti-atter) always onsists (unless at the hydrogen) of equally any protons, eletrons and neutrons If we add up the asses of a proton, an eletron and a neutron we get kg This ass ontains unit harges (one proton and one eletron) So, how uh atter do we get if the unit harges, whih for 00C, onsist half of eletrons and half of protons? We get: kg So, a ass of 10 kg = g of ordinary atter ontains 00C (positive and negative harges) We iagine now (as a thought experient) that harges always are attrative (therefore, like harges are also attrative and not repulsive) In this ase asses of only g in a distane of = 6300 k would exert a fore of 10N on eah other Said asually: we ould replae the whole earth and the test ass of 1 kg by these two tiny asses of g and would get the sae fore nevertheless In an analogous way one ould replae the ass of the earth by a harge quantity whih is in a ass of 500t (t = etri ton) For the fore of 10N one then needs a harge quantity whih is in a ass of only kg = pg In this, the ratio of the quantities is preserved: the 500t orrespond to the ass of the earth and the kg orrespond to the 1kg test ass Said asually: we ould replae the whole earth by a rok ball of only 18 radius and the test ass of 1kg would be a tiny, sall, hardly visible dust partile In this analogy even the oon would have only a radius of 4 He would be only a sall rok, k far away We see learly at these exaples how treendous the eletri fores, hidden in atter, are Quanta However, we notie nothing of these iense eletri fores sine ordinary atter always onsists of equally any protons and eletrons so that the eletri fields anel out (eah other) But: even if the eletri fields of the protons and eletrons anel out, they still are there These iense eletri fields exist We do just as if these enorous eletri fields wouldn't exist at all But they exist and they ay not be ignored No atter how enorous and giganti the eletri fields of the ass of the earth and the everyday objets surrounding us ay be the positive and negative fields always anel out They at exatly oppositely And even though it is absolutely lear that the resultant eletri field is zero, the thought stiks that the gravitation ould be a result of these iense eletri fores A kind of rest or side effet Soething reains I have thought about this proble very, very often, again and again, but it never worked out opletely At all onsiderations the proble was that repulsion and attration always anelled out exatly For any effet, whih ould soehow be derived fro the eletri harges and their fields, there always were the orresponding ounter-fores, through what the resultant effet beae zero At all onsiderations I always assued that the fields of the positive and negative harges at siultaneous Until it got lear to e that the eletri field ats quantized The quantization of the 19 6

3 eletri effet eans that always only one quantu ats at the tie Therefore always only one field (positive or negative) ats at the tie The quantization of the energy transfer is a generally known phenoenon (eg at photons) [7] It has to be opletely legitiately to assue that the eletri field also ats quantized To say it learly: the field itself isn't quantized but the energy, whih the field transfers to a harge, is quantized If I assue that the eletri field ats quantized, then the gravitational fore an be very easily derived as a result of the eletri fores Fro the alulation of the gravitation (as a result of the eletri fores) the agnitudes of the quanta of the eletri effet then an be alulated, too I will show in the following how the gravitational fore an be derived fro the eletri fores 3 Basi idea The basi idea with whih everything started is aazingly siple We know: sae harges repel and opposite harges attrat If, now, the repulsion were a little bit weaker than the attration, or if the attration were a little bit stronger than the repulsion, then one would have as a result an attration, whih ould orrespond to the gravitation But what an weaken the repulsion and strengthen the attration? This also is siple: at the repulsion the harge, on whih the field has an effet, oves in the sae diretion as the field (the field, of ourse, oves or propagates with the speed of light ) Thus, the harge oves away fro the field This otion away fro the field weakens the effet of the field For the attration it is exatly the other way round: the harge oves due to the fore of the field in the opposite diretion to the field, so it oves towards the field, whih strengthens the effet of the field This is essentially the basi idea, and it works! This, of ourse, doesn't suffie yet, though I will show in the following how the basi idea an be arried out and I will settle the open questions 4 Relative veloity The basi idea says in priniple that the effet of the eletri field depends on the veloity with whih the harge, on whih the field has an effet, oves (related to a fixed frae of referene, eg the laboratory) This eans that the fore on a otionless harge is the noral eletri fore, given by Coulobs law And this eans that the noral eletri fore an be equated with the veloity of the eletri field, whih is the speed of light r As said already, aording to Coulob's law the eletri fore is: q1q F E = 4πε 0r The fore shall now dependent on the veloity with whih the harge, on whih the field has an effet, r q q r 1 1 r r oves So, for a otionless harge we an write: FE = FE = FC, where 4πε r q1q 1 F C = 4 πε r 0 If the harge (on whih the field has an effet) oves with the veloity v r, then the eletri fore ( F E ) hanges by the orresponding aount However, for the onsiderations whih are ade here, though, only the oponent of v r whih is parallel to r is relevant, this is v r // Therefore we have: r r r FE = FC ( v // ) It is neessary to use v r // (instead of + v r // ) sine the fore inreases when the harge oves towards the field I strongly reoend y work on agnetis [8] here There I have introdued this priniple for the first tie, therefore there I desribe it in greater detail But, of ourse, it is lear that the eletri fore an not dependent on the veloity ( v r ) of a harge (agneti fores are a opletely different topi) The proble an be solved easily if one assues that there is an anti-field 0 3

