Chapter 18: The Oceans And Their Margins. Introduction: The World s Oceans. The Oceans Characteristics
|
|
- Ross Andrews
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 18: The Oceans And Their Margins Introduction: The World s Oceans Seawater covers 70.8 percent of Earth s surface, in three huge interconnected basins: The Pacific Ocean. The Atlantic Ocean. The Indian Ocean. The Oceans Characteristics The greatest ocean depth yet measured (11,035 m) lies in the Mariana Trench. The average depth of the oceans, is about 3.8 km. The present volume of seawater is about 1.35 billion cubic kilometers. More than half this volume resides in the Pacific Ocean.
2 Figure 18.1 Figure 18.2 Ocean Salinity (1) Salinity is the measure of the sea s saltiness, expressed in parts per mil ( = parts per thousand). The salinity of seawater normally ranges between 33 and 37. The principal elements that contribute to this salinity are sodium and chlorine.
3 Ocean Salinity (2) More than 99.9 percent of the ocean s salinity reflects the presence of only eight ions: Chloride. Sodium. Sulfate. Magnesium. Calcium. Potassium. Bicarbonate. Bromine. Ocean Salinity (3) Cations are released by chemical weathering processes on land. Each year streams carry 2.5 billion tons of dissolved substances to the sea. The principal anions found in seawater are believed to have come from the mantle. Chemical analyses of gases released during volcanic eruptions show that the most important volatiles are water vapor (steam), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and the chloride (CI 1- ) and sulfate (SO 4 2- ) anions. Ocean Salinity (4) Chloride and sulfate anions dissolve in atmospheric water vapor and return to Earth in precipitation, much of which falls directly into the ocean. Another source of ions is dust eroded from desert regions and blown out to sea.
4 Figure 18.3A Temperature And Heat Capacity of the Ocean (1) Global summer sea-surface temperature is displayed with isotherms that lie approximately parallel to the equator. The warmest waters during August (>28 0 C) occur in a discontinuous belt between about 30 0 N and 10 0 S latitude. In winter, the belt of warm water moves south until it is largely below the equator. Temperature And Heat Capacity of the Ocean (2) Waters become progressively cooler both north and south of this belt. Both the total range and the seasonal changes in ocean temperatures are much less than what we find on land.
5 Temperature And Heat Capacity of the Ocean (3) The range of temperature on land is C. The highest recorded land temperature is 58 0 C (Libyan Desert). The lowest is 88 0 C (Vostok Station in central Antarctica). The range of temperature at the oceans surface is only 38 0 C. The highest recorded ocean temperature is 36 0 C (Persian Gulf). The coldest is 2 0 C (Polar Sea). Temperature And Heat Capacity of the Ocean (4) Coastal inhabitants benefit from the mild climate resulting from this natural ocean thermostat. In the interior of a continent, summer temperatures may exceed 40 0 C, whereas along the ocean margin they typically remain below 25 0 C. Figure 18.3B
6 Vertical Stratification (1) Temperature and other physical properties of seawater vary with depth. When fresh river water meets salty ocean water at a coast, the fresh water, being less dense, flows over the denser saltwater, resulting in stratified water bodies. Vertical Stratification (2) The oceans also are vertically stratified as a result of variation in the density of seawater. Seawater become denser as: Its temperature decreases. Its salinity increases. Gravity pulls dense water downward until it reaches a level where the surrounding water has the same density. These density-driven movements lead both to stratification of the oceans and to circulation in the deep ocean. Ocean Circulation Surface ocean currents are broad, slow drifts of surface water set in motion by the prevailing surface winds. A current of water is rarely more than 50 to 100 m deep. The direction taken by ocean currents is also influenced by the Coriolis effect.
7 Current Systems Low-latitude regions in the tradewind belts are dominated by the warm North and South Equatorial currents. Each major current is part of a large subcircular current system called a gyre. The Earth has five major ocean gyres. Two are in the Pacific Ocean. Two are in the Atlantic Ocean. One is in the Indian Ocean. Figure 18.4 Major Water Masses (1) Ocean waters also circulate on a large scale within the deep ocean, driven by differences in water density. The water of the oceans is organized into major water masses, each having a characteristic range of: Temperature. Salinity.
8 Major Water Masses (2) The water masses are stratified based on their relative densities. Cold water is denser than warm water; Salty water is denser than less salty water. Figure 18.5 The Global Ocean Conveyor System (1) Dense, cold, and/or salty surface waters that flow toward adjacent warmer, less-salty waters will sink until they reach the level of water masses of equal density. The resulting stratification of water masses is thus based on relative density.
9 The Global Ocean Conveyor System (2) The sinking dense water in the North Atlantic propels a global thermohaline circulation system, so called because it involves both the temperature (thermo) and salinity (haline) characteristics of the ocean waters. The Global Ocean Conveyor System (3) The Atlantic thermohaline circulation acts like a great conveyor belt, transporting low-density surface water northward and denser deep-ocean water southward. Heat lost to the atmosphere by this warm surface water, together with heat from the warm Gulf Stream, maintains a relatively mild climate in northwestern Europe. Figure 18.6A
10 Figure 18.6B Ocean Tides (1) Tides: Twice-daily rise and fall of ocean waters. Caused by the gravitational attraction between the Moon (and, to lesser degree, the sun) and the Earth. The Moon exerts a gravitational pull on the solid Earth. Ocean Tides (2) A water particle in the ocean on the side facing the Moon is attracted more strongly by the Moon s gravitation than it would be if it were at Earth s center, which lies at a greater distance. This creates a bulge on the ocean surface due to the excess inertial force (called the tide-raising force).
