BRASIL MAY 2010
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1 ISSMGE TC BRASIL MAY 2010 Symposium on New Techniques for Design and Construction in Soft Clays. Vacuum consolidation The environmental friendly consolidation of very soft poluted mud at the AIRBUS A-380 factory site Serge VARAKSIN Chairman TC221
2 2
3 Aireal view of the site 3
4 Case history Hambourg (Germany ) 2002/2003 General overview of Airbus site 4
5 General site layout 5
6 Case history Hambourg (Germany ) 2002/2003 General overview of Airbus site 6
7 Geological profile mud clay mud peat mud sand 7
8 Subsoil characteristics Soil type Water content Density Shear strength Deformation Modulus (under σ z = 100 kn/m²) Coefficient of consolidation Coefficient of secondary consolidation W (%) γ/γ kn/m 3 δ ( )/c (kn/m²) C u (kn/m²) E S (MN/m²) C V (m²/year) Cα (-) Mud /3 20/ Young clay /4 20/ Clay 70 15/5 17.5/ Peaty clay /4 20/ Peat /1 20/
9 Basic design and alternate concept of Moebius Menard Temporary sheet pile wall in 5 month dyke construction in 3 years Settlement 2,0 5,5 m Dyke construction to +6.5 in 8.5 month and to in 16 month Columns GCC Settlement 0, m 9
10 GENERAL CONCEPT Site boundaries Structural areas Fill to final elevation + calculated settlements VACUUM Dyke Non structural areas VERTICAL DRAINS Fooding of site for barge floatation to (+3) NN +3,0 m Spinkling sand NN +2,2 m Hydraulic fill Horizontal drains dewatering NN +3,4 m Mud : Cu 0,5 KN/m² Schlick GCC Columns Soft clay and peat Klei/Torf sandsand 10
11 Dyke construction for the polder formation View before works Lot 1 : Dyke construction 11
12 Case history Hambourg (Germany ) 2002/2003 How to move on the mud! 12
13 G.C.C. Installation process 13
14 14 SPRINKLING PONTOON
15 15
16 MENARD VACUUM PROCESS ISOTROPIC CONSOLIDATION Soft clay (k < 10-9 m/sec) 16
17 Stress path for Vacuum Process Surcharge p = 2/3 σ 1 K o = 0.5 Deviatoric Stress (q) Vacuum p = σ 1 ;K o = 1 Isotropic σ 1 = 80kPa σ 3 = 80kPa σ 2 = 40kPa K f (failure line) σ 1 = 80kPa σ 2 = 80kPa σ 3 = 40kPa Active Zone ε h < 0 Surcharge K o (ε h = 0) Passive Zone ε h > 0 Vacuum Consolidation Mean Stress (p ) 17
18 NORTH AREA / 1st PHASE Diguette Sand bag en containement sacs de sable dyke sur colonnes on 4 rowsg.c.c of G.C.C. +2,5 mnn G.C. C. Mud, clay, Peat G.C. C SAND 18
19 Installation of a "Menard Vacuum" corset Vacuum station Impervious wall Shorter drains 19
20 Vacuum Taxiway Construction of the impervious wall 20
21 21
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23 Setzung Settlement [cm (cm) ] Elevation surface Deep settlement gages North area MP1/ 2 MP3 MP4 MP5 MP6 MP6 MP MP2 3,60 4,60 5,60 MP6 MP5 MP4 MP ELEVATION [mn.n] GOK [mnn] Anlage F1 6 2 MP1 23
24 Vacuum application on taxiway area 24
25 TARAO Hambourg A380 Fill parameters : Density (KN/m 3 ): 18 Tassements Zone 1 - Profil R Vacuum Cohesion (KPa): 0 Friction angle ( ): 30 LOAD PARAMETERS Initial fill thickness above GWT : 0,00 Initial fill thickness below GWT : 1,70 Parameter unit Step1 Step2 Step3 Step4 Step5 Step6 Step7 Step8 Fill density KN/m 3 γ t Fill height above GWT (incl. exist. fill, begining of step, no settlement considered) m 0,00 0,00 2,00 7,43 7,43 6,91 22,00 4,87 Maintain elevation (yes=1, no = 0)? Fill height above GWT (incl. exist. fill, end of step) m H f -0,41-0,80 2,00 5,25 4,78 4,84 15,01-1,29 Fill thickness below GWT (incl. settl, end of step) 2,11 2,50 3,06 3,88 4,35 3,77 8,69 7,86 Fill settlement (end step) m W t 0,41 0,80 1,36 2,18 2,65 2,07 6,99 6,16 Fill width and length mxm (Lxl) infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite infinite Vacuum pressure KPa V ,6 66,6 Coefficient of Vacuum αv 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00 Duration of loading days t Time at beginning of step days Date at beginning of step 01/10/01 17/10/01 03/11/01 01/12/01 06/02/02 ######## ######## ######## Fill elevation from GWT (begining step) m 0,00 0,00 3,36 7,43 7,43 6,91 22,00 4,87 Fill elevation from GWT (end step) m -0,41-0,80 