4 5 The anti-field What is the anti-field? The anti-field is a field whih always arises when a field has an effet on an objet Norally this is if an eletri field has an effet on a harge One an understand the anti-field as a kind of refletion The anti-field ats in the sae diretion as the field and it has the sae strength as the field The iportant differene is that it oves exatly in the opposite diretion to the field Sine the anti-field has exatly the sae effet as the field, this eans that the overall-effet arises exatly half fro the field and half fro the anti-field (for a otionless harge) This also eans that the energy or the oentu, whih is transferred, oes half fro the field and half fro the antifield r 1 r So the fore of the field on a otionless harge is FE = FC The anti-field oves (propagates) in r r the opposite diretion ( = ) but at the sae tie it ats in the sae diretion as the field Thus the r 1 r 1 r fore of the anti-field on a otionless harge is: FE = ( FC ) ( ) = FC, so that the su of F r E and r F E is: F C r In whih extend the anti-field an atually be regarded as a refletion, isn't lear yet The relations ould be quite opliated and ust be treated in another plae In a first-order approxiation the anti-field an ertainly be used as it is desribed above By doing so, the relations work out well in very good onfority I have already very suessfully applied the onept of the anti-field to the agnetis in an earlier work [8] The relations between the anti-field and the anti-partile or anti-atter [9] aren't lear either The iportant eaning of the anti-field is: the effet of a onstant veloity-oponent ( v // ) of a harge parallel to the field (whih ats on the harge) anels out, therefore it is zero The reason for that is lear: sine the anti-field oves with the speed of light ( r ) exatly in the opposite diretion to r r the field ( = ), a v // of a harge will hange the effet of the anti-field in exatly the opposite way to the field So if eg the effet of the field inreases by v //, then the effet of the anti-field will r 1 r r derease in the sae aount The fore of the field on the harge is FE = FC ( v// ), and the r 1 r r 1 r r fore of the anti-field on the harge is FE = FC (( ) v// ) = + FC ( + v// ) So the overall- 1 r r 1 r r r F v + F + v = F ; this is exatly the overall-effet of the field and the effet is: ( ) ( ) C // C // anti-field on a otionless harge To relief the notation I set the su of the fores fro the field and the anti-field to be C r In this way I do not need to always write 1, regarding the field and the anti-field This doesn't effet the eaning of the relations 6 Moentu and energy transfer by quanta So, the anti-field anels the effet of a veloity v // of a harge On the other hand, however, aording to the basi idea, exat suh veloities ( v // ) of the harges shall strengthen the attration and weaken the repulsion so that the gravitation ours I will explain in the following, how this oes out We have seen that the every day asses surrounding us ontain very, very uh harge onsisting of very, very any positive protons and negative eletrons This eans that very, very strong positive and negative eletri fields at on every harge (whose effets anel out, of ourse) At the sae tie I have stated that the eletri fields at only quantized, thus they transfer energy and oentu only F C 4

5 quantized This shall ean that always only one quantu an at at the tie Sine the positive field is just as strong as the negative field, this eans that one quantu of the positive field and one quantu of the negative field always at alternately, seen statistially Every quantu transfers a oentu P to the harge whih auses a veloity-hange v The oenta whih are transferred by positive and negative fields point in opposite diretions and they are, at ordinary atter, equally strong, thus they anel out But always only one quantu ats at the tie; and for the duration of this tie, the v aused by P exists The v s (thus the quanta of the eletri field) are very, very sall indeed (as I will show) Therefore a harge on whih strong (and equally strong) positive and negative eletri fields have an effet oves very, very often with bak and forth (it osillates) The entre of all these sall otions doesn't ove on average, if the positive and negative fields are equally strong 7 Arbitrarily any P s per tie ± v Let us now iagine a harge on the earth's surfae The eletri fields whih are produed by the giganti nuber of the earth's protons and eletrons are inoneivably grate The nuber of the quanta whih have an effet on a harge whih is on the earth's surfae is appropriately gigantially grate But still, always only one quantu ats at the tie The nuber of the quanta whih an at per tie-unit is arbitrarily grate Thus the period (or tie-interval) of effetiveness of a quantu an be arbitrarily sall It is only iportant that the quantu transfers its oentu, and for this a tie-period going against zero (but whih never beoes zero!) suffies The su of the quanta per tie-unit finally yields the aeleration So the v produed by P exists for a tie-period t Atually, the agnitude of t doesn't play a role for the following onsiderations It is only iportant that always only one quantu an at at the tie, no atter how short this tie is, so that there an always be only one v at the tie 8 Field and anti-field with v So, a quantu transfers a P whih produes a v In whih way the v is reated, if, eg, there is an aeleration proess, I annot say yet I assue, for the sipliity, that the v arises spontaneously as soon as a quantu has had an effet on a harge (in part of this work I will say soe ore about that) Both the field and the anti-field transfer quanta I all the quanta of the anti-field anti-quanta and I label the always with an apostrophe ( ) So every quantu produes a v and every anti-quantu a v The v strengthens or weakens the effet of the field and the v strengthens or weakens the effet of the anti-field, in the way already desribed At the v or v produed by the quanta or antiquanta it isn't neessary to ention the parallel oponent