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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDIDATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLE LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS LIST OF APENDICES i ii iii iv v vi vii x xi xiii xv I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Problem Statement Objective of the Study Scope of the Study 4

2 II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Computational Geotechnics and Soil Foundation Structure Interaction Introduction PLAXIS Analysis and Design of Mat (or Raft) Foundations Advantages of Using Shallow Disadvantages of Using Shallow Combined Footing Types of Mat Foundation (or Raft) Foundations To Design a Mat (or Raft) Foundation Bearing Capacity of Mat (or Raft) Foundations Introduction Major point for Bearing Capacity of Raft (or Mat) Foundation Calculation and Estimation Bearing Capacity of Mat (or Raft) Foundation Settlement of Mat (or Raft) Foundation Introduction Compressibility and Settlement Estimation of Immediate Settlement in Soil Elastic Properties and In Situ Parameters Settlement Analysis Stress Distribution in Subsurface Soils Due to Foundation Loading Calculation and Estimation Settlement of Mat (or Raft) Foundations Immediate Settlement Compensated Foundation 34

3 III METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction Data Acquisition Data Analysis 39 IV CASE STUDY 4.1 Introduction Soil Profile Groundwater Soil Properties 44 V RESULT AND DISCUSSION 5.1 Introduction Analysis Using PLAXIS Settlement Result from PLAXIS Analysis Estimation of Allowable Bearing Capacity by Empirical Methods Estimation of Bearing Capacity Using Data from Mackintosh Probe Result of Allowable Bearing Capacity Based on Chart Using Conversion Method Estimation Bearing Capacity For Mat (or Raft) Foundation Using Equation Using Equation Comparison Result Comparison of Different Methodology by Cost and Time Bearing Capacity Comparison 78

4 VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Conclusions Recommendations 80 REFERENCES APPENDIX

5 LIST OF TABLES TABLES TITLE PAGE Table 2.1 Bearing-capacity equation by the several author indicated 1 Table 2.2 Bearing-capacity factor for the Terzaghi equation 18 Table 2.3 Shape, depth, and declination factors for the Meyerhoft bearing capacity equation of the table Table 2.4 Poisson Ratio (µ) for Geomaterials 24 Table 2.5 Approximate Elastic Moduli of Geomaterials 24 Table 2.5 (a) Elastic Parameters of Various Soils (Braja M. Das (2000). Principle of Foundation Engineering,5E ) 25 Table 2.6 Soil Elastic Moduli fron In Situ Test Data 26 Table 2.7 I1 and I2 for Equation (2.21) 32 Table 5.1 (a) Result of Macintosh Probe 63 Table 5.1 (b) Result of Allowable Bearing Capacity on Table 5.1 (a) 64 Table 5.2 Summarize of Result According to Prof Chin Fung Kee 69 Table 5.3 (SOFT CLAY): C U Value Base on SPT N-Value 75 Table 5.4 Costing Comparison 77

6 Table 5.5 Time Comparison 77 Table 5.6 Summarize of Comparison 78

7 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES TITLE PAGE Figure 2.1 Chart for obtaining the α factor 22 Figure 2.2 Strain influence factor 23 Figure 2.3 Stress increase due to a concentrated load 29 Figure 2.4 (a) Stress increase due to a distributed. (b) Stress increase to a distributed rectangular footing 29 Figure 2.5 Approximate estimation of subsurface vertical stress increment 30 Figure 2.6 Immediate settlement computation for mat footings 30 Figure 2.7 Plot of the depth influence factor IF for Equation (2.21) 31 Figure 3.1 Flowchart of the study 35 Figure 3.2 Allowable Bearing Capacity v.s Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Value 37 Figure 4.1 Location of Boreholes 42 Figure 4.2 Typical soil profile based on borehole log 3 & 4 43 Figure 5.1 Overall Diagram / Simulation for Plaxis Analysis 47 Figure 5.2 Connectivities fron Plaxis Analysis 48

8 Figure 5.3 Connectivities fron Plaxis Analysis 49 Figure 5.4 Effective Stresses from Plaxis Analysis 50 Figure 5.5 Active Pore Pressure from Plaxis Analysis 51 Figure 5.6 Deformed Mosh from Plaxis Analysis 52 Figure 5.7 Calculation List 53 Figure 5.8 E, = 15 MPa 54 Figure 5.9 E, = 20 MPa 55 Figure 5.10 E, = 25 MPa 56 Figure 5.11 E, = 30 MPa 57 Figure 5.12 E, = 35 MPa 58 Figure 5.13 E, = 40 MPa 59 Figure 5.14 E, = 42 MPa 60

9 Figure 5.15 E, = 45 MPa 61 Figure 5.16 E, = 50 MPa 62 Figure 5.17 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP1) 65 Figure 5.18 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP2) 66 Figure 5.19 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP3) 67 Figure 5.20 Result of Bearing Capacity for Mackintosh Probe (MP4) 68 Figure 5.21 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH1) 69 Figure 5.22 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH2) 71 Figure 5.23 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH3) 72 Figure 5.24 Result of Bearing Capacity for Borehole (BH4) 73

10 LIST OF SYMBOLS a = Area B = Breadth of Footing C = Cohesion of Soil c u = Undrained Shear Strength D = Depth; Diameter; Depth Factor E = Young s Modulus of Elasticity FS = Factor of Safety L = Length N = SPT Value N c, N q,n γ = Bearing Capacity Factor q = Bearing Pressure q all = Allowable Bearing Capacity q c = Cone Penetration Resistance q u = Ultimate Bearing Capacity

11 q net = Net Bearing Pressure R = Resistance Force R γ = Reduction Factor s = Settlement S c,s q,s γ = Shape Factors (Bearing Capacity Equation) SPT = Standard Penetration Test V = Volume V t = Volume of Sample V v = Volume of Voids V w = Volume of Water ν = Poisson s Ratio γ = Bulk Unit Weight of Soil γ = Effective (Submerged) Unit Weight (γ sat γ w ) γ d = Dry Unit Weight γsat = Bulk Saturated Unit Weight γ w = Unit Weight of Water (=9.81kN/m³)

12 φ = Angle of Friction

13 LIST OF APENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Soil Investigation (S.I) Report for Borehole and Macintosh Probe B Laboratory Test Result C Sample Calculation of Moisture Content, Volumetric Moisture Content and Density of Soil D Plan Layout - Piling - Raft Foundation E BQ of piling Methodology F BQ of Raft Foundation Methodology G Summary of Work Programmed

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