2,00 5,25 4,78 4,84 15,01-1,29 INITIAL SOIL PARAMETERS Layer unit Thickness m H 3,80 1,50 5,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00 Void ratio e o 2,3 2,3 2, Primary consolidation C c 0,56 0,56 0,56 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Secondary consolidation C αe 0,099 0,099 0,066 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 Density KN/m 3 γ s 13,00 14,00 15,00 15,30 15,30 15,30 16,30 16,30 Cohesion KPa C 0,00 5,00 10,00 10,00 18,00 22,00 20,00 20,00 Cohesion increase ΔC u/δσ' 0,20 0,20 0,20 0,02 0,00 0,50 0,21 0,20 Internal friction angle o φ 20,00 20,00 17,50 0,00 0,00 0,00 24,00 23,00 Effective stress KPa σ ο ' 5,70 14,40 29,90 53,00 76,85 106,00 143,95 191,20 Influence factor of surcharge % I Calibration coefficient β DRAINAGE PARAMETERS Parameter unit Layer 1 Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4 Layer 5 Layer 6 Layer 7 Layer 8 Drain spacing (square) m D 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 Drain diameter (MCD) m d 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,05 Coefficient of horizontally drained consolidation m²/yr C h 0,35 0,4 0,
26 TARAO Complete the yellow cells and click on the Target calculation button to get the results. Target calculation Hambourg A380 Tassements Zone 1 - Profil R Vacuum Target calulation Initial fill thickness above GWT : 1,00 Initial fill thickness below GWT : 1,00 LOAD PARAMETERS unit symbol value LOADS value Fill density KN/m 3 γ t 18,00 Fill thickness to reach FGL (m) 5,00 Equivalent fill height above GWT (incl. existing fill) m H f 6,00 Foundation depth from FGL (m) 0,00 Fill height below GWT (incl. settlement) m 3,70 Design load (kpa) 0,00 Fill width and length mxm (Lxl) infinite Total load for target calculation (kpa) 90,0 Vacuum pressure KPa V 0,00 Equivalent fill thickness 5,00 Coefficient of Vacuum no unit αv 1,00 Period of secondary settlement days t 3113,00 Fill settlement m W t 2,70 SOIL PARAMETERS unit symbol Value Layer Total Thickness m H 3,80 1,50 5,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00 10,30 Void ratio no unit e o 2,30 2,30 2,30 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Primary consolidation no unit C c 0,56 0,56 0,56 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Secondary consolidation no unit C αe 0,10 0,10 0,07 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 Density KN/m 3 γ s 13,00 14,00 15,00 15,30 15,30 15,30 16,30 16,30 Initial effective stress kpa σ ο ' 5,70 14,40 29,90 53,00 76,85 106,00 143,95 191,20 Influence factor of surcharge no unit I Calibration coefficient no unit β SETTLEMENT CALCULATION unit symbol value Layer Total Additionnal effective stress kpa Δσ' 137,63 137,63 137,63 137,63 137,63 137,63 137,63 137,63 Primary settlement m W p 0,90 0,26 0,64 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 1,80 Secondary settlement m W s 0,40 0,16 0,35 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,90 Total settlement m W 1,30 0,42 0,98 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 2,70 ESTIMATION OF SETTLEMENT 2,70 EQUIVALENT FILL HEIGHT FROM GL (incl. Design load) 9,70 TRUE FILL HEIGHT FROM GL (= total fill thickness) 9,70 26
27 TARAO 3,00 Settlement vs time Target : ,50 2,00 Settlements (m) 1,50 1,00 Primary settlement Secondary settlement Total settlement 0,50 Target Fill thickness (m) 0,00 01/10/ /04/ /11/ /05/ /12/ /06/ /01/ /08/ /02/ /09/ ,00 5,00 0,00-5,00 27
28 0,00-0,50-1,00-1,50-2,00-2,50-3,00-3,50-4,00 Measured settlements 28 28/06/02 11/09/02 25/11/02 08/02/03 24/04/03 08/07/03 21/09/03 05/12/03 18/02/04 5,00 4,50 4,00 3,50 3,00 2,50 2,00 1,50 1,00 0,50 0,00 Average settlement Lowest settlement Maximum settlement Date Fill loading schedule meters Average measured settlements 28/06/02 11/09/02 25/11/02 08/02/03 24/04/03 08/07/03 21/09/03 Settlement and fill record End of V.D Start of Vacuum Further filling Further filling
29 Longtime post construction settlement records 29
30 30
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