extra sine the v or v is always parallel to the veloity of the field or anti-field anyway Soething iportant was said here now: the anti-field has its own quanta Sine always only one quantu an at at the tie, quanta and anti-quanta an not at siultaneous but only after eah other At the positive and negative eletri fields it was that positive and negative quanta have statistially ated alternately if the fields were equally strong It is different at the quanta and anti-quanta: field and anti-field are oupled with eah other so that to every quantu that ats there always is an antiquantu, and quantu and anti-quantu always at after eah other, not only statistially (I will later say soething about the order, that is whether the quantu or the anti-quantu ats first) So there are positive quanta and anti-quanta, and negative quanta and anti-quanta The ost iportant ognition is here: sine the anti-field has its own anti-quanta, the field and the anti-field don't at siultaneous but only after eah other Fro this an iportant onsequene arises: we had notied that the veloity v // of a harge doesn't has any effet beause the effets whih v // has on the field and on the anti-field anel out This is still valid, even while the field and the anti-field don't at siultaneous but only after eah other, beause the v // is equally for both the field and the anti-field But, the quantu produes a v and this v ust be added to the v of the following anti-quantu (or vie versa if first the anti-quantu and 5

6 then the quantu ats) Thus the veloities at the field and anti-field are no longer equally - these veloities are naely v and v + v = v Due to the effets of v or v the effets of the quanta and the anti-quanta are no longer exatly equally grate So we reognize: due to the fat that the quanta and the anti-quanta at only after eah other, their effets differ by v or v (in whih of ourse: v = v ) Now, of ourse, there will usually be several (atually very any) ouples of quanta and antiquanta (I all the quantu-ouples) ating suessively However, the differene in the effets between the quanta and the anti-quanta of every quantu-ouple is always only v Although the v and v of the previous quantu-ouples an add up, partiularly if the field is only positive or only negative, the veloity arising fro that is only a onstant veloity for every following quantuouple, and the effet of a onstant veloity anels out by the field and the anti-field 9 Gravitation by v A basi assessent whih I have ade here is that the effet, therefore the fore, of the eletri field ( F E ), depends on the relative veloity ( v r ) between the field and the harge (on whih the field has an effet) For a otionless harge, it is v r r r r = r, therefore F F E = C Due to the effet of a quantu a v arises and due to the anti-quantu a v If the quantu ats first, the effet of the fore is: F C ( ± v) ( ± beause of positive and negative harges) And for the following anti-quantu the effet of the fore then is: FC ( ( v + v )) = FC ( v) The antifield always oves (or propagates) in an opposite diretion to the field Therefore if, eg, the effet of the field is strengthened by the v of the quantu then the effet of the anti-field is weakened by v + v = v (and vie versa) For that reason I have written one ± and one The effets of the quanta and the anti-quanta an be added: FC ( ± v) + FC ( v) = FC ( ± v) The stands for the effets whih the quantu and the anti-quantu would have if the harge reained in rest (therefore v = v = 0 ) If we subtrat this "rest effet" ( ± v = ± v ) then ± v reains The ± v shall hange the eletrial fore by the aount of the gravitational fore The gravitational fore always is attrative, though, while the eletri fore an be attrative and repulsive We atually know that the eletri attration and repulsion anel out at eletrially neutral objets What is with the ± v? If the ± v shall orrespond to the gravitation, then it ust strengthen the eletri attration and weaken the eletri repulsion Lets onsider the repulsion (eg between two protons): The quantu ats first, it produes (due to the repulsion) a v whih points in the sae diretion as the of the field This orresponds to a weakening of the effet (the v oves away fro the field) Then the anti-quantu ats, it produes a v = v whih is added to the v of the quantu ( v + v = v ) Sine the anti-field oves in the opposite diretion to the field the v auses a strengthening of the effet We reognize here that the strengthening of the effet is twie as grate as the weakening Sine here the effet is a repulsion, the result is a strengthening of the repulsion (by v ) But the gravitation auses a weakening of the repulsion Well, this is easy: instead of the quantu ating first and the anti-quantu seond, at the repulsion the anti-quantu ats first and the quantu seond Then the weakening is exatly twie as grate as the strengthening, thus a weakening of the repulsion arises by v (per quantu-ouple) For the attration (eg between an eletron and a proton) it is analogous: at attration, the v points in the opposite diretion to the of the field and in the sae diretion to the of the anti-field If the quantu ats first and the anti-quantu seond then a strengthening arises by v and a weakening by 6

7 v Sine the attration is strengthened by the gravitation, the anti-quantu ust at fist and the quantu seond here, too Then, a strengthening of the attration arises per quantu-ouple by v So we reognize: to get gravitation the anti-quantu is fist and the quantu seond Then, the repulsion is weakened and the attration strengthened I think that this works very well and sees plausible But, whih is the agnitude of v to get gravitation? Well, that is easy The eletrial fore is: FE = FC ( ± v) = FC ± FC v The part F C v shall FG orrespond to the gravitational fore Therefore: F C v = FG v = F Inserting yields: 1Gε 0 4π v =, q q 1 where = ass, q = harge, G = gravitational onstant, ε 0 = eletri perittivity of free spae and = speed of light For two protons we get a vpp : v PP 7 1 ( ) ( ) s 10 We reognize here how inoneivable sall the quanta of the eletri field are Every quantu (here 8 1 between two protons) auses only a