11 Ocean Tides (3) On the opposite side of Earth, the inertial force exceeds the Moon s gravitational attraction, and the tide-raising force is directed away from Earth. These unbalanced forces generate opposing tidal bulges. Figure 18.7 Ocean Tides (4) At most places on the ocean margins, two high tides and two low tides are observed each day as a coast encounters both tidal bulges. Twice during each lunar month, Earth is directly aligned with the Sun and the Moon, whose gravitational effects are thereby reinforced, producing higher high tides and lower low tides.
12 Figure 18.8 Ocean Tides (5) At position halfway between these extremes, the gravitational pull of the Sun partially cancels that of the Moon, thus reducing the tidal range. In the open sea tides are small (less than 1 m). Along most coasts the tidal range commonly is no more than 2 m. Ocean Tides (6) In bays, straits, estuaries, and other narrow places along coasts, tidal fluctuations are amplified and may reach 16 m or more. Associated currents are often rapid and may approach 25 km/h. The incoming tide locally can create a wall of water a meter or more high (called a tidal bore).
13 Tidal Power Energy obtained from the tides is renewable energy. One important difference between hydroelectric power from rivers and that from tidal power is that rivers flow continuously whereas tides can be exploited only twice a day. Ocean Waves (1) Ocean waves receive their energy from winds that blow across the water surface. The size of a wave depends on how fast, how far, and how low the wind blows. Ocean Waves (2) Because waveform is created by a loop-like motion of water parcels, the diameters of the loops at the water surface exactly equal wave height. Downward from the surface, a progressive loss of energy occurs, resulting in a decrease in loop diameter.
14 Ocean Waves (3) L is used to represent wavelength, the distance between successive wave crests or troughs. At a depth equal to half the wavelength (L/2), the diameters of the loops have become so small that motion of the water is negligible. Ocean Waves (4) The depth L/2 is referred to as wave base. Landward of depth L/2, as the water depth decreases, the orbits of the water parcels become flatter until the movement of water at the seafloor in the shallow water zone is limited to a back-and-forth motion. Figure 18.10
15 Ocean Waves (5) When the wave reaches depth L/2, its base encounters frictional resistance exerted by the seafloor. This causes the wave height to increase and the wave length to decrease. Eventually, the front becomes too steep to support the advancing wave and the wave collapses, or breaks. Ocean Waves (6) Such broken water is called surf; The geologic work of waves is mainly accomplished by the direct action of surf. Figure 18.11
16 Wave Refraction (1) A wave approaching a coast generally does not encounter the bottom simultaneously all along its length. As any segment of the wave touches the seafloor: That part slows down. The wave length begins to decrease. The wave height increases. Wave Refraction (2) This process is called wave refraction. Wave refraction affects various sectors of a coastline differently. Waves converge on headlands, which are vigorously eroded. Refraction of waves approaching a bay will make them diverge, diffusing their energy at the shore. In the course of time, irregular coasts become smoother and less indented. Figure 18.13
17 Coastal Erosion And Sediment Transport (1) Erosion by waves. Erosion below sea level: Ocean waves rarely erode to depths of more than 7 m. The lower limit of wave motion is half the wavelength of ocean waves, which is the lower limit of erosion of the ocean floor by waves. Coastal Erosion And Sediment Transport (2) Abrasion in the surf zone: An important kind of erosion in the surf zone is the wearing down of rock by wave-transported rock particles, The surf is like an erosional knife edge or saw cutting horizontally into the land. Erosion above sea level: Waves pounding against a cliff compress the air trapped in fissures. Nearly all the energy expended by waves in coastal erosion is confined to a zone that lies between 10 m above and 10 m below mean sea level. Coastal Erosion And Sediment Transport (3) Sediment transport by waves and currents. Longshore currents: Longshore currents flow parallel to the shore. The direction of longshore currents may change seasonally. The longshore current moves the sediment along the coast.
18 Figure Coastal Erosion And Sediment Transport (4) Beach drift: The swash (uprushing water) of each wave travels obliquely up the beach before gravity pulls the water back directly down the slope of the beach. This zigzag movement of water carries sand and pebbles first up, then down the beach slope in a process known as beach drift. Beach drift can reach a rate of more than 800 m/day. Figure 18.15
19 Coastal Erosion And Sediment Transport (5) Beach placers: Gold, diamond, and several other heavy minerals have been concentrated in beach sands by surf and longshore currents (Namibia, Alaska). Ilmenite, a primary source of titanium, is highly concentrated along several beaches in India. Magnetite-rich sands occur in Oregon, California, Brazil, and New Zealand. Chrome-rich sands are mined in Japan. Coastal Erosion And Sediment Transport (6) Offshore transport and sorting: Far from shore only fine grains can be moved. Sediments grade seaward from sand into mud. Figure 18.16
20 Coastal Deposits And Landforms Waves dash against firm rock, erode it, and move the eroded rock particles. The three important features of the shore profile are: Beaches. Wave-cut cliffs. Wave-cut benches. Beaches (1) Beach is: The sandy surface above the water along a shore. A wave-washed sediment along a coast, including sediment in the surf zone (sediment is continually in motion). Sediment of a beach may derived from: Erosion of adjacent cliffs or cliffs elsewhere along the coast. Alluvium brought to the shore by rivers. Beaches (2) On low, open shores an exposed beach typically has several distinct elements: A rather gently sloping foreshore (lowest tide to the average high-tide level). A berm (bench formed of sediment deposited by waves). The backshore (from the berm to the farthest point reached by surf).
