Time-Series Oceanographic Study at the Coastal Station EPEA (Argentina)

Transcription

1 Time-Series Oceanographic Study at the Coastal Station EPEA (Argentina) 1,2 Vivian Lutz, 2 Rubén Negri, 2 Ricardo Silva Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo Pesquero, Mar del Plata, Argentina

2 Outline Time-Series Studies - International networks Antares ChloroGIN Objectives of the project DiPlaMCC INIDEP Time series station EPEA Examples oceanographic variability at EPEA Future challenges

3 Importance Time Series From the Ocean Observing 2009 Ocean Information for society: sustaining the benefits, realizing the potential Last two centuries Spatial exploration of the Sea. Now emphasis on Temporal exploration. Need for sustained and increased high quality observations in all regions of the ocean. To understand behaviour of the ocean concerted effort from all countries involved. Major part of increase in temperature taken up by the ocean. ~ 40% increase in atmospheric CO 2 taken up by phytoplankton.

4 ANTARES Initiative: IOCCG-training-course University of Concepción Chile, October 2002 Created: Workshop, INIDEP, Mar del Plata Argentina, July 2003 (IOCCG, POGO) Goal: To study long-term changes in coastal ecosystems around the Americas to distinguish natural variability from anthropogenic perturbations. Part of GOOS and GEO Participants: ~ 34 researchers 16 institutions 9 countries [Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Venezuela; Canada, USA] Main Subjects: In situ Time series stations; Remote sensing Capacity Building

5 ANTARES In situ Time Series Cartagena Ensenada Cariaco Tumaco Inocar 1 and 2 Ubatuba Concepción EGI EPEA

6 Remote sensing information processing and distribution System adopted was that developed at the Institute of Marine Remote Sensing (University of South Florida, USA) Main ANTARES Portal ; temporally: Hosted at the Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (México)

7 Chlorophyll Global Integrated Network ChloroGIN Creation: Plymouth meeting 2006 Vision: An international network to assess the state of marine, coastal and inland water ecosystems for the benefit of society; promoting for that purpose in water observations, expanded in synergy with ocean-colour and related satellite observations. Step forward to standardize a method for in situ Chla determination. Lutz, V.A., Barlow, R., Tilstone, G., Sathyendranath, S., Platt, T., Hardman- Mountford, N. Report of the In situ component of the Plymouth Chlorophyll Meeting and Workshops (Extended Antares Network). Sponsored by GOOS, GEO, PML and POGO September (Web reference:

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9 Project: Marine Plankton Dynamics and Climatic Change (DiPlaMCC) - INIDEP Main objective To understand the variability in the dynamics and the diversity of plankton and environmental conditions in relationship to climatic changes. To obtain a time series of measurements of environmental variables (meteorological, physical and chemical) and plankton components (all size fractions). Elaborate a conceptual frame of the trophic structure of plankton and its temporal variations. To distinguish, in the long-term, local expected variability in oceanographic conditions from especial events; and try to determine if these are linked to global climate change.

10 Miramar Mar del plata EPEA Estación Permanente de Estudios Ambientales EPEA 38º 28 S, 57º 41 W. Started on February Cruises on board INIDEPvessels with a frequency of 3-4 weeks.

11 Marine Plankton Dynamic and Climatic Change Project PI Rubén M. Negri (INIDEP-UNMdP) Participants Rut Akselman (INIDEP) Micro - Phytoplankton Mario O. Carignan (INIDEP) Nutrients Georgina Cepeda (CIC) Zooplankton Marcela Costagliola (INIDEP) Bacterioplankton A. Daniel Cucchi Colleoni (INIDEP) Chlorophyll a Marina V. Díaz (CONICET - INIDEP) Ichtyoplankton M. Constanza Hozbor (INIDEP) Bacterioplankton Ezequiel Leonarduzzi (INIDEP) Ichtyoplankton Vivian A. Lutz (CONICET-INIDEP) Bio-optics Graciela Molinari (INIDEP) Physical Oceanography - Meteorology Luciano Padovani (Student CONICET) Zooplankton Marcelo Pájaro (INIDEP) Ichtyoplankton Silvia Peresutti (INIDEP) Bacterioplankton Valeria Segura (INIDEP) Bio-optics Ricardo I. Silva (INIDEP) Pico Phytoplankton Roxana Di Mauro (CONICET) Zooplankton Brenda Temperoni (UNMdP) Zooplankton M. Delia Viñas (CONICET-INIDEP-UNMdP) Zooplankton