veloity-hange of v 10 s Protons an be aelerated very strongly in aelerators One an alulate easily how unbelievably any quanta are neessary for suh aelerations So, what do we have: the eletri fore doesn't at ontinuous but in quanta Every quantu transfers (to the harge on whih it has an effet ) a oentu P whih orresponds to a veloity-hange 1 v Fro the tie ( t ) per v, the aeleration ( a = v t ) results, whih arises due to the eletri fore Due to the v the eletri fore hanges by the aount of the gravitational fore The tie t per v orresponds to the resultant fore of the eletri and the gravitational fore The v is alulated by the ratio of the gravitational fore to the eletri fore With other words: The asses of the harges deterine the quantization of the eletri fore, or the quantization of the eletrial energy The bigger the asses of the interating harges are, all the bigger v is, thus all the bigger the quanta are (they transfer ore oentu and energy) I label the v of the gravitation of the asses fro now on always with v 10 Many eleentary partiles at (also neutrons) The agnitude of v always arises fro the analysis of the interation between two eleentary partiles Ordinary atter onsists of protons, eletrons and neutrons I will treat the neutrons later So a harge (a proton (p) or an eletron (e)) will be effeted either by the quantu-ouple of a proton or by the quantu-ouple of an eletron This happens exatly alternately at eletrially neutral atter (seen statistially) So there are, in priniple, 3 different values for v at ordinary atter: E s 8 v 10, PP v Pe 1 10 and v ee For ore exoti partiles, with asses different of those of the protons and eletrons, the orresponding v s have to be alulated orrespondingly No atter how any eleentary partiles ay interat (eg between the earth and a proton or an ato or a 1kg ass), the origin of every field always is a single eleentary partile, and every field reains (even if they superpose) Always only one quantu ats at the tie, whih is reated by one field of one eleentary harge unit (or an eleentary partile) Seen statistially, all fields of all harges at with equally any quanta per tie (if the distane is the sae) 7

8 Taken exatly, always one quantu and one anti-quantu at suessively, of ourse, thus always a quantu-ouple ats Said briefly: Always only two eleentary partiles interat with eah other at the tie (or the field of one harge with one harge) An interesting question arises here: Can one regard the atoi nuleus as a single partile? I annot answer this question here in onlusion, however, I find it ore sensible to look at the protons and neutrons of the atoi nuleus one by one Partiularly beause of the neutrons Here it also has to be taken into aount that the atual ass of the protons in the atoi nuleus is not the sae as the ass of a free proton About the neutrons: In priniple, I strongly assue that the neutrons also partiipate in the gravitational effet But the gravitational effet is an eletri effet Therefore the neutrons ust onsist of positive and negative eletri harges equal in value Beause the neutron has a siilar ass as the proton, I assue that the neutron has one positive and one negative eleentary harge unit There is the proble now to assign the right ass to the positive and negative eleentary harge unit of the neutron respetively Fro the orret assignent of the asses the orresponding v s will then result For the alulation of the gravitation the assignent of the asses to the eleentary harge units inside the neutron isn't suh iportant, though, as long as the v s are alulated orretly Part Explanation attept for the reation of the eletrial quanta 11 Explanation attept for the v So we have seen that the gravitation an be alulated by the v as an eletri effet In priniple, this ould be it We are ready and we ould leave here But, though, there still is a point that astonishes e, but whih is harateristi for the gravitation: the dependene of the v on the produt of the asses (of the interating harges), v 1 The v is equally in agnitude for the two harges no atter how different their asses ay be How does this happens? In addition: how does the ass of the harge, on whih the field has an effet, know, how big the other ass (that is the ass of the field produing harge) is? I will try to settle these questions in the following But I an provide only a hypothetial approah, though That works very well, is plausible and doesn't ause any ontraditions But, though, I annot prove it yet The basi idea is, as always, very siple: The eletri field ust ontain soe inforation whih tells about the ass of the field produing harge This inforation shall be a frequeny The eletri field shall vibrate or osillate with a frequeny whih is proportional to the ass of the field produing harge The vibrating field, for its part, exites the ass of the harge, on whih the field has an effet, to vibrate or osillate, too The greater the ass is, whih is exited to vibrate, the ore energy is neessary As soon as the ass, whih is exited to vibrate, exeeds a ertain point the energy stored in the osillation until then is released and is onversed into a translatory oveent, whih is v This eans: the v is proportional to the two asses, as it shall be That's the basi idea, but, of ourse, there is uh ore to be done So, I will put this basi idea in onrete ters in the following We know that ass represents a for of energy, it is: E = So, the ass of an eleentary partile orresponds to an energy This also applies partiularly to harged partiles In addition, we know that the energy of eletroagneti waves is quantized It is: E = h f, where h = Plank onstant, f = frequeny of the wave Eletroagneti waves are eletroagneti fields whih vibrate in spae and whih propagate with the speed of light In the end, we don't really know what eletri and agneti fields are But as I have pointed in an earlier work [8], agneti fields aren't fields of their own The agneti field is rather a hanged eletri field This hange arises if the eletri harge, whih produes the eletri field, oves with a veloity ( v ) Than, an angle ϕ (whih is proportional to v ) is ade between the propagation diretion of the eletri field and the effet- 8

