The Geographic Grid. Latitude Lines (Parallels) North Pole 90 N 60 N 30 N 30 S 60 S 90 S. South Pole. Longitude Lines (Meridians)

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1 The Geographic Grid Latitude Lines (Parallels) North Pole 9N 6N 3N Equator outh Pole Longitude Lines (Meridians) North Pole 18 15W 15E 12W 12E Prime Meridian 9W 9E 6W 6E 3W North Pole 3E Northern Hemisphere Equator outhern Hemisphere outh Pole Eastern Hemisphere Western Hemisphere

2 As the satellite orbits the earth, a scanner constantly records data from the earth s surface. The first step in mapmaking is collecting data. Remote sensors gather information for constructing maps. Instruments measure invisible electromagnetic waves emitted by each object on earth. Because these waves are unique for every object, computers can analyze and identify them. Code Pixels The data collected is converted first to code and then to pixels electronic dots. Computer software then converts the pixels into usable images. Image

Lithosphere 30 90 miles thick Asthenosphere 400 miles thick Continent Continental Crust

3 Ocean Crust Lithosphere The earth is made up of the core, the mantle, and the crust. Asthenosphere Mantle Crust miles thick Upper Mantle approximately 500 miles thick Lithosphere miles thick Asthenosphere 400 miles thick Continent Continental Crust Oceanic Crust Lower Mantle 1,300 miles thick Outer Core 1,380 miles thick Iron Core 760 mile radius

The Hydrologic Cycle A total of approximately 119,000 cubic miles of water evaporates into the atmosphere every year and returns as precipitation rain or snow.

4 The Hydrologic Cycle A total of approximately 119,000 cubic miles of water evaporates into the atmosphere every year and returns as precipitation rain or snow. Evaporation from the land pumps 17,000 cubic miles of water into the atmosphere every year. The water evaporates from the land itself and from plants. ome water flows into the underground water table. Evaporation from the oceans and other bodies of water sends 102,000 cubic miles of water into the atmosphere.

Tectonic s Eurasian Juan de Fuca North American Eurasian Iran Turkish-Aegean Philippine Pacific Cocos Caribbean Mid-Atlantic Ridge Arabian African Indo-Australian

5 Tectonic s Eurasian Juan de Fuca North American Eurasian Iran Turkish-Aegean Philippine Pacific Cocos Caribbean Mid-Atlantic Ridge Arabian African Indo-Australian Nazca outh American A n t a r c t i c P l a t e cotia 0 1,500 3,000 miles Ring of fire Direction of plate movement 0 1,500 3,000 kilometers Carree Projection boundary

easons: Northern Hemisphere The seasons are related to the earth s tilt and revolution. ome locations receive more direct sun rays because of the earth s tilt.

6 easons: Northern Hemisphere The seasons are related to the earth s tilt and revolution. ome locations receive more direct sun rays because of the earth s tilt. Vernal (pring) Equinox about March 21 Equator N Tropic of Cancer N Winter olstice December 22 or 23 N un N ummer olstice June 21 or 22 Autumnal Equinox about eptember 23 Equator Tropic of Capricorn

7 15W 12W 3E 9E 12E 15E ARCTIC Arctic Circle 6N 3N 3N Tropic of Cancer PACIFIC ATLANTIC PACIFIC Equator Equator INDIAN Tropical rain forest Tropic of Capricorn Tropical grassland 3 Desert and dry shrub Temperate grassland Mediterranean shrub 6 6 Deciduous and mixed forest Antarctic Circle Coniferous forest Tundra 15W 12W 9W 6W 3W 3E 6E 9E 12E 15E Robinson Projection Highland Icecap FORETLAND Forest regions are categorized by the types of trees they support broadleaf or needleleaf. Broadleaf trees,such as maple,oak, birch, and cottonwood, are also called deciduous trees.the rain forest i s located in the tropical zone and is covered with a heavy concentration of broadleaf trees. In the tropical rain forest region, some broadleaf trees stay green all year. In the deciduous region, trees shed their leaves at least once during the year.this region is located almost exclusively in the Northern Hemisphere. ometimes deciduous trees are mixed with needleleaf trees,such as pine,fir,and cedar,to form a mixed forest region. Needleleaf trees are also called coniferous trees because they are cone bearing.they are found in huge stands in northern regions of North America, Asia, and Europe. GRALAND Grasslands, mostly flat regions dotted with a few trees,are called by different terms. In the tropical grassland region, the flat, grassy, mostly treeless plains are called savanna. In the Northern Hemisphere,the terms steppe or prairie are used to identify temperate grasslands.vast areas of Eurasia are covered with steppe. In the outhern Hemisphere, the temperate grasslands may be referred to as pampas. DEERT AND TUNDRA The plants that live in these extreme climates are specially adapted to tolerate the dry or cold conditions. In the tundra, plants that hug the ground, such as mosses and lichen, are best adapted to survive the cold dry climate. In the desert, plants that can conserve water and withstand heat, such as cacti, sagebrush, or other shrubs,dot the landscape. 66 C H A P T E R 3 eeing Patterns tudy the map above. What patterns do you see in the relationship of forestlands to grasslands?