21 Figure Rocky (Cliffed) Coasts The usual elements of a cliffed coast due to erosion are: A wave-cut cliff, which may have a welldeveloped notch at its base. A wave-cut bench, a platform cut across bedrock by surf. A beach, the result of deposition. Other erosional features associated with cliffed coasts are sea caves, sea arches, and stacks. Figure 18.18
22 Factors Affecting The Shore Profile (1) Through erosion and the creation, transport, and deposition of sediment, the form of a coast changes, often slowly but sometimes very rapidly. During storms, the increased energy in the surf erodes the exposed part of a beach and makes it narrower. Factors Affecting The Shore Profile (2) In calm weather, the exposed beach is likely to receive more sediment than it loses and therefore becomes wider. Storminess may be seasonal, resulting in seasonal changes in beach profiles. Winter storm surf tends to carry away fine sediment, and the remaining coarse fraction assumes a steep profile. Major Coastal Deposits And Landforms Marine deltas are a compromise between the rate at which a river delivers sediment at its mouth and the ability of currents and waves to erode sediment along the delta front.
23 Figure Major Coastal Deposits And Landforms (2) A spit is an elongated ridge of sand or gravel that projects from land and ends in open water. It is merely a continuation of a beach. It is built of sediment moved by longshore drift and dropped at the mouth of a bay. Major Coastal Deposits And Landforms (3) The free end curves landward in response to currents created by refraction as waves enter the bay. A spit-like ridge of sand or gravel that connects an island to the mainland or to another island, called a tombolo. A ridge of sand or gravel may be built across the mouth of a bay to form a bay barrier.
24 Figure Major Coastal Deposits And Landforms (4) Beach ridges are low sandy bars parallel to the coast. A barrier islands is a long narrow sandy island lying offshore and parallel to a coast. An elongate bay lying inshore from a barrier island or strip of land such as coral reef is called a lagoon. Figure 18.24B
25 Major Coastal Deposits And Landforms (5) Organic reefs and atolls: A fringing reef is either attached to or closely borders the adjacent land (no lagoon). A barrier reef is separated from the land by a lagoon that may be of considerable length and width. Great Barrier Reef off Queensland, Australia. An atoll, a roughly circular coral reef enclosing a shallow lagoon, is formed when a tropical volcanic island with a fringing reef slowly subsides. Figure How Coasts Evolve (1) The configuration of coasts depends largely on: The structure and erodibility of coastal rocks. The active geologic processes at work. The length of time over which these processes have operated. The history of world sea-level fluctuations.
26 How Coasts Evolve (2) Types of coasts: Most of the Pacific coast of North America is steep and rocky. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts traverse a broad coastal plain that slopes gently seaward and are festooned with barrier islands. The result is an embayed, rocky, coastline that shows the effects of both: Differential glacial erosion. Drowning of the land by the most recent sea-level rise. How Coasts Evolve (3) Where rocks of different erodibilities are exposed along a coast, marine erosion is strongly controlled by rock type and structure. Coasts of Norway, Ireland, and Croatia. Geographic Influences on Coastal Processes Coasts lying at latitudes between about 45 and 60 0 are subjected to higher-than-average storm waves generated by strong westerly winds. Subtropical east-facing coasts are subjected to infrequent but often disastrous hurricanes (called typhoons west of the 180th meridian). Sea ice is an effective agent of coastal erosion in the polar regions.
27 Changing Sea Level Sea level fluctuates: Daily as a result of tidal forces. Over much longer time scales as a result of: Changes in the volume of water in the oceans as continental glaciers wax and wane. The motions of lithospheric plates that cause the volume of the ocean basins to change. Sea level fluctuations, on geologic time scales, contribute importantly to the evolution of the world s coasts. Figure Submergence: Relative Rise of Sea Level Nearly all coasts have experienced submergence, a rise of water level that accompanies the most recent deglaciation. Most larges estuaries, for example, are former river valleys that were drowned by the recent sea-level rise.
28 Figure Emergence: Relative Fall of Sea Level Many marine beaches, spits, and barriers exist from Virginia to Florida. The highest reaches an altitude of more than 30 m. These landforms are related to a combination of broad up-arching of the crust, as well as submergence. Sea-Level Cycles (1) Many coastal and off-shore features date to times when relative sea level was either higher or lower than now. The major rises and falls of sea level are global movements. By contrast, uplift and subsidence of the land, which cause emergence or submergence along a coast, involve only parts of landmasses.
29 Figure Sea-Level Cycles (2) Movements of land and sea level may occur simultaneously, in either the same or opposite directions. Unraveling the history of sea-level fluctuations along a coast can be difficult and challenging. Coastal Hazards: Storms Storms cause infrequent bursts of rapid erosion. Atlantic hurricanes can be exceptionally devastating.