9 diretion (the diretion of the fore) of the eletri field That's how agnetis arises The agneti field is so to speak an angled eletri field Without going into further details, the iportant stateent is here: the agneti field isn't a field of its own but it is a hanged eletri field And what's about the gravitational field? Well, that is exatly what this work here is all about I show, quite onviningly as I hope, that the gravitation is nothing else but an additional effet of the eletri fore Thus there isn't a gravitational field of its own Of ourse it very often akes sense to define a gravitational field In the ontext of suh a definition a gravitational field then exists But one then knows, however, that this gravitational field is just a resultant field whih arises fro the eletri fields The sae also applies to the urvature of spaetie of general relativity (GR): it is a resultant field (I will say ore about that later) But what is that what vibrates there? Well, sine there is nothing else besides, I think that it is the spae itself that vibrates This sees sensible sine all these fields have, as said, the sae origin It is always only the spae that vibrates The tie dependent three-diensional spae, of ourse Spae isn't just as spae In speial relativity (SR) [10] we learn that the length of a spae depends on its speed Tie hanges as well GR defines urved spaetie and gravitational waves, whih are waves in spaetie in the end, and whih ontain energy Eletri fields, agneti fields and gravitational fields are therefore nothing else but vibrating spae Eletri fields are reated by eletri harges and these harges usually have inertial asses But what is this inertial ass? We know that a ass orresponds to an energy The sae also applies to the photons of the eletroagneti waves, they represent an energy And as we just notied, the photons are vibrating spae I now do the next generalization step and put forward the hypothesis: Mass is vibrating spae The photons are the energy quanta of the eletroagneti waves In an analogous way one an iagine the ass of an eleentary partile as a otionless energy quantu And just as to the photon a frequeny an be assigned to the ass-energy quantu, too It is: = hf f = h The f is the frequeny of an energy quantu of the ass How does this frequeny ( f ) has to be understood? Well, one an iagine, as said, that, in the end, ass is nothing else but vibrating spae One an iagine (siplified) a sphere whose radius hanges, thus the radius osillates or vibrates This sphere only onsists of pure spae The radial vibration or osillation eans that the spae of the sphere is opressed and strethed (it ontrats and expands) The opression and strething of spae ontains energy, as, eg, we know fro gravitational waves Thus the onversion of energy into ass eans nothing else than the onversion of energy into the radial vibration of a spae area And vie versa, the onversion of ass into energy eans nothing else than the release of the vibrational energy of the spae Usually this results in the translatory oveent (therefore in the veloity-hange) of a ass, whih usually is the sae objet but with less ass due to the ass loss The frequenies whih arise here are very grate indeed For a proton eg this is: 8 ( 3 10 ) s 10 s 34 f This is due to the enorous energy aount ass ontains To avoid any isunderstandings, I ust say soething about the quarks [11] here briefly Of ourse it is known that eleentary partiles onsist of quarks This is in no ontradition to ass being vibrating spae The vibrations of the spae of a ass absolutely an ontain sub-strutures These sub-strutures an very well be quite opliated In addition, there will be rules or laws whih deterine the type of the foration of the vibrational strutures of the spae of a ass These substrutures then would orrespond to the quarks After all I would like to ention here that the quarks always our only at the partile ollisions It isn't lear in whih for the quarks exist before the ollision But, however, there ust be lear laws aording to whih the quarks arise, of ourse And these laws should atually be related also with the vibration behaviour of the spae of a ass In any way, there are no ontraditions here Now, that this is larified, I an go on 9

10 The next assuption is that not only the ass vibrates with f but that the eletri field of this ass also vibrates with the sae frequeny Thus the first part of the basi idea is larified: the inforation about the ass of the field produing harge is the frequeny f The seond part of the basi idea onerns the ass of the harge on whih the field ats on How does the vibration of the field reates the v of the ass of the harge on whih the field ats on, and how does it happens that this v is proportional to the produt of the two asses? The frequeny of the field ( f ) exites the spae of the harge, on whih it has an effet, to osillate or vibrate Due to this energy is transferred fro the field into the harge or into the ass of the harge, that is the vibrating spae of the harge As soon as a ertain point is exeeded, the energy stored until then in the harge is released again The released energy produes a translatory oveent, that is a v of the ass of the harge fro whih the energy was released Said briefly: The vibration of the harge is onversed into the v of the harge The point whih ust be exeeded so that the vibrational energy is released ould be, eg, a resonane between the vibration of the ass of the harge and the field whih exites the harge This resonane, though, isn't the only possibility There are ore Maybe the orbit quantization or the spin quantization of partiles [1] provides soe ideas The energy aount per tie whih is transferred fro the field to the harge is of ourse nearly independent of the frequeny f of the field sine the aeleration depends essentially on the eletri fores of the harges and not on their asses At least this applies to otionless harges I will desribe later how it behaves if the harges ove So, if, eg, the frequeny f of the field inreases, then the energy aount transferred per tie doesn't inrease But inreasing f also eans that the (field produing) ass of