Surveying Seismic Microzonation in Urban Areas Using Refraction Microtremor reconnaissance: Rapid surveys take advantage of urban noise
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1 Surveying Seismic Microzonation in Urban Areas Using Refraction Microtremor reconnaissance: Rapid surveys take advantage of urban noise Surface waves (ground roll) are strongest waves in most records. Most analysts try to filter them out. More details at Raw Data Surface waves show different velocities at different frequencies but only after some distance. Raw Data >14 Hz Filter <4 Hz Filter >14 Hz Filter <4 Hz Filter ReMi measures Rayleigh dispersion with linear refraction arrays (paper by Louie, April 2001 BSSA). The array has to have at least 12 channels; 150 m length; and recorded for 4 sec (for 30-m depth resolution and 1-Hz frequency resolution). 1
2 City traffic gives appropriate 4-16 Hz signal. What if energy arrives transverse to the linear array? A wavefield transform from (x, t)-space to (p, f)space shows phase-velocity dispersion (McMechan and Yedlin, 1981). What if energy arrives transverse to the linear array? 2
3 What is our low-frequency detection limit? Can we use standard 4-16 Hz geophones that are easy to deploy? Cluster-test microtremor records show we get data down to 25-50% of the geophone frequency! We don t invert for Vs(z), we forward-model interactively by hand. The minimum-velocity envelope represents the Rayleigh fundamental-mode dispersion curve. Kinematic data only, that we model for a shearvelocity versus depth profile. Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. 100-m depth resolution 3
4 Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. Low-frequencies, 1-20 Hz, so bad geophone plants still work. Low-frequencies, 1-20 Hz, so bad geophone plants still work. Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. 4
5 Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. Fieldwork is quick and simple; best results in cities. Reno Transect ReMi has classified hard and soft sites around the world by measuring V30, average shear velocity to 30 m depth. Local reconnaissance was first large-scale test. Supported by UNR and IRIS-PASSCAL 5
6 Reno Transect Unexpected results: high V 30 in active alluvium. Reno Transect Transect has results to 300 m depth, shown here to 500 m. V 30 is only the shallow part that the IBC2000 requires measuring. Ta West East Reno Transect Lack of V 30 correlation to geologic or soil maps. Only Tertiary Andesite (Ta) shows a characteristic V 30. Reno Transect Lack of V 30 correlation to geologic or soil maps 6
7 Reno Transect Basin info from 2000 gravity work. The First Reno Hazard Map Reno Transect Most of basin fill is Tertiary. We Follow Field Field s (2001) Amplification-Mapping Strategy 7
8 Shallow Shear-Velocity Transects Los Angeles Transect July 2003 San Gabriel Valley & Los Angeles B C Transect mapped on NEHRP hazard class map by Wills, from SCEC Phase 3 Report D E Supported by USGS, NEHRP ERP and IRIS-PASSCAL Los Angeles Transect: Levee Effects Approximately 60 km in length Followed San Gabriel River Bike Path 20 m takeout interval, 300 m array, recorded for 30 min 4 teams, 3 people each, 4.5 days 120 IRIS/PASSCAL Texan Texan single-channel recorders mated to a vertical 4.5-Hz geophone Supported by USGS, NEHRP ERP and IRIS-PASSCAL Los Angeles Transect: Results V30 levee: 245 m/s V30 non-levee: 241 m/s 8
9 V30 vs Geologic Unit V30 vs Soil Type Large V30 variation inside each unit Large V30 variation between units In general, large V30 variation within units Large V30 variation between units Units 2 and 5 may be NEHRP D Shallow Shear-Velocity Transects Las Vegas Transect Measurements Las Vegas route from Cheyenne to Tropicana 49 velocity profiles to correlate with stratigraphy 3-km-deep basin 1-km-deep basin Supported by DOE-LLNL and IRISPASSCAL 9
10 Las Vegas Transect Transect Data Some correlation to faulting, soil type? High-velocity picks at >0.4 sec period are unreliable. Picks at sec illustrate velocity differences to 100 m depth. Las Vegas Transect No correlation between V30 and geologic map. Geologic Info to Predict Vs Can soil maps predict Vs? NSL, July 03, sponsored by LLNL 10
11 Does extrapolating Vs work? Vs assigned to soil-map units using central-city measurements. Later, outlying measurements (B. Luke, UNLV) not predicted by maps. Does extrapolating Vs work? Vs assigned to soil-map units using central-city measurements. Later, outlying measurements (B. Luke, UNLV) not predicted by maps Las Vegas Transect How to Extrapolate Shallow Vs Correlate 75 Vs measurements against stratigraphic model. Stratigraphy interpolated between >500 water-well logs. Most of Strip, Downtown; south side of Valley only 79 sites total 1000 well logs & geologic mapping 11
12 Extrapolated vs.. Measured Comparisons along Cheyenne-to-Tropicana transect. Summary ReMi allows rapid seismic shaking-hazard classification, as required by IBC2000. Long ReMi transects can geophysically characterize spatial variations in shaking hazard. Mapped soil and geologic units do not reliably predict the measured V 30. Our measurements suggest one can use river gradients, Quaternary thickness, or alluvial fan composition to predict shallow velocities. Outreach Example of public outreach: Discoveries and Breakthroughs Inside Science, news shorts funded by AIP, AGU, etc. K. Heineman, NewsProNet, Producers KFSN-TV Fresno, CA KGBT-TV Harlingen, TX KJTV-TV Lubbock, TX KTRK-TV Houston, TX KNBC-TV Burbank, CA KNSD-TV San Diego, CA KQTV-TV St. Joseph, MO KNTV-TV San Francisco, CA KRQE-TV Albuquerque, NM KTSM-TV El Paso, TX KTVN-TV Reno, NV KWQC-TV Davenport, IA KXAS-TV Fort Worth, TX WAGM-TV Presque Isle, ME WTEN-TV Albany, NY WCAU-TV Philadelphia, PA WCMH-TV Columbus, OH WCYB-TV Bristol, VA WEWS-TV Cleveland, OH WFTS-TV Tampa, FL WLUK-TV Green Bay, WI WBBH-TV Fort Myers, FL WHIO-TV Dayton, OH WIS-TV Columbia, SC WJAR-TV Cranston, RI WLBT-TV Jackson, MS WMAQ-TV Chicago,IL WNBC-TV New York, NY WNCN-TV Raleigh, NC KTSM-TV Omaha, NE WPBN-TV Traverse City, MI WSYM-TV Lansing, MI WTVJ-TV Miami, FL WVIT-TV Hartford, CT WVTM-TV Birmingham, AL WXYZ-TV Southfield, MI WJXT-TV Jacksonville, FL WTXL-TV Tallahassee, FL WIVT-TV Binghamton, NY WEVV-TV Evansville, IN WCJB-TV Gainesville, FL WPXI-TV Pittsburgh, PA CHAT-TV Medicine Hat, ALB Technology Transfer: Commercial ReMi is now in use by geotechnical consultants and agencies worldwide. 12
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