Production and Carcass Characteristics of the Broiler Chicken

Transcription

1 Prouction an Carcass Characteristics of the Broiler Chicken S. LEESON an J. D. SUMMERS Department of Animal an Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canaa (Receive for publication February 1, 17) ABSTRACT Foo intake an boy weights of sexe broiler chickens offere commercial iets were recore weekly throughout a 70ay trial. Observations were mae on 4 replicate pens of 15 birs for each sex. Each 7 ays 5 birs of each sex, house in comparable pens, were kille an numerous carcass an visceral chacteristics recore. Carcass an visceral samples were analyze for moisture, fat, an protein. The ata are presente as a base for researchers concerne with moel builing an systems prouction. INTRODUCTION As a part of the systems approach to prouction, moel builing is receiving consierable attention from research workers an fully integrate poultry operations. Through moeling, a more complete view of prouction is envisage, together with the ientification of area" that are inaequately escribe, an hence requiring further research work. The usefulness of moel preictions is governe by the accuracy an manipulation of input ata, which in most cases is gleane from numerous an inepenent research reports, as in the examples escribe by Teter et al, (173, 17), Brown et al (17), an Smith (178a,b). For most situations there is a lack of basic ata require for moel builing. In consiering the broiler chicken reare on commercial iets funamental etails, such as weekly changes in growth rate, fee intake, an carcass composition are not reporte in etail. The aim of this stuy was to obtain such ata. The present report etails the results of this stuy, an no attempt has been mae at this time to iscuss or manipulate the ata. It is hope that this material will prove useful to other people working in the fiel of systems prouction. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sexe ayol broiler chicks obtaine from a commercial hatchery were weighe, wingbane, an ranomly istribute to litter floor pens maintaine in an environmentally controlle room. Birs were fe commercial broiler starter crumbles (0 to 28 ays) an 180 Poultry Science 5:7878 subsequently broiler finisher pellets with specifications as etaile in Table 1. Fee intake an boy weight measurements were mae on four replicates of 15 male an 15 female chicks (8 pens total) each reare in 1 X 2 m pens. Two replicate pens of 40 male an 40 female chicks each were house in the same room an use for carcass stuies. Room temperature was maintaine at 32 C for the first 7 ays an then reuce stepwise by some 3 each 7 ays to a minimum temperature of 21 C. A 23 hr lighting perio was provie aily. Mean pen fee intake an iniviual bir weight were ascertaine at one ay ol an subsequent 7ay intervals to 70ays of age. At these ages, five male an five female birs were ranomly selecte from those pens originally containing 40 birs. After measuring boy weight, these birs were hel without fee in orer to clear the alimentary tract an to ascertain bir shrink. A 3 hr starvation perio was use. After reweighing, birs were kille by cervical islocation an following a hot water scal, feathers mechanically remove. Carcasses were eviscerate by han. Weights were recore for the total viscera, abominal fat (as escribe by Griffiths et al, 177), liver, heart, gizzar an proventriculus, an alimentary tract istal to the proventriculus; the length of this portion of the tract was also measure. After 3 5 ays of age weights of testes an ovary were recore. After weighing, the eviscerate carcass (commercial equivalent less giblets) was portione into commercial cuts as neck, back, two thighs, two rumsticks, two wings, an breast. In orer to reuce variation in the cutting Downloae from by guest on 13 November