the harge inreases, too This eans that v ust also inrease appropriately But at a greater frequeny there also is in priniple ore energy in the energy quanta This eans that ore energy also ust be transferred to the ass, whih is exited by the field, until the point is reahed at whih the energy is released again (therefore until eg the resonane is reahed) In this sense, a,eg, doubling of the ass 1 of the harge, whih produes the field, (fro 1 to 1 ) also eans a doubling of the frequeny ( f 1 ) of the field (fro f 1 to f 1 ) The doubling of f 1 eans that the ass, on whih the field has an effet, ust absorb the double aount of energy before the resonane is reahed, and this eans that the double aount of energy is released, too, and that produes a double as big veloity (fro v to v ); this orresponds exatly to the gravitation law Here now I have to say soething about the tie-interval whih is needed for the foration of a quantu As said already: The energy aount, whih is transferred fro the field to the harge per tie-unit, is independent of the frequeny f sine the strength of the eletri field is independent of f But, the grater the frequeny is, all the grater the energy aount of a quantu is, too This eans that, with a growing frequeny, the tie-interval whih is needed for the foration of a quantu grows, too This tie-interval of the foration of a quantu ay not be istaken for the tie-period (or periodi tie or osillatory period) of the frequeny f, beause the tie-period of the frequeny dereases with a growing frequeny, of ourse There is another possibility for istakes On the one hand, there is the tie-interval just desribed whih is neessary to ollet the energy for a quantu And on the other hand, there also is the tieinterval at whih this quantu atually ats, that is, so to speak, the ation-tie of the quantu A quantu ats by the v whih is produed by the quantu The tie-interval for a v depends on the agnitude of the aeleration The aeleration depends on the strength of the field And the strength of the field depends on the nuber of the harges whih for the field The stronger the field that is, all the saller the tie-interval is per v The tie-interval whih is neessary to ollet the energy for a quantu is opletely independent of the tie-interval per v 10

11 Said differently: A harge an ollet the energy for arbitrarily any quanta at the sae tie but there always an at only one quantu at the tie through a v This distintion is very iportant So uh about this So we have seen what happens when the ass of the harge hanges whih produes the field whih ats on a harge Thus we have seen what happens when the f of the field hanges How is it now, if it is not the frequeny ( f ) of the field that hanges but if the agnitude of the ass ( ) of the harge on whih the field has an effet hanges? Then the v ust hange orrespondingly, of ourse And here now it gets a little ore opliated 1 The kineti energy of a ass ( ) is E = v If,eg, we double the ass, then the energy doubles, too, at the sae speed But we know that a doubling the ass also auses a doubling the v This eans that the energy beoes 8 ties as big Let us reeber what ass atually is: Mass is a radial vibration or osillation of spae Thus we an assue that a hange of the ass also hanges the radius But in whih way? One ould, eg, assue that the ass is proportional to the volue Thus, eg, doubling the ass would ean doubling the volue But, though, the spae of the ass vibrates radially So one ould assue that the ass is proportional to the radius Thus, eg, doubling the ass would ean doubling the radius And the volue beoes 8 ties as big And, subsequently, one ould assue that the energy of the ass is proportional to the volue whih vibrates In the ase whih we onsider here, the frequeny ( f ) of the field, whih exites the vibration of the ass, shall, as said, not hange Instead the ass hanges Therefore the volue hanges with 3 r Consequently the energy whih ust be transferred by the field into the ass also hanges by - at a onstant field-frequeny At least until resonane is reahed again Then the energy stored in the osillation until this point is onverted into v An exaple: Doubling the ass (on whih the field ats) (fro to ) eans doubling the v (fro v to v ) and this eans that 8 ties the energy is required And this 8 ties bigger energy arises fro the 8 ties bigger volue, whih 3 3 arises fro doubling the radius (fro r to r, thus, fro r to ( r ) 3 = 8r ), beause it requires 8 ties the energy to exite the vibration (until resonane) of an 8 ties bigger volue Now iediately the following proble arises: We know fro E = that ass and energy are 3 only diretly proportional to eah other (thus for the ass it is not ) The explanation to this is as follows: At the reation of a ass the spae itself provides the neessary energy Every spae-volue ontains or represents a ertain energy aount by itself So, if, eg, the ass is doubled, then r is doubled, too, and the volue is 8 ties as big Thus the 8 ties of the energy, whih is required for doubling the ass, oes diretly fro the 8 ties of the spae Now, by doubling the ass the frequeny of the ass ( f ) doubles, too Doubling the frequeny eans doubling the energy, as we have already seen Thus, doubling the energy at doubling the ass, beause of E =, arises exlusively by doubling the frequeny The idea that a spae-volue also represents an energy aount doesn't see too daring if one onsiders that ass is defined as vibrating spae I already entioned the gravitational waves However, there still are other experients, suh as the ones about the vauu energy [13, 13b], who indiate that spae doesn't only ontain energy but that it also is energy; that spae itself is energy Here I would like to ention y work about the objets of spae There I derive an extree, dynai struturing of the spae, whih perhaps ould explain the energy of the spae assued here I also treat the reation of the eletri field there I don't do this in this work here Here I siply take the eletri harges and the eletri field as given Though: If ass is radially vibrating spae, then the eletri harge ould be vibrating spae, too The vibration of the harge is transferred to the spae around it and spreads Depending on the way in whih the expansions and ontrations of the vibrations of the spae take plae, when the field has an effet on a harge, the result an be either 3 E 11

