Refraction Microtremor for Shallow Shear Velocity Surface waves show different velocities at different frequencies but only after some distance.
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1 Surveying Seismic Microzonation in Urban Areas Using Refraction Microtremor reconnaissance: Rapid surveys take advantage of urban noise More details at Surface waves show different velocities at different frequencies but only after some distance. Raw Data >14 Hz Filter <4 Hz Filter ReMi measures Rayleigh dispersion with linear refraction arrays (paper by Louie, April 2001 BSSA). City traffic gives appropriate 4-16 Hz signal. The array has to have at least 12 channels; 150 m length; and recorded for 4 sec (for 30-m depth resolution and 1-Hz frequency resolution). A wavefield transform from (x, t)-space to (p, f)- space shows phase-velocity dispersion (McMechan and Yedlin, 1981). What if energy arrives transverse to the linear array? 1
2 What if energy arrives transverse to the linear array? What is our low-frequency detection limit? Can we use standard 4-16 Hz geophones that are easy to deploy? Cluster-test microtremor records show we get data down to 25-50% of the geophone frequency! The minimum-velocity envelope represents the Rayleigh fundamental-mode dispersion curve. We don t invert for Vs(z), we forward-model interactively by hand. Kinematic data only, that we model for a shearvelocity versus depth profile. 100-m depth resolution 2
3 Low-frequencies, 1-20 Hz, so bad geophone plants still work. Low-frequencies, 1-20 Hz, so bad geophone plants still work. ReMi has classified hard and soft sites around the world by measuring V 30, average shear velocity to 30 m depth. 3
4 Local reconnaissance was first large-scale test. Unexpected results: high V 30 in active alluvium. Ta West East Supported by UNR and IRIS-PASSCAL Transect has results to 300 m depth, shown here to 500 m. V 30 is only the shallow part that the IBC2000 requires measuring. Lack of V 30 correlation to geologic or soil maps. Only Tertiary Andesite (Ta) shows a characteristic V 30. Lack of V 30 correlation to geologic or soil maps Basin info from 2000 gravity work. 4
5 The First Reno Hazard Map Most of basin fill is Tertiary. We Follow Field s s (2001) Amplification-Mapping Strategy Shallow Shear-Velocity Transects July 2003 San Gabriel Valley & Los Angeles C B D Transect mapped on NEHRP hazard class map by Wills, from SCEC Phase 3 Report E Supported by USGS, NEHRP ERP and IRIS-PASSCAL Los Angeles Transect Los Angeles Transect: Levee Effects Approximately 60 km in length Followed San Gabriel River Bike Path 20 m takeout interval, 300 m array, recorded for 30 min 4 teams, 3 people each, 4.5 days 120 IRIS/PASSCAL Texan single-channel recorders mated to a vertical 4.5-Hz geophone Supported by USGS, NEHRP ERP and IRIS-PASSCAL V 30 levee: 245 m/s V 30 non-levee: 241 m/s 5
6 Los Angeles Transect: Results V 30 vs Geologic Unit Large V 30 variation inside each unit Large V 30 variation between units V 30 vs Soil Type Shallow Shear-Velocity Transects Las Vegas route from Cheyenne to Tropicana 3-km-deep basin In general, large V 30 variation within units Units 2 and 5 may be NEHRP D Large V 30 variation between units Supported by DOE-LLNL and IRIS- PASSCAL 1-km-deep basin Las Vegas Transect Measurements 49 velocity profiles to correlate with stratigraphy Transect Data High-velocity picks at >0.4 sec period are unreliable. Picks at sec illustrate velocity differences to 100 m depth. 6
7 Las Vegas Transect Some correlation to faulting, soil type? Geologic Info to Predict V s Can soil maps predict V s? NSL, July 03, sponsored by LLNL Does extrapolating V s work? V s assigned to soil-map units using central-city measurements. Later, outlying measurements (B. Luke, UNLV) not predicted by maps. Does extrapolating V s work? V s assigned to soil-map units using central-city measurements. Later, outlying measurements (B. Luke, UNLV) not predicted by maps Las Vegas Transect Most of Strip, Downtown; south side of Valley only How to Extrapolate Shallow V s Correlate 75 Vs measurements against stratigraphic model. Stratigraphy interpolated between >500 water-well logs. 79 sites total 1000 well logs & geologic mapping 7
8 Extrapolated vs.. Measured Comparisons along Cheyenne-to-Tropicana transect. Las Vegas Transect No correlation between V 30 and geologic map. Las Vegas Transect Correlation with clay soils, caliche in Las Vegas? Summary ReMi allows rapid seismic shaking-hazard classification, as required by IBC2000. Long ReMi transects can geophysically characterize spatial variations in shaking hazard. Mapped soil and geologic units do not reliably predict the measured V 30. Our measurements suggest one can use river gradients, Quaternary thickness, or alluvial fan composition to predict shallow velocities. Outreach Example of public outreach: Discoveries and Breakthroughs Inside Science, news shorts funded by AIP, AGU, etc. K. Heineman, N ew spronet, Producers KFSN-TV Fresno, CA KGBT-TV Harlingen, TX KJTV-TV Lubbock, TX KTRK-TV Houston, TX KNBC-TV Burbank, CA KNSD-TV San Diego, CA KQTV-TV St. Joseph, MO KNTV-TV San Francisco, CA KRQE-TV Albuquerque, NM KTSM-TV El Paso, TX KTVN-TV Reno, NV KWQC-TV Davenport, IA KXAS-TV Fort Worth, TX WAGM-TV Presque Isle, ME WTEN-TV Albany, NY WCAU-TV Philadelphia, PA WCMH-TV Columbus, OH WCYB-TV Bristol, VA WEWS-TV Cleveland, OH WFTS-TV Tampa, FL WLUK-TV Green Bay, WI WBBH-TV Fort Myers, FL WHIO-TV Dayton, OH WIS-TV Columbia, SC WJAR-TV Cranston, RI WLBT-TV Jackson, MS WMAQ-TV Chicago,IL WNBC-TV New York, NY WNCN-TV Raleigh, NC KTSM-TV Omaha, NE WPBN-TV Traverse City, MI WSYM-TV Lansing, MI WTVJ-TV Miami, FL WVIT-TV Hartford, CT WVTM-TV Birmingham, AL WXYZ-TV Southfield, MI WJXT-TV Jacksonville, FL WTXL-TV Tallahassee, FL WIVT-TV Binghamton, NY WEVV-TV Evansville, IN WCJB-TV Gainesville, FL WPXI-TV Pittsburgh, PA CHAT-TV Medicine Hat, ALB Technology Transfer: Commercial ReMi is now in use by geotechnical consultants and agencies worldwide. 8
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