CANONICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL PARTS OF THE BODY

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1 CANONICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL PARTS OF THE BODY M. Dodig, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Maritime, Rijeka, Croatia INTRODUCTION Every manifested kinetic reaction of the body or a particular part of the body contains certain movement speeds in which the processes of lateralization play n important role. The movement speed of multilateral parts of the body requires central regulation unlike the movement speed of bilateral parts of the body (parallely, transversely, diagonally), which requires central as well as lateral regulation. Lateralization of movement speed except for functional regulation requires topological definition which is present in movement speed of multilateral and bilateral parts of the body. It seems reasonable to assume that contribution of variability and to the covariability of speed of multilateral and bilateral parts of the body shares a part of the mutual variance. METHODS The research has been performed on the sample of 40, 21 years old male examinees. The model of variables has been defined with a series of tests of movement speed of multilateral parts of body and a series of tests of movement speed of bilateral (parallel, transversal, diagonal) parts of body. Data for calculation of movement speed of the mentioned spaces have been obtained using KINEZIOMETAR connected to a computer with necessary accessories, with a program support for analogous - digital conversion of results in the program language Simon's Basic. Measurement is performed according to the set plan, while the examinee was placed in an appropriate position. (1) examinee is in horizontal position lying on his back, legs stretched out and arms by the side (zero position) with kineziometars attached to them. (2) upon an agreed signal the examinee performs the movement of multilateral parts of body (simultaneously right arm, left arm, right leg, left leg) or bilateral parts of body - parallelly (right arm - right leg and left arm - left leg), transversally (right arm - left arm and left leg - right leg) and diagonally (right arm - left leg and left arm - right leg), (Figure 1). A B Figure 1. A multilateral, B bilateral (parallelly, transversally, diagonally).

2 1. Variables for the estimate of movement speed of multilateral parts of body (simultaneously right arm, left arm, right leg, left leg). 1.(MSRAM), 2.(MSLAM), 3.(MSRLM),4.(MSLLM). 2. Variables for the estimate of movement speed of bilateral - parallel parts of body (right arm - right leg, left arm - left leg) 1.(MSRABP), 2. (MSLABP), 3.(MSRLBP), 4. (MSLLBP). 3.Variables for the estimate of movement speed of bilateral - transversal parts of the body (right arm - left arm, right leg - left leg). 1.(MSRABT); 2.(MSLABT), 3.(MSRLBT), 4.(MSLLBT). 4. Variables for the estimate of movement speed of bilateral - diagonal parts of the body (right arm - left leg, left arm - right leg). 1.(MSRABD, 2.(MSLABD), 3.(MSRLBD), 4.(MSLLBD). Canonical relations of the mentioned groups of variables have been performed by the canonical correlative analysis (Cooley and Lohnes, 1971). The number of significant dimensions has been determined by a test (Bartlett, 1974). RESULTS Characteristics of variables have been established through standard descriptive procedures. Obtained results indicate that values of central and disperse parameters do not vary substantially from normal distribution. However the lowest results in the space of parallel and transversal parts of the body have been noted, which indicates higher speed in their movement, that is particularly noticeable at movement speed of arms with transversal parts of the body. The common matrix of correlative coefficients for all groups of variables has displayed rather good homogeneity. Correlation coefficients show a tendency to form four logical groups. These groups of correlation coefficients match the space determinations, that are the result of linear transformation of variables of individual spaces. Positive mutual correlation can be noted in the group that contains vectors of variables of the movement speed of multilateral body parts. The range of these correlations is solid, from 0.58 to Besides, this group of variables has the highest correlation coefficients, therefore the best correlation in the entire space. Thus obtained correlation was expected because it deals with the simultaneous reaction of all extremities of the human body. The matrix of correlation that locates variables that contained information about the movement speed for bilateral (parallel, transversal, diagonal) parts of the body indicates that their correlation is satisfactory in the space of the movement speed of parallel and transversal body parts, while it is exceedingly low in the space of the movement speed of diagonal parts of the body. It is clearly evident that the movement speed of diagonal parts of the body within its framework is substantially lower compared to other frameworks, significantly explicit with variables that form the parallel framework. CANONICAL RELATIONS OF THE MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL - PARALLEL PARTS OF THE BODY Canonical correlative analysis of the group of variables of the movement speed of multilateral body parts and of the movement speed for bilateral - parallel parts of the body, has demonstrated that one out of four canonical roots is enough sufficient to explain the relations between the latter groups on the level of significance of P=0.01 (table 1).

