9/19/2018. Dr. Hoch. RGPL 103 Global Cities: Planning and Development.

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1 Dr. Hoch RGPL 103 Global Cities: Planning and Development Dr. Hoch 1

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3 Earth s Orbit Around Sun Aphelion July 6 (12:00) Perihelion Jan 3 (00:00) EARTH Million Km Mil. Km SUN Dates for 2010 Earth Rotation Earth s axis N Pole Ecliptic Plane (Plane of earth revolution around sun) 23 1/2 3

4 Northern Hemisphere Seasons Summer North pole tilted toward Sun Days are longer than the nights Get more energy - higher temperatures Fall Neither pole tilted toward the Sun Days about equal with nights Less energy than in the summer Cooler temperatures Northern Hemisphere Seasons cont. Winter North pole tilted away from the Sun Days shorter than the nights Get less energy-cold temperatures Spring Neither pole tilted toward the Sun Days about equal to nights More energy than winter- Warmer temperatures 4

5 Global regions Tropics (23 ½ N 23 ½ S) Low latitudes (30 N 30 S) Mid latitudes (30 N 60 N and 30 S 60 S ) High latitudes (60 N 90 N and 60 S 90 S ) 5

6 Key positional relationships Tropic of Cancer /2 N Highest latitude in the Northern Hemisphere that the suns vertical rays ever reach Tropic of Capricorn- 23 1/2 S Highest latitude in the Southern Hemisphere that the suns vertical rays ever reach Arctic circle- 66 1/2 N 24 hrs of daylight-summer solstice 24 hrs of darkness at winter solstice Antarctic circle- 66 1/2 S 24 hrs of daylight-winter solstice 24 hrs of darkness at summer solstice Circle of illumination 6

7 Equinoxes and Solstices (2010) Day Date Sub solar Point Summer solstice June /2 N Autumnal equinox Sept 23 0 Winter solstice Dec /2 S Vernal equinox March 20 0 Equinox 7

8 Solstices Solar Heating 1 Earth 3 = 33.3% SUN 1 1 = 100% Higher latitudes get LESS ENERGY per unit of area 8

9 Most of the Sun s Energy is Received in the Equatorial Region of the Earth Global scale circulation system The equatorial and tropical regions receive far more solar energy than the midlatitudes and polar regions This heat energy is redistributed from warmer to colder areas by means of atmospheric air circulation (60%) and ocean currents (40%) 9

10 Hypothetical non rotating earth circulation Idealized global circulation 10

11 The global circulation model Consists of three cells 1) Tropical cell 2) Midlatitude cell 3) Polar cell Midlatitude and subtropical jet streams 11

12 Cross sectional view of jet streams BLUE arrows and lines represent areas or fronts of HIGH pressure and rotate clockwise RED arrows and lines represent areas or fronts of LOW pressure and rotate counter-clockwise Cyclic changes in upper air flow 12

13 ITCZ World Map The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) 13

14 The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms, is the area encircling Earth near the Equator, where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge The location of the ITCZ gradually varies with the seasons, roughly corresponding with the location of the thermal equator As the heat capacity of the oceans is greater than air over land, migration is more prominent over land Over the oceans, where the convergence zone is better defined, the seasonal cycle is more subtle, as the convection is constrained by the distribution of ocean temperatures Worldwide Rainforest Depletion Reported in 2012, more than 200,000 acres of rainforest are burned every day That is more than 150 acres lost every minute of every day, or 78 million acres lost every year More than 20 percent of the Amazon rainforest is already gone More is severely threatened as he destruction continues 14

15 Rainforests also help to stabilize Earth's climate They absorb carbon dioxide The reduce the effects of worldwide anthropogenic climate change They also home to about half of the species of plants and wildlife on the planet Tropic Of Cancer South East Asia Rain Forest Amazon Basin Rain Forest Tropic Of Capricorn Congo Basin Rain Forest deforestation could disrupt rainfall globally/ 15

16 Where is the world s population? Roughly 88 percent of the world s population lives in the Northern Hemisphere, with about half north of 27 degrees north Taking the northern and southern hemispheres together, on average the world s population lives 24 degrees from the equator Bill Rankin CIA Factbook (2001) 16

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20 Global Population Currently estimated to be 6,870,100,000 The highest growth rate observed was during the 1950s, 60s and 70s, peaking in 1963 at 2.2% US Census Bureau Projections show a steady decline in population growth rate UN projections show a rise in growth rate US Census Bureau Total Global Population United Nations Developing vs. Developed

21 The World s most Populated City Regions Rank Metropolitan area Country Population 1 Tokyo Japan 32,450,000 2 Seoul South Korea 20,550,000 3 Mexico City Mexico 20,450,000 4 New York City United States 19,750,000 5 Mumbai India 19,200,000 6 Jakarta Indonesia 18,900,000 7 São Paulo Brazil 18,850,000 8 Delhi India 18,600,000 9 Osaka Kobe Kyoto Japan 17,375, Shanghai People's Republic of China 16,650,000 Trends in population growth in Developing World The world s human population has increased nearly fourfold in the past 100 years Each day 200,000 more people are added to the world food demand It is projected to increase from 6.7 billion (2006) to 9.2 billion by 2050 It took only 12 years for the last billion to be added, a net increase of nearly 230,000 new people each day, who will need housing, food and other natural resources The largest population increase is projected to occur in Asia, particularly in China, India and Southeast Asia, accounting for about 60% and more of the world s population by 2050 The rate of population growth, however, is still relatively high in Central America, and highest in Central and part of Western Africa. In relative numbers, Africa will experience the most rapid growth, over 70% faster than in Asia In sub Saharan Africa, the population is projected to increase from about 770 million to nearly 1.7 billion by 2050 UN population Division,

22 What is the cause of such population growth in Developing World? Intensified globalization Resulting in rapid urban industrial capitalism Clustering of producers and consumers results in urban agglomeration economies This process leads to greater productivity and technological innovation Thus, resulting in a snowball effect that stimulates urban industrial expansion While there are many positives, the negatives spill over creating societal challenges and environmental consequences The Earth at Night Man made light shining at night is used as a metric to measure the amount of urban development 22

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24 Central Place Theory Provides a conceptual mechanism for understanding the role of the city as a service center. 24

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31 USA Deforestation

32 Boston, 1903 USGS 32

33 Philadelphia 1898, USGS

34 Von Thunen s Concentric Zone Theory of urban development Tysons Corner, Fairfax County, VA 34

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