Using Refraction Microtremor reconnaissance: Rapid surveys take advantage of urban noise More details at
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1 Using Refraction Microtremor reconnaissance: Rapid surveys take advantage of urban noise More details at Surface waves (ground roll) are strongest waves in most records. Most analysts try to filter them out. Surface waves show different velocities at different frequencies but only after some distance. 1
2 ReMi measures Rayleigh dispersion with linear refraction arrays (paper by Louie, April 2001 BSSA). City traffic gives appropriate 4-16 Hz signal. The array has to have at least 12 channels; 150 m length; and recorded for 4 sec (for 30-m depth resolution and 1-Hz frequency resolution). A wavefield transform from (x, t)-space to (p, f)- space shows phase-velocity dispersion (McMechan and Yedlin, 1981). What if energy arrives transverse to the linear array? 2
3 What if energy arrives transverse to the linear array? What is our low-frequency detection limit? Can we use standard 4-16 Hz geophones that are easy to deploy? Cluster-test microtremor records show we get data down to 25-50% of the geophone frequency! The minimum-velocity envelope represents the Rayleigh fundamental-mode dispersion curve. We don t invert for Vs(z), we forward-model interactively by hand. Kinematic data only, that we model for a shearvelocity versus depth profile. 100-m depth resolution 3
4 Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. Low-frequencies, 1-20 Hz, so bad geophone plants still work. Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. Low-frequencies, 1-20 Hz, so bad geophone plants still work. 4
5 Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. ReMi has classified hard and soft sites around the world by measuring V30, average shear velocity to 30 m depth. 5
6 Local reconnaissance was first large-scale test. Unexpected results: high V 30 in active alluvium. Ta West East Supported by UNR and IRIS-PASSCAL Transect has results to 300 m depth, shown here to 500 m. V 30 is only the shallow part that the IBC2000 requires measuring. Lack of V 30 correlation to geologic or soil maps. Only Tertiary Andesite (Ta) shows a characteristic V 30. 6
7 Lack of V 30 correlation to geologic or soil maps Basin info from 2000 gravity work. Most of basin fill is Tertiary. 7
8 July 2003 San Gabriel Valley & Los Angeles B C D Transect mapped on NEHRP hazard class map by Wills, from SCEC Phase 3 Report E Supported by USGS, NEHRP ERP and IRIS-PASSCAL Supported by USGS, NEHRP ERP and IRIS-PASSCAL 8
9 Las Vegas route from Cheyenne to Tropicana 3-km-deep basin 1-km-deep basin Supported by DOE-LLNL and IRISPASSCAL 9
10 49 velocity profiles to correlate with stratigraphy High-velocity picks at >0.4 sec period are unreliable. Picks at sec illustrate velocity differences to 100 m depth. Some correlation to faulting, soil type? No correlation between V 30 and geologic map. 10
11 NSL, July 03, sponsored by LLNL Most of Strip, Downtown; south side of Valley only sites total 1000 well logs & geologic mapping 11
12 Earthquake Parcel Mapping in Las Vegas Clark County mapped four types of Special Geotechnical Consideration areas, to encourage IBC compliance. IBC also requires assessment of Vs30, average shear velocity to 30 m (100 ft) depth. 12
13 Example of public outreach: Discoveries and Breakthroughs Inside Science, news shorts funded by AIP, AGU, etc. K. Heineman, NewsProNet, Producers KFSN-TV Fresno, CA KGBT-TV Harlingen, TX KJTV-TV Lubbock, TX KTRK-TV Houston, TX KNBC-TV Burbank, CA KNSD-TV San Diego, CA KQTV-TV St. Joseph, MO KNTV-TV San Francisco, CA KRQE-TV Albuquerque, NM KTSM-TV El Paso, TX KTVN-TV Reno, NV KWQC-TV Davenport, IA KXAS-TV Fort Worth, TX WAGM-TV Presque Isle, ME WTEN-TV Albany, NY WCAU-TV Philadelphia, PA WCMH-TV Columbus, OH WCYB-TV Bristol, VA WEWS-TV Cleveland, OH WFTS-TV Tampa, FL WLUK-TV Green Bay, WI WBBH-TV Fort Myers, FL WHIO-TV Dayton, OH WIS-TV Columbia, SC WJAR-TV Cranston, RI WLBT-TV Jackson, MS WMAQ-TV Chicago,IL WNBC-TV New York, NY WNCN-TV Raleigh, NC KTSM-TV Omaha, NE WPBN-TV Traverse City, MI WSYM-TV Lansing, MI WTVJ-TV Miami, FL WVIT-TV Hartford, CT WVTM-TV Birmingham, AL WXYZ-TV Southfield, MI WJXT-TV Jacksonville, FL WTXL-TV Tallahassee, FL WIVT-TV Binghamton, NY WEVV-TV Evansville, IN WCJB-TV Gainesville, FL WPXI-TV Pittsburgh, PA CHAT-TV Medicine Hat, ALB Technology Transfer: Commercial ReMi is now in use by geotechnical consultants and agencies worldwide. 13
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