12 EPEA In situ Measurements Physical CTD profiles: Temperature, Conductivity Optical Surface Irradiance (PAR) Downwelling PAR profile Passive Fluorescence profile Reflectance from the sea (occasionally) Net tows Phytoplankton (> 25 µm) Zooplankton (> 60 µm; > 200 µm) Ichtyoplankton (> 300 µm)

13 EPEA In situ Measurements Sample collection at discrete depths Chemical: Oxygen (Winkler) Nutrients (multi-analyzer) Biological: Chlorophyll-a total and < 5 µm (spectrofluorometry) Phytoplankton (microscopy molecular) Bacterioplankton (epifluorescence microscopy) Bio-optical: Particulate material (spectrophotometric) - Phytoplankton - Detritus Chromophoric-Dissolved-Organic-Matter

14 Studies of annual and interannual variations in the following variables Physical Temperature, Salinity, Density Meteorological Winds Chemical Nurients, Oxygen Optical Surface Irradiance (Io), Coefficient of attenuation of downwelling irradiance [K d (PAR)], Depth of 1% Io (Z 1% Io), coefficient of absorption of total particulate material [a t (λ)], coefficient of absorption of phytoplankton [a ph (λ)], coefficient of absorption of detritus [a d (λ)], coefficient of absorption of chromophoric-dissolvedorganic-matter [a y (λ)]. Plankton Phytoplankton Bulk properties Chlorophyll-a as a proxy of phytoplankton biomass Primary Production ( 13 C uptake) Plankton structure Composition and abundance of all the fractions of autothrophic phytoplankton [ultra < 5 µm > nano < 20 µm > micro] Composition and abundance of microplanktonic heterothrophs Composition and abundance of bacterioplankton Composition and abundance of zooplancton Biomass of copepods Diversity of copepods using molecular techniques Abundance of anchovy eggs and larvae Nutritional state of anchovy larvae

15 Examples of Variations in Oceanographic Conditions at EPEA

16 0 Annual cycle Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic Ene Feb Mar Abr Temperature Typical temperate regime [ ºC] Stratified in summer and mixed in winter. Salinity [ ] High Salinity Coastal Waters Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic Ene Feb Mar Abr Chlorophyll-a [ mg m -3 ] Highest: winter, autumn Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic Ene Feb Mar Abr (Negri et al., 2003)

17 Annual cycle Depth (m) %Io Chla (mg m -2 ) 40 Chla 20 Jan-00 Mar-00 May-00 Jul-00 Sep-00 Nov-00 Jan-01 Mar-01 Date Z 1% Io Deeper in summer: stratified, low phytoplankton biomass, low re-suspension of sediments. 0 (Lutz et al., 2006)

18 Inter-annual cycle %Io Depth (m) a ph (440) Z 1% Io Higher variability December 2008 Shallow Z 1% Io High Phytoplankton absorption Series Day (34=03/Feb/00; 3331=12/Feb/09)

19 Annual cycle Chla (mg m -3 ) year-mean sat. Chla In situ 2000 In situ 2001 High resol. sat. Chla 2000 High resol. sat. Chla Day Number Larger deviations in winter months few images due to cloud cover peak of in situ Chla (Lutz et al., 2006)

20 Variations in the ultraphytoplankton community structure during Summer Ultruphytoplankton contributed up to 90% of total Chla. Synechococcus dominated the community. (Silva et al., 2009)

21 Variations in the ultraphytoplankton community structure during Summer Two dimensional non-metric Multi- Dimensional Scaling plot constructed from similarity matrix. Ellipses join the samples of each group as determined by the cluster analysis. Superimposed filled circles (increasing in size) represent the values of the stratification indexes for each sample: Mar: 0.06 Dec: 0.09 Feb: 0.38 Jan: 0.83 (Silva et al., 2009)

22 Especial Bloom Events Mar del Plata Mar del Plata EPEA EPEA Mar del Plata Mar del Plata EPEA EPEA Evolution of a phytoplankton bloom at the EPEA station as seen by MODIS Chla estimates in November 2005 (images (Negri et al., 2006)

23 Especial Bloom Events Antares Antares Mar del Plata Mar del Plata EPEA EPEA a b Temperatura (ºC) c Nº de serie 2008 Clorofila (µg/l) 7,0 6,0 5,0 4,0 3,0 2,0 1,0 0,0 d Nº de serie 2008 SST and Chla from MODIS ( for the 15 December Variations in in situ values for the months October to January ( ). (Negri et al., 2009)

24 Future Challenges Maintaining continuity in the frequency of field sampling! Human resources Meteorological station onboard Remote sensing (SST, Ocean-Colour, Scaterometry, Altimetry) Buoy Dynamics Physical (Advection, Turbulence) Physiological (Primary Production) Support from Scientific Agencies to these Key Studies!

25 Gracias!