Compendium of Thermophysical Property Measurement Methods

Transcription

1 Compendium of Thermophysical Property Measurement Methods Volume 1 Survey of Measurement Techniques Edited by K. D. Maglic Boris Kidric Institute of Nuclear Sciences Belgrade, Yugoslavia A. Cezairliyan National Bureau of Standards Washington, D.C., USA and V. E. Peletsky Institute for High Temperatures Moscow, USSR Plenum Press New York and London

2 Contents I. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT METHODS INTRODUCTION 3 CHAPTER 1. AXIAL HEAT FLOW METHODS OF MEASURING THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY M.J. Laubitz 1. Introduction General Considerations Basic Problems in Axial Heat Flow Operating Procedures Experimental Systems 45 Appendix 51 References 59 CHAPTER 2. ANALYSIS OF APPARATUS WITH RADIAL SYMMETRY FOR STEADY-STATE MEASUREMENTS OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY J.P. Moore 1. Introduction Fundamental Radial Heat Flow Apparatus Thermal Analysis-HEATING Heat Flow in a Fundamental RHFA with Right-Circular Symmetry Heat Flow in Experimental Apparatus for Measurements on Solids Thermal Conductivity Measurements on Powders Using Radial Heat Flow Apparatus Thermometry in Radial Heat Flow Apparatus Conclusions Recommendations 116 Appendix 117 References to Appendix 121 References 122 xi

3 xii CONTENTS CHAPTER 3. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY DETERMINATIONS USING DIRECT HEATING METHODS R.E. Taylor 1. Introduction Background Description of Several Direct Heating Apparatus Experimental Difficulties and Critical Evaluation of Direct-Heating Methods Summary 164 References 165 CHAPTER 4. GUARDED HOT-PLATE METHOD FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS S. Klarsfeld 1. Introduction Principles of the Method Apparatus Types Field of Application Apparatus Description and Design Requirements Error Evaluation. Performances Limitations Due to Specimen Realizations and Measurement Results Reference Materials and Interlaboratory Comparative Measurements Conclusions 224 References 225 CHAPTER 5. HOT-WIRE METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS W.R. Davis 1. Introduction and Background Experimental Techniques Comparison with Other Methods Modifications Summary 250 References 252 CHAPTER 6. B.S PANEL TEST METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THE THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF REFRACTORY MATERIALS W.R. Davis 1. General Introduction General Outline of the Method Error Analysis 264 References 268

4 CONTENTS хш IL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENT METHODS CHAPTER 7. HIGH-TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY Jean Franqois Baumard 1. Introduction General Considerations About the Conductivity Measurements Measurement of Total Conductivity: Two- and Four-Probe Arrangements Measurements on Mixed Conductors Spurious Effects in High-Temperature Measurements of Electrical Conductivity Contacts and Electroding Techniques A Short Survey of Instrumentation 292 References 294 III. THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY MEASUREMENT METHODS THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY: INTRODUCTION 299 CHAPTER 8. PULSE METHOD FOR THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY MEASUREMENT R.E. Taylor and K.D. Maglic 1. Introduction The Method Experimental Transient Temperature Measurement Measurement Errors Summary 332 References 333 CHAPTER 9. TEMPERATURE WAVE TECHNIQUES L.P. Phyllipov 337 CHAPTER 10. ELECTRON BOMBARDMENT MODULATED HEAT INPUT METHOD R. De Coninckand V.E. Peletsky 1. Introduction Principle of the Procedure Used for Thermal Diffusivity Measurement by Modulated Electron Bombardment Physical Principles Interfering with Heating by Electron Bombardment 373

5 xiv CONTENTS 4. Mathematical Principles for the Experimental Determination of Thermal Diffusivity by Modulated Electron Heating Experimental Techniques of Thermal Diffusivity Measurement Using Modulated Electron Heating Conclusions 418 References 422 CHAPTER 11. MONOTONIC HEATING REGIME METHODS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL DIFFUSIVITY GM. Volokhov and A.S. Kasperovich 1. Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity in the Narrow Temperature Range Measurement of Thermal Diffusivity in the Wide Range 443 Appendix 449 References 453 IV. SPECIFIC HEAT MEASUREMENT METHODS SPECIFIC HEAT: AN INTRODUCTION 457 CHAPTER 12. ADIABATIC CALORIMETRY D.N. Kagan 1. Introduction Method Adiabatic Calorimeters Automatic Control of Adiabatic Conditions Estimation of Errors of Adiabatic Calorimetry 510 References 521 CHAPTER 13. HEAT-CAPACITY CALORIMETRY BY THE METHOD OF MIXTURES David A. Ditmars 1. Introduction Fundamental Considerations The Method of Mixtures Classification and Description of Drop Calorimeters Current Activity and Future Prospects 543 References 548 CHAPTER 14. LEVITATION CALORIMETRY Vitaliy Ya. Chekhovskoi 1. Introduction 555

6 CONTENTS xv 2. Peculiarities of Investigations of Thermodynamic Properties of Refractory Metals and Their Melts at Temperatures Above K Levitation Heating Measurement of Temperature of Solid and Liquid Specimens Facilities for Levitation Calorimetry and Description of Experimental Procedures Used Measurement Errors 577 References 585 CHAPTER 15. MODULATION CALORIMETRY Ya.A. Kraftmakher 1. Introduction Theory of Modulation Method Modulation of Heating Power Registration of Temperature Osculations Nonadiabatic Regime of Measurements Direct Measurement of Temperature Coefficient of Specific Heat Determination of Isochoric Specific Heat Using Temperature Fluctuations Measurements at High Modulation Frequencies Modulation Methods for Studying Thermal Expansion, Electrical Resistivity, and Thermopower Determination of Temperature of Wire Samples by Thermal Noise Accuracy of Modulation Measurements Employments of Modulation Methods Conclusion 631 References 634 CHAPTER 16. PULSE CALORIMETRY Ared Cezairliyan 1. Introduction Description of Methods Chronology of Developments Experimental Difficulties and Sources of Errors Summary and Conclusions 665 References 667 CHAPTER 17. APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY TO THE MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEAT M.J. Richardson 1. Introduction Differential Thermal Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry Operating Variables 675

7 xvi CONTENTS 4. Practical Aspects Concluding Remarks 684 References 685 V. THERMAL EXPANSION MEASUREMENT METHODS CHAPTER 18. THERMAL EXPANSION MEASUREMENT BY INTERFEROMETRY G. Ruffino 1. Introduction Interference Patterns Dilatometric Interferometers The Experimental Cell Experimental System Layout Data Acquisition and Treatment 705 References 706 VI. THERMAL RADIATIVE PROPERTY MEASUREMENT CHAPTER 19. MEASUREMENT OF THERMAL RADIATION PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS J. С Richmond 1. Introduction Thermal Radiation Techniques Measurement of Thermal Radiation Properties Discussion and Conclusions 756 Appendix: Nomenclature 757 References 762 VII. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTY STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS CHAPTER 20. CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS FOR THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES R.K. Kirby Index 777