2 BROILER PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS TABLE 1. Diet composition (%) Ingreient Starter Grower Yellow corn Soybean meal, (4%) Wheat screenings, #1 Corn gluten meal, 0% Meat meal, 50% Navy beans Animal fat Fish meal Limestone Bloo meal Feather meal Glanular meal Calcium phosphate, 21% Salt Vitamin, mineral premix a Cocciiostat Choline chlorie 50% DLmethionine Calculate analysis 0 Energy (kcal ME/kg) Crue protein (%) Arginine (%) Methionine (%) Methionine cystine (%) Lysine (%) Tryptophan (%) Crue fat (%) Crue Fibre (%) Calcium (%) Available phosphorus (%) Choline (mg/kg) Linoleic aci (%) Meeting NRC (177) requirements. b Base on NRC (177) proceure, all issections were carrie out by one operator. After weighing iniviual parts, weights of the total parts were ascertaine for calculation of weight loss ue to cutting. Eviscerate carcasses (as parts) an corresponing offal (viscera, hea, neck, an feet) were prepare separately for chemical analyses. Up to 21 ays of age iniviual carcass an offal samples were freezerie to constant weight an then groun in a kitchen size blener. Kjelahl nitrogen an ether extractable fat were ascertaine on uplicate subsamples obtaine from these homogenates. With the oler birs, samples were first frozen an then partially thawe immeiately prior to processing in a Hobart meat griner. After ouble grining, ranomly sample aliquots of 200 to 300 g were freezerie to constant weight, an fn 00 a ^ >o m i i "f 00 fn N O 00 m r4! oo so O O 00 m TH "flnrl "f r so so oo tv I * x ^ m in Cl t^ O ^H t^ X (s TJ TJ <s so m in,h x H fo M T3 so m m (s *J Hl 1 >, 1! r* x vo * w ^ I o r^. ~ r. so X m rs t«<h Ti rt (N CM ^H ^ ~Q 1 1 X ' 1 ^ <N <* J2 o\ x III Downloae from by guest on 13 November 2018

3 TABLE 3. Boy weight an organ proportions of male broiler chic Dayol 7 ays 14 ays 21 ays Boy weight (starve) g % Boy weight Total viscera Abominal fat Liver Heart Gizzar proventriculus Testes (cm/100 g boy weight) ays ays ays ays 58 1 Boy weight (starve) g % Boy weight Total viscera Abominal fat Liver Heart Gizzar proventriculus Testes (cm/100 g boy weight) :

4 TABLE 4. Boy weight an organ proportions of female broiler chi Dayol 7 ays 14 ays 21 ays Boy weight (starve) g % Boy weight Total viscera Abominal fat Liver Heart Gizzar proventriculus Ovaries (cm/100 g boy weight) ays ays ays ays Boy weight (starve) g % Boy weight Total viscera Abominal fat Liver Heart Gizzar proventriculus Ovaries (cm/100 g boy weight)

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7 TABLE. Carcass composition of female broiler chickens Dayol 7 ays 14 ays 21 ays Offal fat, % DM a Carcass fat, % DM Offal CP b, % DM Carcass CP, % DM Offal DM, % Carcass DM, % Carcass fat, g Carcass CP, g Offal fat, g Offal CP, g Total boy fat, g Total boy CP, g Total boy fat, % Total boy CP, % Carcass fat as % boy fat Offal fat as % boy fat Carcass CP as % boy CP Offal CP as % boy CP ,

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9 TABLE 7. Yiel an commercial cuts of male broiler chickens Dayol 7 ays 14 ays 21 ays Eviscerate carcass, g 23* 1 5* %Neck 5* 2.0 7* % Drumsticks 1* 1. 13* % Thighs 17.* 1. 1* 1 18* % Wings 10* * 13 %Back 25* 3 l * 14 2 %Breast 17* 5 30.O 1 28* 32 1 % Cutting loss 5.* 1 * 1 1 * 3 10 %Yie ', J * 1. 5* 1 1 % Holing loss uring starvation * 4 * 3 42 ays 4 ays 5 ays 3 ays Eviscerate carcass, g %Neck % Drumsticks % Thighs % Wings %Back % Breast % Cutting loss. % Yiel 71* % Holing loss uring starvation

10 TABLE 8. Yiel an commercial cuts of female broiler chickens Dayol 7 ays 14 ays 21 ays Eviscerate carcass, g 23 % Neck 7 % Drumsticks 1 % Thighs 1 % Wings 10 % Back 27.0 % Breast 18 % Cutting loss 3 % Yiel 47 % Holing loss uring starvation : ays 4 ays 5 ays 3 ays Eviscerate carcass, g % Neck % Drumsticks % Thighs % Wings 13: %Back 17: % Breast 30 : % Cutting loss : % Yiel. ; % Holing loss uring starvation 2 : t

