THE PHENOMENON WE CALL A TSUNAMI
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1 THE PHENOMENON WE CALL A TSUNAMI Dr. Victor Huérfano PUERTO RICO UNIVERSITY MAYAGUEZ CAMPUS GEOLOGY PUERTO RICO SEISMIC NETWORK
2 WHAT IS A TSUNAMI?
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5 Global Distribution of Tsunamis 1410 BC AD 2011 NOAA NGDC / ITIC NGDC - ITIC, 2011
6 THE PHYSICS of TSUNAMIS Two types of water waves Deep-water wave: when the depth of the ocean is larger than ½ of the wavelength. Shallow-water wave: when the depth is smaller than 1/20 of the wavelength. Tsunami is a shallowwater wave. How deep is the ocean? How long is a tsunami
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9 TSUNAMI SPEED IN DEEP WATER of depth d c = (gd) 1/2 g = 9.8 m/s 2 d = 4000 m c = 200 m/s = 720 km/hr = 450 m/hr Tsunami generated along fault, where sea floor displaced, and spreads outward Reached Puerto Rico in less than 1 hour (Local Field) Tsunami wave propagation characteristics note that as water depth becomes smaller, waves slow down, become shorter wavelength, and have larger amplitude 500 mph 800km/hr 150 mph 250km/hr 60 mph 100km/hr mph 20-40km/hr
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11 Etapas en la Vida de un TSUNAMI
12 Etapas en la Vida de un TSUNAMI
13 Tsunami Intensity o Size of a tsunami based on the macroscopic observation of tsunami s effect on humans, objects, including various size of marine vessels and buildings o What factors control the disastrous effects of the tsunami? - humans, - effects on objects (e.g. vessels of variable size), - nature (e.g. ground erosion), - damage to buildings. Empirical correlation between the intensity K, introduced by Papadopoulos & Imamura (2001) and the quantities H and I introduced in formula by Shuto (1993) K H (m) I I-V <1.0 0 VI VII-VIII IX-X XI XII
14 Tsunami Intensity: Indian Ocean 2004 Observation points: 206
15 Tsunami Scales Type of Tsunami Analogy to Earthquake Scales Intensity Scales Sieberg [1927] primitive 6-point intensity scale early intensity scales - RF Ambraseys [1962] improved 6-point intensity scale improved intensity Scales - MS Shuto [2001] developed 6-point intensity scale developed intensity Scales -MM Papadopoulos & Imamura [2001] new 12-point intensity scale new EMS 92 and point intensity scale Magnitude Scales Imamura - Iida [40 s, 50 s & 60 s] primitive magnitude scale local Richter magnitude scale Soloviev [1970] primitive magnitude scale local Richter magnitude Abe [80 s & 90 s] magnitude scale surface-wave magnitude scale Murty - Loomis [1980] magnitude scale moment magnitude scale
16 Tsunami Generation Mostly caused by earthquakes, landslides or volcanic eruption underwater. Travels far and fast reaching many corners of the world. While in deep ocean, hardly detected by ships above due to small amplitude and large wavelength.
17 EARTHQUAKE Tsunami Generation
18 Geometry Size { R5: Strike = 122 Dip = 80 Rake = 90 Mw = 7.7 Tsunami Modeling
19 TSUNAMI DETECTION AND ALERT DISEMINATION PRSN VIRTUAL SEISMIC NETWORK IU: IRIS/USGS II : IRIS/IDA CU: USGS Caribbean PR: PRSN/PRSM, Puerto Rico UA: Aruba Meteorological Agency G : Geoscope GE: Geofone MO: Montserrat Volcano Observatory NA: KMNI Antilles DR: ISU Dominican Republic, UT UC: Colima University, Mexico SV: SNET, El Salvador NI: INETER, Nicaragua OV: OVSICORI, Costa Rica PA: Volcan Baru Network, Panama TR: West Indies Seismic Research Center CM: Colombian National Seismological Network CN: Canadian Seismic Network BL : Brazil Seismic Network MG: National Seismological Service of Mexico CY: Cayman Island
20 Current real time Sea Level/tsunami monitoring PRSN VIRTUAL TIDE NETWORK NOS: NOAA/National Ocean Service PRSN: Puerto Rico Seismic Network UHSLC: University of Hawaii/Sea Level Center IPGP: Institut de Physique du Globe UNESCO
21 WC/ATWC ISC DMC IDA UNAVCO ASL NEIC NOAA PTWC REGIONAL NETWORKS
22 Overview of Tsunami Forecasting Earthquake! Data network Model & data assimilation Tsunami forecast guidance
23 DART Buoys are strategically located throughout the ocean Real-time, high resolution buoy data is used to refine the forecast - while the tsunami is still propagating through the ocean. DART Earthquake
24 Tsunami propagation is pre-computed for Unit Sources along global coastlines
25 OCTUBRE 18 10:18 am PARTICIPA
26 QUESTIONS??
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