30 Coastal Hazards: Tsunamis A strong earthquake, landslide, or volcanic eruption can generate a potentially dangerous tsunami (a seismic sea wave). It can travel at a rate as high as 950 km/h. It has long wavelength up to 200 km. It can pile up rapidly to heights of 30 m. Figure Figure 18.32
31 Coastal Hazards: Landslides Cliffed shorelines are susceptible to frequent landsliding as erosion eats away at the base of a seacliff. Sometimes landslides on cliffed shorelines give rise to giant waves that are even more destructive than the slides themselves. Very large waves have also been produced by massive coastal landslides during earthquakes. Protection Against Shoreline Erosion (1) Seacliffs can be protected by: An armor consisting of tightly packed boulders so large that they can withstand the onslaught of storm waves. A strong seawall built parallel to the shore. Protection Against Shoreline Erosion (2) Protection of beaches: A breakwater is an offshore barrier designed to protect a beach or boat anchorages from incoming waves. A groin is a low wall built out into the water at a right angle to the shoreline. Another way of protecting an eroding beach is to haul in sand and pile it on the beach at the updrift end.
32 Effects of Human Interference Dams trap the sand and gravel carried by the streams, thus preventing the sediment from reaching the sea. Large resort developments may interfere with the steady state that had existed among the supply of sediment to the coast, longshore current and beach drift, and deposition of sediment on beaches. Ocean Circulation And The Carbon Cycle (1) Photosynthesizing marine organisms exchange dissolved CO 2 for dissolved O 2 in surface waters. A wide variety of organisms draw bicarbonate anions out of seawater to form calcium carbonate shells. Calcium carbonate accumulates on the seafloor if it is shallower than about 4 kilometers. In greater depths, the calcite tends to dissolve. Ocean Circulation And The Carbon Cycle (2) Cold O 2 -rich water sinks into the deep ocean from the surface waters of the North Atlantic and offshore Antarctica. Unusual depositional conditions are common when an ocean basin initially opens, and in its last stages of closure.
33 Ocean Circulation And The Carbon Cycle (3) If evaporation dominates the regional climate, salinity increases in small semi-isolated ocean basins. Evaporite deposits can form if the connection to the world s oceans is broken by tectonic activity or by a drop in sea level. Ocean Circulation And The Carbon Cycle (4) Geologists have estimated that the Mediterranean would evaporate completely in only 1000 years if the Straits of Gibraltar were blocked. Thick salt deposits beneath the Mediterranean seafloor tell us that it dried out as many as 40 times between 5 and 7 million years ago.
The Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions.
More informationThe Coast: Beaches and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10
The Coast: es and Shoreline Processes Trujillo & Thurman, Chapter 10 Oceanography 101 Chapter Objectives Recognize the various landforms characteristic of beaches and coastal regions. Identify seasonal
More informationChapter 17. Ocean and Coastal Processes
Chapter 17 Ocean and Coastal Processes Ocean Basins and Plates Ocean Basins Ocean Basins are profoundly different from the continents. Ocean crust is thin and dense and young. New ocean crust is generated
More informationOcean and Coastal Processes. Ocean Basins. Chapter 20. Ocean Basins and Plates. Ocean Terms. Sea Arch Bay-mouth Bar Spit Tombolo Coast.
Chapter 20 Ocean Basins and Plates Ocean and Coastal Processes Tide Wave Height Length Period Base Refraction Tsunami Beach Sea stack Ocean Terms Sea Arch Bay-mouth Bar Spit Tombolo Coast Emergent Submergent
More informationGeol 117 Lecture 18 Beaches & Coastlines. I. Types of Coastlines A. Definition:
I. Types of Coastlines A. Definition: 1. Shore = narrow zone where ocean meets land (e.g. beach) 2. Coast is a broad area where both ocean and land processes act a. Includes onshore marshes, dunes, sea
More informationThe Marine Environment
The Marine Environment SECTION 16.1 Shoreline Features In your textbook, read about erosional landforms, beaches, estuaries, longshore currents, and rip currents. For each statement below, write or. 1.
More informationOceanography. Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans.
Oceanography Oceanography is the study of the deep sea and shallow coastal oceans. Studying the Ocean Floor To determine the shape and composition of the ocean floor, scientists use techniques such as
More informationThe Marine Environment
The Marine Environment SECTION 16.1 Shoreline Features In your textbook, read about erosional landforms, beaches, estuaries, longshore currents, and rip currents. For each statement below, write true or
More information1 Earth s Oceans. TAKE A LOOK 2. Identify What are the five main oceans?
CHAPTER 13 1 Earth s Oceans SECTION Exploring the Oceans BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What affects the salinity of ocean water? What affects
More informationThe surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are
11.1 Ocean Basins The surface of the ocean floor is as varied as the land. The five major oceans, from largest to smallest, are w the Pacific w the Atlantic w the Indian w the Southern w the Arctic The
More informationSupplemental Slides. Shore: Junction of Land & Water. Junction of Land & Water. Sea Level Variations. Shore vs. Coast. Sea Level Variations
Shore: Junction of Land & Water Supplemental Slides Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents Junction of Land & Water Features: Breaking waves,
More informationShore: Junction of Land & Water. Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents
Shore: Junction of Land & Water Supplemental Slides Sediments come off land Most get dumped at the beach Sediment interacts with ocean waves and currents Junction of Land & Water Features: Breaking waves,
More informationSection 2.1 Ocean Basins. - Has helped determine where ocean basins are located. - Tectonic plates move changing the position of the continents.
