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1 Electro cloud This presetatio was created for the studets of techical lyceum origially. Some years ago the presetatio was itroduced durig a sciece lessos for studets i appreticeship course because of their big iterest i this topic. Surprisigly, these studets uderstood this subject very well ad they were able to discuss the topic o the same professioal level as their colleagues i year course.
2 ELECTRON electro behaves like a EM wave ad like a solid corpuscle at the same time. It is ot possible to locate a accurate positio of a electro i a give time because of above metioed dualism. We ca describe a space of a electro occurrece oly, this space is called orbital ORBITAL a eergy of a orbital is characterized by largeess, shape, orietatios ad umber of electros. These are quatum physical quatities, they ca t grow cotiuously ad they are characterized by four atomic quatum umbers ELECTRON CLOUD...is orgaized ito the layers. Each layer has its ow word K, L, M,... which correspods with umber of a period i a periodical system
3 pricipal quatum umber () It describes a largeess of a orbital. It depeds o umber of a period i a periodical system ad it is also umber from 1 to. azimuthal quatum umber (l) It describes a shape of a orbital. Its value depeds o the ad it ca be from 0 to -1 l = 0 mark s-orbital l = 1 mark p-orbital l = mark d-orbital l = mark f-orbital l = mark g-orbital magetic quatum umber (m) For a give pricipal ad azimuthal quatum umber there are more orbitals with various magetic quatum umbers m ragig from -l to +l. Simply, m describes the whole umber of orbitals with a give ad l ad their orietatio i a space spi quatum umber (s) Spi is oe of the characterizatios of a electro wave fuctio ad it ca oly be +1/ or -1/ here we ca see a math models of the orbitals
4 = 1 l = 0 s-orbit m = 0
5 = 1 l = 0 s-orbit m = 0 = l = 0 s-orbit m = 0 l = 1 p-orbit m =
6 = 1 l = 0 s-orbit m = 0 = l = 0 s-orbit m = 0 l = 1 p-orbit m = = l = 0 s-orbit l = 1 p-orbit l = d-orbit m = 0 m = m =
7 = 1 l = 0 s-orbit m = 0 = l = 0 s-orbit m = 0 l = 1 p-orbit m = = l = 0 s-orbit l = 1 p-orbit l = d-orbit m = 0 m = m = = l = 0 s-orbit l = 1 p-orbit l = d-orbit m = 0 m = m = l = f-orbit m =
8 The electro cofiguratio is based o three priciples: Pauli exclusio priciple: for (o more tha) two electro occupyig the same orbital (meas with the same, l - orbitals of the subshell) the spi must be differet Hud s rule: the orbitals of the subshell are each occupied sigly with electros of parallel spi before double occupatio occurs s d p Aufbau priciple: electros are put ito orbitals i the order of icreasig orbital eergy 1s s p s p s d p s d p s f d p s f electroic cofiguratio of the elemets i periodic table here electro cofiguratio here
9 We are used to see the periodic system like this but if we wat to show the priciples of electro cofiguratio this way is better:
10 s 1 p -1 d - f s 0 f 0 d 0 p 0 to to to to s f 1 d 10 p
11 s 1 p -1 d 1Cl - f s 0 f 0 d 0 p 0 to to to to s f 1 d 10 p
12 s 1 p -1 d - f Ag s 0 f 0 d 0 p 0 to to to to s f 1 d 10 p
13 s 1 He p Ne -1 d Ar Kr - f Ag Xe R s 0 f 0 d 0 p 0 to to to to s f 1 d 10 p
14 s 1 He p Ne -1 d Ar Kr - f Xe 8At R s 0 f 0 d 0 p 0 to to to to s f 1 d 10 p
15 Describe a whole order of electro cloud: K PSP As Br P N Electro cofiguratio from oble gas: Sb Po Ba I Pb Tl
16 Fe Ce PSP Co Tb Ni Os Lu Ir Th Pt U Pu
17 s zpět 1 He p Ne -1 d Ar Fe Co Ni Kr - f Xe Ce Tb Lu Os Ir Pt R Th U Pu
18 s zpět 1 He p N Ne -1 d P Ar K As Br Kr - f Sb I Xe Ba Tl Pb Po R
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