3 Table 1 CANONICAL CORRELATIONS, ROOTS OF CANONICAL EQUATION AND TESTS OF CANONICAL ROOTS SIGNIFICANCE C2 C L X2 D.F. P The obtained canonical correlation of analysed systems of variables exploits 69,19% of total mutual variance, with the correlation coefficient of In the space of movement speed of multilateral parts of the body the applied variables have great orthogonal projections on the isolated canonical dimension (table 2). Explicit preference is present at the movement speed of lower extremities, while its somewhat smaller at upper extremities. Table 2 VECTORS OF TRANSFORMATION INTO CANONICAL VARIABLES (W) AND CANONICAL FACTORS (F) ISOLATED IN SPACE OF THE MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL - PARALLEL PARTS OF THE BODY W1 F1 MSLLML MSLAML MSRLML MSRAML MSLLBP MSLABP MSRLBP MSRABP In the space of movement speed of bilateral-parallel parts of the body the first canonical dimension is mostly defined by the variables of the movement speed of the right parallel parts (right leg and right arm) with greater preference for the movement speed of the right leg. Through inspection of all accessible data it becomes obvious that the isolated canonical dimension is the consequence of strong influence of the common mechanism for the regulation of excitation, whose basic function is to activate motoric units. Besides, the influence of the mechanism for synergetic regulation and the regulation of tone is significant, with the greater effect of the right regulative circle. CANONICAL RELATIONS OF THE MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL- TRANSVERSAL PARTS OF THE BODY One characteristic canonical root has been extracted through the maximal correlation of a pair of linear functions of the group of variables of the movement speed of unilateral and bilateral - transversal parts of the body. The isolated characteristic root exploits substantially the largest quantity of correlativity of the analysed groups of variables. At that, the value of correlation of the first pair of canonical factors isolated

4 from both groups of variables totals 0.86 while it is defined with 74,22% of mutual variance (table 3). Table 3 CANONICAL CORRELATIONS, ROOTS OF CANONICAL EQUATION AND TESTS FOR CANONICAL ROOTS SIGNIFICANCE C2 C L X2 D.F. P Relatively high degree of correlation between unilateral and bilateral -transversal parts of the body is the result of the influence of the common regulation mechanism. The generators of mutual variance are probably the central regulation mechanisms which determine the degree of excitation of motoric units and its inclination to transversal regulation circle. All variables of the movement speed of multilateral parts of the body have maximal orthogonal projections on the first isolated canonical dimension (table 4). This indicates the unilateral determination of variables for whose covarriability the sole responsibility lies in a powerful general excitation mechanism for active motoric units and close co-ordination with the mechanism for the regulation of synergist and regulation of tone. Table 4 VECTORS OF TRANSFORMATION INTO CANONICAL VARIABLES (W) AND CANONICAL FACTORS (F) ISOLATED IN SPACE OF THE MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL - TRANSVERSAL PARTS OF THE BODY W1 F1 MSLLML MSLAML MSRLML MSRAML MSLLBT MSLABT MSRLBT MSRABT Significant orthogonal projections are evident with the variables that measured the movement speed of arms in the space of the movement speed of bilateral - transversal parts of the body. This distortedness of the projections to the arms indicates that there is greater determination of movement speed of transversal parts of the body especially of the upper extremities where the arms movement speed is the highest. Besides the general mechanism for the excitation of active muscle units, mechanism for the regulation of synergist and regulation of tone, the reason for this is also to be found in the speed of the flow of nervous impulses and likely in the speed of synaptic transmission.

5 CANONICAL RELATIONS OF THE MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL - DIAGONAL PARTS OF THE BODY Canonical correlation, roots of canonical equation and tests for the significance of canonical roots indicate that it is possible to explain canonical relations by two canonical roots (table 5). Canonical correlation of the first pair of canonical dimensions explains the greatest part of covariability of the analysed groups of variables that is 61.19% and the obtained correlation of the first linear functions that is 0.78 at the level of importance of P=0.01. Somewhat weaker canonical correlation is present in the second canonical dimension that is 0.75 with 56.00% of extracted mutual variance with the importance of P=0.05. Table 5 CANONICAL CORRELATIONS, ROOTS OF CANONICAL EQUATION AND TESTS FOR CANONICAL ROOTS SIGNIFICANCE C2 C L X2 D.F. P As the relation between the first pair of canonical factor s is usually considered to be the measure of correlation between both systems, on the basis of the value of the first canonical correlation it can be established that there is a rather high degree of correlation between the movement speed of multilateral and bilateral - diagonal parts of the body, which is additionally confirmed by the percentage of mutual variance. The group of variables of movement speed for multilateral parts of the body has substantial projections on the isolated first canonical dimension of all the variables (table 6). At the same time the preference towards the regulation circle of upper extremities, and particularly to the right side is noted in the space of movement speed of bilateral - diagonal parts of the body. Table 6 VECTORS OF TRANSFORMATION INTO CANONICAL VARIABLES (W) AND CANONICAL FACTORS (F) ISOLATED IN THE SPACE OF THE MOVEMENT SPEED OF MULTILATERAL AND BILATERAL - DIAGONAL PARTS OF THE BODY W1 W2 F1 F MSLLML MSLAML MSRLML MSRAML MSLLBD MSLABD MSRLBD MSRABD The second isolated canonical dimension is not significantly defined by the projections of the groups of variables of the multilateral parts of the body. However in the group of variables of the movement speed of bilateral - diagonal parts there are