Science 8 Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2: Oceans Control the Water Cycle Section 2.1 Ocean Basins Oceans are important because: 1. Primary water source for the water cycle 2. Control weather
More information1 Shoreline Landforms 2. 2 Emergent v. Submergent 2. 3 Wavecutting 3. 4 Planview 4. 5 Marine Terraces 5. 6 California 7. 7 Tombolos, Sea Stacks 8
Shorelines November 9, 2008 Contents 1 Shoreline Landforms 2 2 Emergent v. Submergent 2 3 Wavecutting 3 4 Planview 4 5 Marine Terraces 5 6 California 7 7 Tombolos, Sea Stacks 8 8 Active Processes 9 9 Emergence
More informationUnit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2
Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2 Create a mind map with the driving question, Why are Oceans Important? Remember: Why are oceans so important? Why are oceans so important? Primary water source
More informationPhysical Oceanography
Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. e b c d a Column A 1. German
More informationIn 1990, 50% of the U.S. population lived within 75 km of a coast. By 2010, 75% of the U.S. population will live within 75 km of a coast.
In 1990, 50% of the U.S. population lived within 75 km of a coast. By 2010, 75% of the U.S. population will live within 75 km of a coast. High Tech Methods for Surveying the Deep Sea Floor Fig. 20.18 1
More information1. Oceans. Example 2. oxygen.
1. Oceans a) Basic facts: There are five oceans on earth, making up about 72% of the planet s surface and holding 97% of the hydrosphere. Oceans supply the planet with most of its oxygen, play a vital
More informationScience 8 - Water Systems Test - Chapters 1-2
Science 8 - Water Systems Test - Chapters 1-2 Multiple Choice (30 marks) Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What percentage represents the amount of fresh
More informationGrade 8 Science. Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2
Grade 8 Science Unit 1: Water Systems on Earth Chapter 2 Oceans are important... 1. Primary water source for the water cycle 2. Control weather 3. Support diverse life 4. Provides humans with food, minerals,
More informationWHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF? LITHOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE
UNIT 8 WHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF? LITHOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH... 2 2 THE FORMATION OF THE RELIEF: INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCES.... 2 2.1 Internal forces:
More informationUNIT 1: WATER SYSTEMS ON EARTH CHAPTER 2: OCEANS CONTROL THE WATER CYCLE
UNIT 1: WATER SYSTEMS ON EARTH CHAPTER 2: OCEANS CONTROL THE WATER CYCLE ORIGINS OF OCEAN WATER OCEANS HAVE FILLED OVER HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS SCIENTISTS BELIEVE THE OCEANS ARE MORE THAN 3 BILLION
More informationObjectives. Vocabulary
Shoreline Features Objectives Explain how shoreline features are formed and modified by marine processes. Describe the major erosional and depositional shoreline features. Vocabulary wave refraction beach
More informationPhysical Oceanography
Physical Oceanography SECTION 15.1 The Oceans In your textbook, read about modern oceanography. For each item in Column A, write the letter of the matching item in Column B. Column A 1. German research
More informationOceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface
Oceanography Oceanography is the scientific study of oceans Oceans make up over 70% of the Earth s surface An ocean must be large and have features which set it apart from other oceans (currents, water
More informationUnit 8 Test Review -- Oceanography
Unit 8 Test Review -- Oceanography Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. D 1. A large body of saline water that may be surrounded by land is a(n)
More informationSurface Circulation Ocean current Surface Currents:
All Write Round Robin G1. What makes up the ocean water? G2. What is the source of the salt found in ocean water? G3. How does the water temperature affect the density of ocean water? G4. How does the
More informationOceans I Notes. Oceanography
Oceans I Notes Outlines on the front table Oceanography the science of our oceans that mixes biology, geology, chemistry, and physics (among other sciences) to unravel the mysteries of our seas. Divisions
More informationWhat is weathering and how does it change Earth s surface? Answer the question using
7 th Grade Lesson What is weathering and how does it change Earth s surface? Answer the question using the sentence frame. You have 4 minutes. Weathering is. This changes the Earth s surface because. 1
More informationARE YOU READY TO THINK? Look at the first slide THINK PAIR SHARE!
ARE YOU READY TO THINK? Look at the first slide THINK PAIR SHARE! WHAT PROMINENT FEATURE CAN YOU IDENTIFY IN THIS PICTURE? What do you think the different colors represent? Who might find such a picture
More informationSalt Water. Copyright 2012 LessonSnips
Salt Water Humans need salt in their diet to achieve stable body chemistry. As Americans who frequently eat in fast food restaurants, our problem is ingesting more salt than needed rather than getting
More informationEarth Science Lesson Plan Quarter 2, Week 10, Day 1
Earth Science Lesson Plan Quarter 2, Week 10, Day 1 Outcomes for Today Standard Focus: PREPARE 1. Background knowledge necessary for today s reading. Beaches are created by the actions of waves, tides,
More informationFoundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa
Foundations of Earth Science, 6e Lutgens, Tarbuck, & Tasa Oceans: The Last Frontier Foundations, 6e - Chapter 9 Stan Hatfield Southwestern Illinois College The vast world ocean Earth is often referred
More information4. The map below shows a meandering stream. Points A, B, C, and D represent locations along the stream bottom.