11 TABLE. Linear an quaratic relationships between broiler age an boy weight an Coefficient Y Sex Constant Age Age 2 Boy weight starve (g) % Total viscera % Abominal fat % Liver % Heart % % Gizzar proventriculus (cm/100 g boy weight)

12 BROILER PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS 77 TABLE 10. Linear an quaratic relationships between broiler age an carcass composition Y Sex Constant Age Coefficients Age 2 Coefficient significance Age Age 2 Multiple R 2 Age Age 2 Offal fat % Carcass fat % Offal CP % Carcass CP % Offal DM % Carcass DM % Carcass fat, g Carcass CP, g Offal fat, g Offal CP, g Total boy fat, g Total boy CP, g Total boy fat Total boy CP % % Carcass fat as % boy fat Offal fat as % boy fat Carcass CP as % boy CP Offal CP as % boy CP a c Tolerance level insufficient for quaratic effect. nitrogen an fat content were assaye as escribe above. Statistical Analyses. All raw ata are represente as means stanar eviations. The linear an quaratic components of the relationship between parameters measure an age of bir are expresse to three significant igits. Coefficient significances are enote by, nonsignificant (P>.05); *, significant, (P<.05);, significant, (P<.01). RESULTS The weekly boy weight an fee intake of _ * * sexe broilers, expresse as means of the four replicate pen observations, are shown in Table 2. All subsequent ata are expresse as means of observations from five replicate carcasses. Starve boy weight an organ weights (expresse as a proportion of boy weight) are shown in Tables 3 an 4 for males an females, respectively. Chemical analyses for carcass an offal are reporte in Tables 5 an ; total boy components represent corresponing carcass plus offal proportions. Yiel an commercial cuts of male an female broiler carcasses are given in Tables 7 an 8, respectively. The linear an quaratic components escribing Downloae from by guest on 13 November 2018

13 78 LESSON AND SUMMERS TABLE 11. Linear an qu age an carcass ic relationships between broiler an commercial cuts Y Sex Constant Eviscerate carcass (g) % Neck % Drumstick % Thighs % Wings % Back % Breast % Cut loss % Yiel % Hol loss uring starvation the relationships between all measure parameters an age of bir are shown in Tables, 10, an 11. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supporte by the National Research Council of Canaa an the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture an Foo. The authors are inebte to W. Szkotnicki for ata processing. REFERENCES Brown, W. H., J. W. Deaton, an L. F. Kubena, 17. Computer simulation of a laying hen. Pages in Proc. Southern Reg. Avian Environ. Physiol. Bioeng. Stu. Group, Atlanta, GA, Jan. 25. Coefficient Coefficients significance Multiple R 2 Age Age 2 Age Age 2 Age Age 2!0 i #* * * Griffiths, L., S. Leeson, an J. D. Summers, 177. Influence of energy system an level of various fat sources on performance an carcass composition of broilers. Poultry Sci. 5: National Research Council, 177. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 7th rev. e. Natl. Aca. Sci., Washington, DC. Smith, W. K., 178a. The amino aci requiremnts of laying hens: Moels for calculation 1. Physiological backgroun. Worl's Poultry Sci. J. 34:81. Smith, W. K., 178b. The amino aci requirements of laying hens. Moels for calculation. 2. Practical application. Worl's Poultry Sci. J. 34:1213. Teter, N. C, J. A. DeShazer, an T. L. Thompson, 173. Operational characteristics of meat animals, Part III: Broilers. Trans. ASAE 1: Teter, N. C, J. A. DeShazer, an T. L. Thompson, 17. Operational characteristic of meat animals, Part IV: Turkeys, Large White an Bronze. Trans. ASAE 1: Downloae from by guest on 13 November 2018