TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
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1 CINDAS Data Series on Material Properties Volume 1-1 TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS Thermal Conductivity, Viscosity, and Diffusion Coefficient Edited by С. Y. Ho Director, Center for Information and Numerical Data Analysis and Synthesis Purdue University Authored by J. Kestin Division of Engineering, Brown University and W. A. Wakeham Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology Imperial College, London, England О HEMISPHERE PUBLISHING CORPORATION A member of the Taylor & Francis Group New York Washington Philadelphia London
2 Contents Foreword to the Series, David R. Lide, Jr. Preface to the Series, Y. S. Touloukian Introduction xiii xv xvii Chapter 1. General Background Nomenclature Macroscopic Concepts Microscopic Concepts Precision and Accuracy Absolute Versus Relative Measurements Requirements for Precision Plan of the Book References 8 Chapter 2. The Theory of the Transport Properties of Gases Nomenclature The Kinetic Theory Dilute Monatomic Gases Explicit Formulae for the Transport Coefficients Application to Real Gases Quantum-Mechanical Effects Dilute Polyatomic Gases The Transport Coefficients The Collision Integrals Quantum-Mechanical Effects Dense Gases The Enskog Theory References 46 Chapter 3. The Theory of the Transport Properties of Dense Fluids Nomenclature Introduction 51
3 viii CONTENTS 3.2. Statistical-Mechanical Theory The Rice-Allnatt Theory Time Correlation Functions Molecular Dynamics Simulation The van der Waals Model Self-Diffusion Viscosity The Thermal Conductivity Extensions The Critical Region Scaling Laws and Critical Point Universality Transport Properties References 70 Chapter 4. The Measurement of Viscosity Nomenclature Introduction Oscillating-Body Viscometers General Mathematical Model An Infinite Disk Edge-Effects Secondary Motion General Experimental Features The Oscillating Disk Viscometer Working Equations An Ambient-Temperature Moderate-Pressure Gas Viscometer High-Temperature Low-Pressure Gas Viscometer High-Temperature High-Pressure Oscillating Disk Viscometer High-Temperature High-Pressure Viscometer for Corrosive Liquids The Oscillating Cup Viscometer An Oscillating Cup Viscometer for Mercury The Oscillating-Cylinder Viscometer An Oscillating-Cylinder Viscometer for Molten Salts The Oscillating-Sphere Viscometer Capillary Viscometers General Theory Two Capillaries in Series The Rankine Viscometer Corrections Capillary Viscometers for Gases at Moderate Pressures and Temperatures A Capillary Viscometer for Gases at High Temperatures A Rankine Viscometer for Gases at High Pressures 124
4 CONTENTS A Standard Liquid-Phase Capillary Viscometer A High-Temperature, High-Pressure Capillary Viscometer The Ubbelohde Viscometer Rotating Cylinder Viscometer Secondary Instruments The Torsional Quartz-Crystal Viscometer Falling-Body Viscometer A Comparison of Methods and Recommendations A Comparison of Viscosity Data A Comparison of Experimental Methods Calibration Data Gases Liquids References 144 Chapter 5. The Measurement of Thermal Conductivity Nomenclature Introduction Non-Steady Methods Theory of the Transient Hot-Wire Method Transient Hot-Wire Thermal Conductivity Measurements Thermal Conductivity Cells for Measurements in Gases Thermal Conductivity Cells for Liquids The Theory of the Steady-State Parallel Plate Method A Parallel-Plate Instrument for Gases A Parallel-Plate Apparatus for Liquids A Parallel-Plate Apparatus for Low- Temperature Measurements The Concentric-Cylinder Method The Theory of the Steady-State Hot-Wire Method A Steady-State Hot-Wire Instrument for Gases A Steady-State Hot-Wire Instrument for Liquids Concentric Cylinders with a Small Annular Separation The Theory of the Steady-State Concentric-Cylinder Method A Concentric-Cylinder Instrument for Gases A Concentric-Cylinder Instrument for Liquids Secondary Instruments Thermal Conductivity Column Instrument Holographic Interferometry Near the Critical Point A Comparison of Methods and Recommendations A Comparison of Thermal Conductivity Data A Comparison of Experimental Methods Calibration Data References 216
5 CONTENTS Chapter 6. The Measurement of Diffusion Coefficient Nomenclature Introduction The Closed-Tube Method Corrections A Closed-Tube Instrument for Electrolyte Solutions A Closed-Tube Instrument for Dilute Gases A Closed-Tube Instrument for Moderately Dense Gases The Two-Bulb Instrument for Gases Corrections for the Two-Bulb Instrument A Two-Bulb Instrument for Gases at Low Pressures Interferometric Methods for Liquids Corrections to the Working Equations Rayleigh Interferometry Holographic Interferometry Gouy Interferometry Diffusion Cells for Interferometry Secondary Instruments The Diaphragm-Cell for Liquids A Practical Diaphragm Cell ISA 6.6. Cataphoresis in the Gas Phase Taylor Dispersion in the Liquid Phase A Comparison of Methods and Recommendations A Comparison of Diffusion Coefficient Data A Comparison of Experimental Methods Calibration Data References 265 Chapter 7. Calculations and Correlations for Dilute and Moderately Dense Gases Nomenclature Dilute Monatomic Gases and Their Mixtures Theory and Correlation Methods The Correlations Results Dilute Polyatomic Gases and Their Mixtures Correlation Methods Results The Thermal Conductivity Moderately Dense Gases and Gas Mixtures The Modified Enskog Theory The Viscosity of Moderately Dense Gas Mixtures The Thermal Conductivity of Moderately Dense Gas Mixtures The Excess Transport Properties 306
6 CONTENTS 7.5. Summary References 307 Chapter 8. Correlations for Fluids at High Density Nomenclature Introduction The Viscosity of Fluids Monatomic Fluids at High Temperatures (T > 0.7 TJ and High Densities (p > 1.2 pj Monatomic Fluids at High Temperatures (T > 0.7 TJ and Moderate Densities (p < 1.2 p J Monatomic Liquids Simple Polyatomic Fluids More Complex Polyatomic Liquids Diffusion Self-Dijfusion in Dense Gases Self-Diffusion in Liquids The Relationship between Viscosity and Self-Diffusion in Liquids Diffusion in Binary Mixtures Thermal Conductivity The Critical Region The Thermal Conductivity of a Pure Fluid The Viscosity of a Pure Fluid Estimation References 338 Subject Indp- 341
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