1. Sediment is deposited as a river enters a lake because the A) velocity of the river decreases B) force of gravity decreases C) volume of water increases D) slope of the river increases 2. Which diagram
More information4. In areas where tectonic plates collide, the seafloor has deep. 5. In areas where tectonic plates separate, the seafloor has mid- ocean
Name Date Hour Table Chapter 14 Lesson One- General Directions: Use the word bank below to complete each statement. NOT all terms are used. abyssal plains brackish water condensation energy freshwater
More information1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition
CHAPTER 12 1 Shoreline Erosion and Deposition SECTION Agents of Erosion and Deposition BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is a shoreline? How
More informationOceanography Quiz 2. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Oceanography Quiz 2 Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. The highest and lowest tides are known as the spring tides. When do these occur? a.
More informationThe Ocean Floor THE VAST WORLD OCEAN
OCEANOGRAPHY Name Color all water LIGHT BLUE. Color all land LIGHT GREEN. Label the 5 Oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, Antarctic. Label the 7 Continents: N.America, S.America, Europe, Asia, Africa,
More information6th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items S6E3c.
Composition 6th Grade Science Sample Assessment Items Ocean water differs from freshwater in that it has. A. a lower temperature B. a higher temperature C. a higher concentration of silicon dioxide D.
More informationHow do glaciers form?
Glaciers What is a Glacier? A large mass of moving ice that exists year round is called a glacier. Glaciers are formed when snowfall exceeds snow melt year after year Snow and ice remain on the ground
More informationDepositional Environment
Depositional Environment Sedimentary depositional environment describes the combination of physical, chemical and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment. Types
More informationDirected Reading. Section: Ocean Currents. a(n). FACTORS THAT AFFECT SURFACE CURRENTS
Skills Worksheet Directed Reading Section: Ocean Currents 1 A horizontal movement of water in a well-defined pattern is called a(n) 2 What are two ways that oceanographers identify ocean currents? 3 What
More informationSmall area of the ocean that is partially surrounded by land. The Ocean Basins. Three Major Oceans. Three Major Oceans. What is a SEA?
The Ocean Basins How Deep is the Ocean? 1 2 Three Major Oceans Three Major Oceans Pacific Atlantic the shallowest ocean (3.3km average depth) Indian second shallowest ocean (3.8km average depth) Pacific
More informationwater erosion lithosphere Describe the process of erosion and deposition. chemical weathering Dissolving limestone is an example of.
At one time, there was one large island off the coast of Mississippi and now it is two separate islands. What caused the island to be split into two? water erosion The crust and the top part of the upper
More informationLab 7: Sedimentary Structures
Name: Lab 7: Sedimentary Structures Sedimentary rocks account for a negligibly small fraction of Earth s mass, yet they are commonly encountered because the processes that form them are ubiquitous in the
More informationUnderstanding Oceans, Gulfs & Tides
SCS-2005-13 Water and Me Series Understanding s, Gulfs & Tides Monty C. Dozier Assistant Professor and Extension Water Resources Specialist The dictionary defines the ocean as the whole body of saltwater
More informationQuestion: What is the primary reason for the great abundance of fish along the Peruvian coast?
Buzzer Question # 1 Question Type: toss-up Question Format: Multiple Choice Category: Biology What is the primary reason for the great abundance of fish along the Peruvian coast? Answer W: upwelling Answer
More informationErosion and Deposition
CHAPTER 3 LESSON 2 Erosion and Deposition Landforms Shaped by Water and Wind Key Concepts What are the stages of stream development? How do water erosion and deposition change Earth s surface? How do wind
More informationChapter 16. Oceans, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes
Chapter 16 Oceans, Shorelines, and Shoreline Processes Introduction Oceans and seas cover 71% of the Earth's surface. Geologic evidence indicates that the Earth has had oceans for at least 3.5 billion
More informationChapter 1 Section 2. Land, Water, and Climate
Chapter 1 Section 2 Land, Water, and Climate Vocabulary 1. Landforms- natural features of the Earth s land surface 2. Elevation- height above sea level 3. Relief- changes in height 4. Core- most inner
More informationTAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology
Name Period Date TAKE HOME EXAM 8R - Geology PART 1 - Multiple Choice 1. A volcanic cone made up of alternating layers of lava and rock particles is a cone. a. cinder b. lava c. shield d. composite 2.
More informationWeather & Ocean Currents
Weather & Ocean Currents Earth is heated unevenly Causes: Earth is round Earth is tilted on an axis Earth s orbit is eliptical Effects: Convection = vertical circular currents caused by temperature differences
More informationTopic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p ) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 WEATHERING
Topic 6: Weathering, Erosion and Erosional-Deposition Systems (workbook p. 95-125) Workbook Chapter 4, 5 THE BIG PICTURE: Weathering, erosion and deposition are processes that cause changes to rock material
More informationWhere is all the water?
Where is all the water? The distribution of water at the Earth's surface % of total Oceans 97.25 Ice caps and glaciers 2.05 Groundwater 0.68 Lakes 0.01 Soils 0.005 Atmosphere (as vapour) 0.001 Rivers 0.0001
More informationEROSION AND DEPOSITION
CHAPTER 8 EROSION AND DEPOSITION SECTION 8 1 Changing Earth s Surface (pages 252-255) This section explains how sediment is carried away and deposited elsewhere to wear down and build up Earth s surface.
More informationTides. Tides are the slow, periodic vertical rise and fall of the ocean surface.
PART 2 Tides Tides are the slow, periodic vertical rise and fall of the ocean surface. Tide is a giant wave caused by gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun on the rotating Earth. The gravitational pull
More informationWhat are the different ways rocks can be weathered?