6 significant projections of the variables that have measured the diagonal determination left arm - right leg. Besides that, by alternative inclusion and exclusion of particular muscle groups, needed for the performance of fast alternative motion of diagonal parts of the body it requires fast changes in excitation and inhibition of those central areals that govern the performance of diagonal movement. We can deduce that by eliminating the multilateral influence the movement speed aquires determination in accordance with the kind of task. Therefore, here we probably deal with the activation of mechanisms responsible for the excitation directed to activation of motoric units, activation of mechanisms for synergetic regulation, regulation of tone and marked synaptic transmission at the regulation of the movement speed of diagonal parts of the body, right leg - left arm. DISCUSSION Maximal correlation between pairs of linear functions of two groups of variables, multilateral and bilateral parts of the body has been obtained. In the space of movement speed of multilateral and bilateral - parallel parts of body, one characteristic canonical root has been isolated, which takes 69.19% of the mutual variance. One pair of canonical characteristic roots in the space of movement speed of multilateral and bilateral - transversal parts of body, which takes 74.22% of the mutual variance and two pairs of canonical characteristic roots in the space of movement speed of multilateral bilateral - diagonal parts of body, which takes 61.19% and 56.00% of the mutual variance. Obtained results show that the space of movement speed is not centrally defined, but it is partly conditioned by specific functional and topological properties of movement. Accordingly, regulation mechanisms for excitation and direct activation of motoric units, synergetic regulation ofand regulation of the tone, as well as the variance of movement speed of multilateral and bilateral parts of body. the latter mechanisms probably represent the main reason for distribution of movement speed of bilateral parts of body (parallel, transversal, diagonal) and their functional and topological definition. REFERENCES 1. Clarke, D.H.(1960): Correlation between strangth/mass ratio and the speed of an arm movement. Research Quarterly, 31, Clarke, D.H., Henry, F.M.(1961): Neuromotor specificity and increased speed from strength development. Research Quarterly, 32, Dodig, M.(1987): Relacije između otpora i brzine unutar jednostavnog gibanja. Zbornik radova III Kongresa pedagoga fizičke kulture Jugoslavije, Novi Sad, str Dodig, M.(1987): Kineziometar - instrumentarij i primjena. Zbornik radova III Kongresa pedagoga fizičke kulture Jugoslavije, Novi Sad, str Dodig, M.(1990): Senzomotoričke reakcije organizma i brzina transmisije impulsa kroz aferentne i eferentne kanale. Zbornik radova IV Kongres sportnih pedagogov Jugoslavije i I internacionalni simpozij. Ljubljana - Bled, str Dodig, M.(1990): Kanoničke relacije senzomotoričkih relacija unilateralnih i bilateralnih dijelova tijela na zvučni podražaj. Zbornik radova IV Kongres sportnih pedagogov Jugoslavije i I Internacionalni simpozij. Ljubljana - Bled, str Henry, F.M.(1960): Factorial structure of speed and static streng in a lateral arm

7 movement. Research Quarterly, 31, Henry, F.M., Whitley, J.D.(1960): Realtionships between individual diferences in strenth, speed and mass in an arm movement. Research Quaterly, 31, Hofman, E.(1980): Struktura psihomotorne brzine pod vidom strukture ostalih psihomotornih sposobnosti. Kineziologija, 10, 1-2 : Hill, A.V.(1922): The maximum work and mechanic efficiency of human muscles and their most economical speed. Jornal of physiology, 56, Medved,V.(1984): O analogno - digitalnoj pretvorbi nekih fizioloških i kinezioloških signala, Naučno - tehnički pregled, 34, 6 : Smith, L.E.(1961): Inividual diferences in strength, reaction latency, mass and length of limbs and their relation to maximal speed of movement. Research Quarterly, 32,

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