8 ociety and the Individual Tribe A tribe is made of clans. Clan 1 Clan 2 Clan 3 Clan 4 The clans within the tribe share a world view. Clan A clan is made of families. Family 1 Family 2 Family 3 The families within the clan share language and religion. Family A family is made of individuals. Individual The individuals within the family share daily practices. As a member of different divisions of a society, an individual learns its culture.

9 U.. Population Pyramids, 2000 and 2050 A population pyramid presents a quick picture of a country s population distribution by age and sex. The effects of events in society can also be seen. Notice that in the year 2000 pyramid there is a bulge between ages 35 to 49. This reflects the baby boom generation born after World War II. Females United tates: 2000 Age United tates: 2050 (projected) Males Females Age Males Population (in millions) Population (in millions) OURCE: U.. Census Bureau

Political Geography of the Korean Peninsula 116 E 118 E 12E 122 E 124 E 126 E 128 E 13E 132 E 134 E The Yalu Jiang River is a natural boundary between North Korea and China.

Their relative location gives them access to mainland China and to Japan.

10 Political Geography of the Korean Peninsula 116 E 118 E 12E 122 E 124 E 126 E 128 E 13E 132 E 134 E The Yalu Jiang River is a natural boundary between North Korea and China. The artificial boundary between North and outh Korea was a result of an agreement ending the Korean War. The Korean Peninsula is divided into two small and compact nations. Their relative location gives them access to mainland China and to Japan. C H I N A Yellow henyang Korea Bay ea Geographic Characteristics of Nations Yalu inuiju Pyongyang Korea Three geographic characteristics are very important in describing a 0 country.these characteristics are: 1) size,2) shape,and 3) relative location. The combination of these characteristics makes each nation unique. By looking at the map above,you will see how these character- Jiang Kaesong Inchon NORTH KOREA Chongju Taejon eoul Kwangju Wonsan Panmunjom Hamhuag OUTH KOREA Taegu Pusan trait Chongjin Kimch'aek W N E 42 N 4N ea of 38 N Japan 36 N JAPAN 34 N miles kilometers Lambert Conformal Conic Projection

11 Population Distribution The billions of people in the world are not distributed equally across the earth. ome lands are not suitable for human habitation. In fact, almost 90 percent of the world s population lives in the Northern Hemisphere. One in four people in the world lives in East Asia, and one of every two people lives in either East Asia or outh Asia. everal factors,including climate,altitude,and access to water,influence where people live. HABITABLE LAND Almost two-thirds of the world s population lives in the zone between 2 N and 6N latitude. ome of the lands in this zone have suitable climate and vegetation for dense human habitation. They are warm enough and wet enough to make agriculture possible. In addition, populations are concentrated along coastal regions and river valleys.the lightly populated areas are in polar regions,heavily mountainous regions,and desert regions. URBAN RURAL MIX Currently,more than half of the world s popula- tion lives in rural areas,but that number is changing rapidly. More people are moving into cities particularly cities with populations of more than one million people.tw enty-six giant cities,called megacities,are home to a total of more than 250 million people.the largest of these is Tokyo,with more than 28 million inhabitants.these huge cities struggle with overcrowded conditions and immense demand for water and sanitation. You ll learn more about cities and their populations in the Urban Geography section of this chapter. eeing Patterns Why are populations concentrated along coastal regions and river valleys? B. Answer The locations provide food and transportation. ARCTIC Arctic Circle 6N New York Los Angeles Beijing 3N ATLANTIC Mexico City Mumbai Lagos Equator PACIFIC INDIAN Tropic of Capricorn ão Paulo 3 Buenos Aires Persons per sq mi Over Persons per sq km Over City with population over 12 million 80 C H A P T E R 4 Tokyo hanghai Calcutta Tropic of Cancer eoul Antarctic Circle 15W 12W Robinson Projection 9W 6W 3W 3E 6E 9E 12E 15E PACIFIC

12 Making a pencil brings together economic activities and natural resources from around the world. The gathering of the raw materials (primary activity), transforming them into a pencil (secondary activity), and selling the pencil to you (tertiary activity) happen in different parts of the globe. Brass eraser holder is made from copper and zinc. NORTH AMERICA EUROPE Pigment in the enamel paint is made from mineral powders. Eraser is made from rubber hardened with sulfur. C Pencil factory P AIA hips Pencil lead is a mixture of graphite and clay. G C P C Petroleum Pumice ulfur Clay inc OUTH AMERICA hip registration AFRICA G Cedar wood is shaped with steel tools made from iron ore. G Graphite Copper Cedar logs AUTRALIA Iron Rubber

World Geography Chapter 3

World Geography Chapter 3 Section 1 A. Introduction a. Weather b. Climate c. Both weather and climate are influenced by i. direct sunlight. ii. iii. iv. the features of the earth s surface. B. The Greenhouse