Romano - 223 What are the different ways rocks can be weathered? Weathering - the breakdown of rocks and minerals at the Earth s surface 1. 2. PHYSICAL WEATHERING Rock is broken into smaller pieces with
More informationAlmost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.
Earth s Oceans & Ocean Floor Date: Feelin Blue What are Earth s five main oceans? Almost of Earth is covered by water. On a map, the continents appear as huge islands surrounded by a vast global ocean.
More informationThe Dynamic Crust 2) 4) Which diagram represents the most probable result of these forces? 1)
1. The diagrams below show cross sections of exposed bedrock. Which cross section shows the least evidence of crustal movement? 1) 3) 4. The diagram below represents a section of the Earth's bedrock. The
More information14.2 Ocean Floor Features Mapping the Ocean Floor
14.2 Ocean Floor Features Mapping the Ocean Floor The ocean floor regions are the continental margins, the ocean basin floor, and the mid-ocean ridge. 14.2 Ocean Floor Features Continental Margins A continental
More informationChapter 9 Lecture Outline. Oceans: The Last Frontier
Chapter 9 Lecture Outline Oceans: The Last Frontier The Vast World Ocean Earth is referred to as the blue planet 71% of Earth s surface is oceans and marginal seas Continents and islands comprise the remaining
More informationLecture 3 questions Temperature, Salinity, Density and Circulation
Lecture 3 questions Temperature, Salinity, Density and Circulation (1) These are profiles of mean ocean temperature with depth at various locations in the ocean which in the following (a, b, c) figures
More informationcore mantle crust the center of the Earth the middle layer of the Earth made up of molten (melted) rock
core the center of the Earth mantle the middle layer of the Earth made up of molten (melted) rock crust the surface layer of the Earth that includes the continents and oceans 1 continental drift the theory
More informationChemistry 8 Chapter 7 Review Kinetic Molecular Theory 1. Define Mass The amount of matter in a substance or object.
Chemistry 8 Chapter 7 Review Kinetic Molecular Theory 1. Define Mass The amount of matter in a substance or object. 2. Define Volume The amount of space taken up by a substance or object. 3. What are the
More informationDay 3 Weathering and Erosion.notebook. October 02, Section 7.2. Erosion and Deposition. Objectives
Objectives Describe the relationship of gravity to all agents of erosion. Contrast the features left from different types of erosion. Analyze the impact of living and nonliving things on the processes
More informationWater percolating through hot lava dissolves soluble minerals containing chlorine, bromine and sulphur compounds
Figure 5 The sources of dissolved ions in sea water. Water falls as rain Compounds containing mainly calcium, magnesium, carbonate and silicate ions are leached from the soil Rivers carry ions in solution
More informationChapter 2 Geography. Getting to know Earth
Chapter 2 Geography Getting to know Earth Our Solar System Sun is at the center of our solar system Contains a lot of Mass» Mass gives the Sun gravitational pull» This keeps the planets in our solar system
More informationWeathering and Erosion
Have you ever looked at the land around you and wondered how it was shaped? The geologic features that help define the world are still being shaped by the natural processes of weathering, erosion, and
More informationObjective 3: Earth and Space Systems
Name Class Period: Objective 3: Earth and Space Systems 1. The diagram above shows the orbit of the moon around Earth. At which point in the moon s orbit will a person standing on Earth see a waxing crescent
More informationThe Ocean Floor Chapter 14. Essentials of Geology, 8e. Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College
The Ocean Floor Chapter 14 Essentials of Geology, 8e Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke Southwestern Illinois College The vast world ocean Earth is often referred to as the water planet 71% of Earth s surface
More informationCh 10 Deposition Practice Questions
1. Base your answer to the following question on the data table below. Six identical cylinders, A through F, were filled with equal volumes of sorted spherical particles. The data table shows the particle
More informationSocial Studies. Chapter 2 Canada s Physical Landscape
Social Studies Chapter 2 Canada s Physical Landscape Introduction Canada s geography its landforms and climate - has a great impact on Canadians sense of identity. Planet Earth The earth is divided into
More informationPage 1 of 9 Name: Base your answer to the question on the diagram below. The arrows show the direction in which sediment is being transported along the shoreline. A barrier beach has formed, creating a
More informationMost of Earth s surface water originated from outgassing of volcanoes. Icy comets bombarded early Earth, bringing with them frozen water
Most of Earth s surface water originated from outgassing of volcanoes. Where the water came from is still uncertain Carbonaceous chondrites contain water as hydrous minerals, suggesting some water originated
More informationRead Across America. Listen as I read for facts about Volcanoes. In the Shadow of the Volcano
Read Across America Listen as I read for facts about Volcanoes. In the Shadow of the Volcano Constructive & Destructive Processes Earth s surface is always changing. Blowing wind and flowing water causes
More informationBenchmark #: State Language: Student Friendly Language: The student models earth s cycles, constructive and
Science, Grade: 7 Mastery Check Benchmark #: 7.4.1.2 4 State Language: Student Friendly Language: The student models earth s cycles, constructive and I will be able to describe weathering, erosion, and
More informationChapter 2 Planet Earth
Chapter 2 Planet Earth Section Notes Earth and the Sun s Energy Water on Earth The Land Close-up The Water Cycle World Almanac Major Eruptions in the Ring of Fire Quick Facts Chapter 2 Visual Summary Video
More informationChapter 2. Wearing Down Landforms: Rivers and Ice. Physical Weathering
Chapter 2 Wearing Down Landforms: Rivers and Ice Physical Weathering Weathering vs. Erosion Weathering is the breakdown of rock and minerals. Erosion is a two fold process that starts with 1) breakdown
More informationAlfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later...