12 attration or repulsion Soehow like this one ould iagine this But all this still is iature It is another story What was it about one again? It was all about the seond part of the basi idea: how does the f produes a v 1 Well, I think that this is larified now Of ourse there still are any open questions In this hapter it ainly was all about to show that it is possible to derive a v whih eets all requireents, to show that it is definitely possible to represent the gravitation in the desribed way as an eletri effet It was all about searhing for possibilities In this sense the frequeny f, as it was derived here, is only a interi hypothesis Muh ore exat and ore extensive onsiderations are still neessary We will see whether a frequeny finally an atually be derived for the ass, and if whih one 1 Frequeny hanges (of f ) There is an interesting and iportant question regarding the frequeny f : Is the frequeny f veloity dependent? The frequeny of an eletroagneti wave is veloity dependent It ould be siilar for the frequeny f Let us assue it is so The frequeny f is transitted fro the vibrating ass to the eletri field So we an distinguish two areas: the frequeny of the ass and the frequeny of the field Let us look at the frequeny of the field There are two possibilities: 1 The soure oves with the veloity v Q and The ass on whih the field ats, this is the reeiver, oves with the veloity v E We start with the siplest ase: the soure rests ( v Q = 0 ) and the reeiver oves with v E ( 0 ) As we have seen in the first part of this work, there is not only the field but always also the neessary anti-field If the soure is otionless, then the field and the anti-field have the sae frequeny f Field and anti-field ove or propagate, as said, in exatly opposite diretions So, if the reeiver oves with the veloity v E, then the frequenies of the field f and the anti-field f (I put an apostrophe on the frequeny of the anti field (')) hange in exatly opposite ways Therefore, if the one frequeny inreases, then the other frequeny dereases by exatly the sae aount Thus the su of the two frequenies is independent of v E The frequeny f orresponds to the gravitational fore of a ass The gravitational fore of a ass onsists of the gravitational fore of the field plus the gravitational fore of the anti-field, so it is the su of the gravitational fores of the field and the anti-field Sine the su of the frequenies f and f doesn't hange by v E, the gravitational fore doesn't hange by v E either I think this is siple and lear It is a little less as siple if the soure oves, with v 0 At first we notie: The frequeny of the field beoes due to v Q in the diretion of v Q : f + The = f + 0 vq f is greater than the f 0 ( f 0 is the frequeny if v Q = 0 ) I have taken only the aounts for and v Q sine the diretions are known here In the opposite diretion to v Q the frequeny of the field beoes: The f is saller than the f 0 This is so far trivial Q f = f 0 + vq 1

13 But what's about the anti-field? The anti-field always appears just when the field ats on an eletri harge However, taken exatly the existene of the field an also be proven only when it is in interation with a harge The field is assued to always exist prinipally I a aking the sae assuption for the anti-field here now The anti-field shall be always existed, too This idea isn't to easy beause the anti-field always oves towards its soure (an eletri harge) On the other hand the anti-field always exists only in obination with the field Furtherore, this assuption leads to orret results A sall reark: I wonder, whether there is a onnetion between the anti-field and the phenoenon of entangleent I have found indiations in this diretion but unfortunately still nothing definite I ention this here priarily to show that there still are stranger things than the anti-field In addition, it would be a beautiful onfiration for the existene of the anti-field if with its help the entangleent ould be explained If the anti-field always exists, then its frequeny hanges due to v Q So we an alulate the su of the frequenies ( f su ) of the field plus the anti-field if the soure oves with v Q : 1 f su = f 0 + f 0 f su = f 0 + v v Q Q vq 1 It now gets interesting if we alulate relativistially Beause of the tie-dilation the tie of the ass passes the ore slowly the bigger v Q is This eans that the tie-period (T ) of the frequeny f 0 1 gets greater It is: T = T0 ( T 0 is the tie-period when v Q = 0 ) Through this the frequeny vq f su beoes: f su = f su = f 0 1 T v v 0 Q Q 1 1 v Q 1 This is thrilling: The frequeny f su hanges with v Q in the sae way as the inertial ass 1 ( = 0 ) vq 1 The frequeny f su is proportional to the gravitational fore therefore to the gravitational ass This eans: inreasing v Q inreases not only the inertial ass ( t ) but also the gravitational ass ( s ) But it has to be taken into aount, though, that the frequeny f su and therefore also the gravitational ass hanges only in the diretion of v Q (here, with the diretion of v Q I ean the path of v Q ) Later, I still will say ore about the equivalene of gravitational and inertial ass The inrease of the gravitational ass with v Q an be heked only with diffiulty in the laboratory However, instead we have our solar syste with its planets and their trajetories (orbits) The anoalous perihelion preession of erury [14] is a known proble It ould be solved (alost) opletely by GR I an very well iagine that the proble an be solved in a siilar way if one siply takes into aount the dependene of the frequeny f su of the gravitational ass on v Q Merury has the greatest speed of all planets (sine he is ost lose to the sun) Therefore the hange of the gravitational ass with v Q anifests at erury the ost This eans that erury's trajetory will deviate fro a lassial Newtonian trajetory the ost I haven't arried out the alulations to this yet (I ust adit that I ust learn this first) but if the results would ath that would be a beautiful onfiration for the ideas introdued here 13

14 So we have seen how it is if the reeiver oves with v E while v = 0, and how it is if the soure oves with v Q while v E = 0 How is it now if both the reeiver and the soure ove? Due to the v Q of the soure the frequenies of the field and the anti-field are no longer equally great Does this have effets on the otion of the reeiver? If the frequenies of the field and the anti-field are equally grate, then the frequeny-hanges whih arise due to v E anel out exatly A short alulation has shown that, even when the frequenies of the field and the anti-field are different, the frequeny-hanges anel out exatly, too With other words: A otion (with v E ) of the reeiver doesn't have influene on the gravitational fore here either 13 Frequeny-hanges of the quanta and the anti-quanta If a quantu ats, then a v arises In the first part of this work I assue that this v appears at one On the other hand one ould argue that the quantu ust at first before the v an result Well, it doesn't atter prinipally how one takes it In both ases a results for every quantuouple beause if one says that the v results only after the quantu has ated, then the v of the previous quantu has to be taken into aount for this quantu-ouple To be in onfority with the first part of this work, the v shall appear at one when a quantu ats here, too We have seen that the anti-quantu ats first A v arises This v is a otion of the reeiver thus the v orresponds to a v E v Due to this v E ( = ) the frequeny f of the harge on whih the anti-field has an effet hanges Then, subsequently, the quantu produes a (further) v whih is added to the v of the antiquantu The frequeny f hanges also here Though: the field of the quantu oves or propagates in the opposite diretion to the field of the anti-quantu The frequeny f hanges at the quantu in an opposite way to the anti-quantu But this doesn't anel out utually sine the speed relative to the field of the quantu is twie as grate as the speed relative to the anti-field of the anti-quantu (that is v + v = v ) Q v Regarding the frequenies f we have here exatly the sae onditions as in the first part of this work regarding the veloities In the first part of this work we have seen that the v strengthens ( + v ) or weakens ( v ) the eletrial fore so that gravitation arises The frequeny-hanges whih arise by v orrespond exatly to that I will explain this now The frequeny f produes a ertain v This v orresponds atually only to the aeleration of the eletrial fore, therefore I label it ve Due to this ve the frequeny f hanges This hange of the frequeny f orresponds exatly to the gravitational fore But this hanged frequeny an't have produed the ve sine the ve only represents the eletrial fore Thus there ust have been reated anyway soe other resultant v, whih I all vr, whih orresponds to the su of the eletrial fore and the gravitational fore And this ust then orrespond exatly to frequeny whih arises when the reeiver oves just with this vr This vr orresponds exatly to the v whih was alulated in the first part of this work ± vr The frequeny at the reeiver is: f = f 0 I label the gravitational part of vr with vg The f 0 produes the ve whih orresponds to the eletrial fore vr 14

15 ± vr The f 0 produes the ve + v g whih orresponds to the su of the eletrial fore and the gravitational fore f 0 ve ve We an relate both and get the ratio: = vr = ± vr ve ± v g v f g 0 By dividing the ve and v g through the sae tie-interval t, one gets the aelerations whih orrespond to the eletrial fore F E and the gravitational fore F G Therefore: ve FG vr = = v v F g E Said shortly: At first the frequeny f orresponds just to ve But due to the effet of f on the reeiver the vr results whih orresponds to the v Thus the frequeny f desribes the eergene of the gravitation orretly 14 The equivalene of gravitational and inertial ass In all y onsiderations up to now I siply have presupposed that the gravitational and the inertial ass are the sae, therefore that there is only one type of ass The ass with whih the v is alulated is prinipally the gravitational ass I have always equated this ass (with whih v is alulated) with the inertial ass autoatially But who knows? Perhaps there is a possibility of inreasing the gravitational fore without inreasing the inertia by the sae aount I don't believe this, though At least there hasn't been any experient yet whih has yielded an inequality of gravitational and inertial ass There also is a theoretial arguent I have defined the ass as vibrating spae The ass is proportional to the radius and the energy is proportional to the volue If this is orret, then gravitational and inertial ass ust be equal: Let us onsider the ass of an eletri harge on whih an eletri field has an effet If we double this ass (to ), then v doubles, too (to v ) If together with the inertia the ass also has doubled then the required energy aount ust 1 have beoe 8 ties as big beause the ass in E = v is an inertial ass This orresponds exatly to the 8 ties bigger volue of the vibrating ass Of ourse, by developing this relations I have presupposed that gravitational and inertial ass are equal, and for that reason I ay have not onsidered alternative possibilities as uh But if it would be possible to prove that the vibrational energy of the spae of a ass is proportional to the volue, then this would also be a proof or at least a strong indiation for the equality of gravitational and inertial ass To understand the relations better we an alulate the tie-interval t v s t = F E ± F G t v t = F ± F For the aeleration, it is the inertial ass therefore I have written Soe exaples: - If t doubles and - If t = s, then s E s G vs instead of s doesn't then doubles autoatially with t for whih v exists: t For the gravitation, it is the gravitational ass v Here the F G an be negleted opared with the t doubles (and vie versa) t, too, so that t quadruples - If the harge of the ass on whih the field has an effet is doubled, then F E doubles and vs t halves, therefore the t beoes a quarter as big ( ) But that is obvious: if the eletri fore 4 s F E 15