CHAPTER 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Plate Tectonics: summary in haiku form Alfred Wegener gave us Continental Drift. Fifty years later... Words Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics
More informationUnit 4 - Water. Earth s Interior. Earth s Interior. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Continental Drift. Crust. Mantle. Core.
Unit 4 - Water How did the oceans form? What special adaptations do saltwater organisms have? Where does our water come from? How do humans affect the Earth s water? Crust Rigid outer shell of Earth Oceanic
More informationCoastal Oceanography. Coastal Oceanography. Coastal Waters
Coastal Oceanography Coastal Oceanography 95% of ocean life is in coastal waters (320 km from shore) Estuaries and wetlands are among most productive ecosystems on Earth Major shipping routes, oil and
More informationChapter 2 Earth s Interlocking Systems pg The Earth and Its Forces pg
Chapter 2 Earth s Interlocking Systems pg. 24 55 2 1 The Earth and Its Forces pg. 27 33 Connecting to Your World and Internal Forces Shaping the Earth The Earth is unique in the solar system because it
More informationWhat type of land feature is located at Point A? A Cliff B Delta C Mountain D Valley
1 What type of land feature is located at Point A? A Cliff B Delta C Mountain D Valley Alfred Wegener s theory of continental drift was 2 not accepted by scientists when the theory was first proposed.
More informationEssentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition
Chapter Chapter 1 2 Clickers Lecture Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Alan P. Trujillo Harold V. Thurman Chapter Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics
More informationPhysical Geography A Living Planet
Physical Geography A Living Planet The geography and structure of the earth are continually being changed by internal forces, like plate tectonics, and external forces, like the weather. Iguaçu Falls at
More informationLecture Outlines PowerPoint. Chapter 13 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens
Lecture Outlines PowerPoint Chapter 13 Earth Science 11e Tarbuck/Lutgens 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors
More informationThe Official CA State Science Education Standards for Earth Science K 8
The Official CA State Science Education Standards for Earth Science K 8 Kindergarten The Earth is composed of land, air and water. As a basis for understanding this concept, students know: a. characteristics
More informationIntroduction to Oceanography. Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Overview
Introduction to Oceanography Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Overview Much evidence supports plate tectonics theory. The plate tectonics model describes features and processes on Earth. Plate tectonic science
More informationOcean Sciences 101 The Marine Environment OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM
OCEA 101 THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT MID-TERM EXAM Part I. Multiple Choice Questions. Choose the one best answer from the list, and write the letter legibly in the blank to the left of the question. 2 points
More informationGlobal Wind Patterns
Name: Earth Science: Date: Period: Global Wind Patterns 1. Which factor causes global wind patterns? a. changes in the distance between Earth and the Moon b. unequal heating of Earth s surface by the Sun
More information1/6/ th Grade Earth s Surface. Chapter 3: Erosion and Deposition. Lesson 1 (Mass Movement)
Lesson 1 (Mass Movement) 7 th Grade Earth s Surface Chapter 3: Erosion and Deposition Weathering the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth s surface Mechanical weathering when rock
More informationPotential short answer questions: What is Pangea? Describe at least 4 pieces of evidence that led Wegener to suggest the theory of Continental Drift.
6th Grade Earth Science Fall Semester Mid-Term Study Guide The mid-term may include: 4 short answer questions,1-2 sketches to draw and/or label, 4 partially filled charts which you should complete, 30
More informationTHE EARTH S RELIEF SOCIAL SCIENCES 1º ESO
THE EARTH S RELIEF SOCIAL SCIENCES 1º ESO 1. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH The Earth is divided into layers: The crust is the surface layer. It is a thin, solid layer made of rock. The Earth s crust has a
More informationWeathering of Rocks. Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks
Weathering of Rocks Weathering - Breakdown of rocks into pieces (sediment) 2 main types of weathering to rocks Mechanical weathering requires physical forces to break rocks into smaller pieces. Chemical
More informationChapter 2: Physical Geography
Chapter 2: Physical Geography Pg. 39-68 Learning Goals for Chp2: q q q q q Explain how the Earth moves in space and why seasons change. Outline the factors that influence climate and recognize different
More informationSHORELINE AND BEACH PROCESSES: PART 2. Implications for Coastal Engineering
SHORELINE AND BEACH PROCESSES: PART 2 Implications for Coastal Engineering Objectives of the lecture: Part 2 Show examples of coastal engineering Discuss the practical difficulties of ocean engineering
More informationScience 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather
Science 1206 Chapter 1 - Inquiring about Weather 1.1 - The Atmosphere: Energy Transfer and Properties (pp. 10-25) Weather and the Atmosphere weather the physical conditions of the atmosphere at a specific
More informationA) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge?
1. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C)
More informationErosion and Deposition
Erosion and Deposition Erosion Sediment natural forces move rock/soil from one place to another. gravity, water, wind, glaciers, waves are causes material moved by erosion Deposition when erosion lays
More informationChanging Earth s Surface
Name Date Class Changing Earth s Surface What processes wear down and build up Earth s surface? What causes the different types of mass movement? Erosion is the process by which natural forces move weathered
More information